ASSESMENT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN RURAL

ODISHA:
A CASE SYUDY IN BHUBAN BLOCK OF DHENKANAL DISTRICT

DISSERTATION SUBMITED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY, CUTTACK

NAME-ASAMAN BEHERA

ROLL-15MRD033

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

BISWA MOHANA JENA

LECTURER, RURAL DEVELOPMENT STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY

CUTTACK, ODISHA

Signature of guide Signature of Candidate

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Asaman behera bearing the Roll No. 15MRD-033 of Ravenshaw
University has completed this dissertation in partial fulfillment for her course in Master in
Rural Development on “ASSESMENT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN
RURAL ODISHA:

A CASE SYUDY IN BHUBAN BLOCK OF DHENKANAL DISTRICT” under my guidance

and supervision. He has worked for more than the minimum period required for the completion
of the work.

To the best of my knowledge and belief, this work has not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for any degree whatsoever.

Mr. Biswa Mohana Jena

Lecture in Rural development
Ravenshaw University, Cuttack

2
 DECLARATION

I Asaman behera, bearing the Roll Number 15MRD-033, of Ravenshaw University do hereby
solemnly declare that this dissertation entitled, ASSESMENT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
AGAINST WOMEN IN RURAL ODISHA: A CASE SYUDY IN BHUBAN BLOCK OF
DHENKANAL DISTRICT has been completed under the ablest and algebraic guidance and
supervision of Mr. Biswa mohana Jena.

This is submitted to the Department of Rural development, Ravenshaw University for the
partial fulfilment of Master in Rural Development. This is the outcome of my original field
work and efforts.

To the best of my knowledge and belief, it has not been submitted to any other university or
Institution for any degree whatsoever.

Asaman behera
Roll No. 15MRD-033
Rural Development study programme
Ravenshaw University
Cuttack

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Mr.
Biswa mohana Jena for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement
throughout the course of this project report. The blessing, help and guidance given by her time
to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark..

I also extend my thanks to all the respondents who patiently answered our questions for
providing valuable informations to gain valuable insight into the problem.

No words of mine are adequate to express my gratitude to my parents, sisters, and my friends
for their encouragement and support that helps me to accomplish this piece of work.

Asaman behera
Roll No 15MRD -033
Rural Development study Programme
Ravenshaw University, Cuttack

4
CONTENTS

SL.NO. CHAPTER PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION 6
1

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11
2

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 21

3

HYPOTHESES 22
4

METHODOLOGY 23
5

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 25
6

DATA ANALYSIS AND 27

7 INTERPRETATION

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE 29
8

CONCLUSIONS 45
9

46
10 REFERENCE

QUESTIONNARIES 49
11

5
CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Domestic violence is a widespread problem throughout the developed and developing world
and makes serious impact on quality of human life and broader development. Violence against
women is the manifestation of a historically unequal power relationship between men and
women. It is a conditioned response and is not natural or born of biological determinism.

In the older days, violence against women was a result of the prevalent atmosphere of ignorance
and feudalism. Today violence against women is an uncontrollable phenomenon, which is a
direct result of the rapid urbanization, industrialization and structural adjustment programmes
which are changing the socio-economic scenario of our country. In this land where non-
violence has been preached as a way of life for thousands of year and where women have been
worshipped in the image of Durga, Saraswati and Lakshmi, it is shocked to observe the brutal
reality of women’s existence. In Indian society the problem of violence against women in the
family is not new. Women in our society have been the victims of humiliation, torture and
exploitation from the time immemorial irrespective of the fact that they were also worshipped.

Violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between

men and women, which has led to domination over and discrimination against women by men
and to the prevention of the full advancement of women. Violence against women is one of the
crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared
with men. Violence against women is always legitimised by arguments of ‘culture’ as no
society is devoid of culture. The patriarchal culture inevitably validates violence as an
acceptable, even desirable, attribute of masculinity tends to de-values women and all attributes
considered feminine and thereby intervening into relationships. The age old philosophical
perceptions on the role of women permeate in all man-woman relationships within the four
walls of the home which is considered as the repository of love, warmth and affection.

Every society implies its ultimate control over this unit by its institutionalization of marriage
and the definition of rights and obligations that arise as a result of marriage and consequent
reproduction. Through this ideology, women are constructed as wives and mothers, having
vested with the duty of child rearing and domestic labour. Men on the other hand are
constructed as husbands and fathers, responsible for the financial welfare of the family. In the
process it led to women’s economic dependency on their husbands.

6
The emergence of the private i.e., domestic sphere and the public sphere was a natural outcome
of the familial ideology. Women’s role within the domestic realm as wives and mothers was
regarded as a natural self- evident product as to their biological role in reproduction. These
ideas nurtured and reinforced the public/private distinction, and the construction of family and
domestic relations as something private. Family has been understood as beyond the state
intervention operated to immunize the oppression of women within this domestic sphere.

In Indian society the problem of violence against women in the family is not new. Women in
our society have been the victims of humiliation, torture and exploitation from the time
immemorial irrespective of the fact that they were also worshipped. Family is considered as
the first agency, which provides not only emotional and material support to its members but
also serves as basic source of personal satisfaction, socialization and social control. It works as
a link between continuity and change and as an important source of stability and support.
Human development can only be enhanced by enriching family life. On the other side actual
practice, due to patriarchy in our family system, the family does not give equal importance to
all members as role; power and status are strictly determined by age and gender. Moreover,
family being considered as a private domain, even, abuse, exploitation, injustice,
discrimination and violence are allowed in our patriarchal structure.

Domestic violence represents a serious abuse of power within family, trust or dependency
relationships. It undermines the basic rights of people who because of the gender, age, disability
or dependence, are most vulnerable to abuses. It is further defined as a serious social and
criminal problem that can result in the death or disablement of victims. It can involve killing
or physical and sexual assault. It also involves other forms of abusive behaviour, such as
emotional abuse, financial deprivation and exploitation and neglect. Domestic violence often
remains a hidden problem which has long lasting effects on is victims.

The evolutionary motive force for human rights is the mankind’s demand for decent civilized
life in which the inherent dignity of each human being is well respected and protected. There
is no universal agreement about the definition of violence. Definitions reflect societal values,
which are subject to historical and cultural change. Furthermore, definitions are influenced by
philosophical, juridical, sociological and criminological debates. Domestic violence or
violence within the family is a universal phenomenon, though its manifestation varies
depending on the social, economic and cultural background. It is one of the most insidious
forms of violence against women, and is an issue which is often shrouded in silence and

7
cloaked with societal shame. Violence in general is a coercive mechanism to assert one’s will
over another, in order to prove or feel a sense of power. Violence is an act committed to put
down, silence, and to keep under control someone with the intention of hurting or humiliating
the person. It can be perpetuated by those in power against the powerless, or by the powerless
in retaliation against coercion by others, to deny their powerlessness. The power exerted by the
state is accepted as legitimate means of resolving a problematic situation. One of the core
elements of violence is that the coercion involved is neither legitimately nor socially
acceptable. Any hierarchical system of social organization, where there are categories of
dominant groups and subordinate groups, is inevitably accompanied by the victimization of
the latter through various means- subtle pressure, through the power ideology, through
mechanism of socialization that reward compliance and punish non- compliance and also
through open force. Any individual or group facing the threat of coercion or being disciplined
to act in a manner required by another individual or group is subject to violence.

Domestic violence is violence that takes place between people on private territory. The term
domestic violence depicts violence between individuals who are usually bonded through law,
blood or personal intimacy.

Psychologists assert that people deal with their own insecurities and inadequacies by abusing
and controlling the lives of others within the safe precincts of domestic walls. The domestic
situation usually makes the abused very vulnerable and fragile. Violence on the domestic front
has been a part of human society since times immemorial 1.Violence does not only include
beatings, rape or sexual abuse, it is anything which infringes on the rights of the person to be
treated as human being. Those violence which occurs within the periphery of household is
domestic violence.

The term domestic violence is often held synonymous with terms like ‘family violence’, wife
battering, wife beating, husband beating, husband abuse, wife abuse etc. In recent times words
like “battering” and “battered” are less accepted because they do not cover other forms of
violence which go beyond physical abuse. These other forms of abuse also have the potential
create to severe mental and emotional disorders in individuals which can escalate in to acts of
suicide and self-damage .According to the myth of family sanctity, in which tranquillity and
family harmony reign supreme, domestic violence exists as a veritable incongruity. Taking into

8
account the economic dependency of women in the family ant the so called patriarchal family
system in existence, it is invariably a gendered crime perpetrated by men against women.

Just as there is a lack of consensus on a single definition for domestic violence, “there is no
single recognized causal theory for domestic violence. Why a woman becomes more
vulnerable is to be explained in relation to the specific socio cultural context she has to exist.
It is often difficult for a woman to report violence, pursue legal action or end the relationship
because of: fear for her safety or that of her children, fear that her children will be apprehended
or taken away by the husband if it is alleged that she is in some way an unfit mother, influence
of her extended family or children, emotional attachment and loyalty to the abuser, low self-
esteem and self-blame, economic dependency on the abuser, religious values or pressure from
the cultural community ,for immigrant women, fear of deportation, social isolation and lack of
a support system, authorities denying, minimizing or rationalizing the severity of the violence
and above all lack of legal information about victims’ rights.

The family and marriage are institutions in India where women and men are socialised to
perform strictly defined gender roles. These institutions remain the foundational stones of the
Indian society. At one end of the spectrum, the causes may be personal or individual but they
also have roots in the political, economic, social and cultural arrangements. The probable
causes are multiple and have to be explored in all its dimensions in the Indian cultural
backdrop.

India is a multifaceted society where no generalization could apply to the nation’s various
regional, religious, social and economic groups. In India, the family is the most important
institution that has survived through the ages. A multi-generational household has always been
an integral part of the Indian culture. It acts as: the transmission belt for the diffusion of cultural
standards to the next generations, a psychological agent of society, a shock absorber, and an
institution of many enhancing and valuable qualities. Indians relate themselves with the
relational world view 2.The concept of Dharma is understood and assimilated in the Indian
context as a way of life and not sermonic preaching. Science and spirituality co exists without
antagonism unlike the west.

9
CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

10
Gilles (as MadhurimaGillesMadhurimaMadhurima, 1996 recorded in the) day to day use
of pattern and pressure, recurrent physical violence such as domestic violence is defined as
torturing ones wife by either physical or mental harassments in any stance.

Sriram and Bakshi, 1988 (TISS as cited), defined as "married women by family members for
the mental and physical cruelty in any form."

Maydeo, 1990has explained the domestic violence and violent victimization of feminine in
families, in general feminine got married or bymen or either has chances to get under these
conflicts.

INCLEN (2000), as a problem of domestic violence in India, age, education, social class and
religion to run. In the same study, 40% of women in their married life, at least one form of
physical violence were enjoying the view.

Murthy (2004), family members, marriage and husband's education numbers of domestic
violence have a substantial influence on the scene.In 2001, domestic violence made up twenty
percent of all non fatal violence against adult women - around 600,000 crimes. In 2000, about
1200 women were killed by an intimate partner. This number made up about 33 percent of
female murder victims. (Matthews, 2004).

Kaarthikeyan (2005) discusses a variety of issues including poverty, gender justice and child
rights. Role of police as protectors of human rights is highlighted by him. He shows terrorism
as the gravest violation of human rights. To him custodial justice and role of law enforcement
agencies in protecting human rights, without committing excesses, are necessary for a good
social set up.

Chaudhary (2005) states that human rights and poverty are inter-related. Of course, there is
organic interface between the two in the negative sense because poverty and violation of human
rights go hand in hand but poverty is not the only manifestation of violation of human rights.
The causative factors contributing to the gross violation of human rights are historical and
contextual as well as global and local in nature.

Malhotra(2005) point out that in a country, in spite of various constitutional safeguards,

violation of human rights takes place every day in a variety of forms. These violations include
breach of civil, and political rights, discrimination against minorities, women and weaker
sections of society like scheduled caste and scheduled tribes, arbitrary arrest, torture and death

11
of suspected culprits in the police custody, female infanticide, killing of suspected militants in
police custody, religious violence, child labour, ethnic killings and kidnapping for ransom.

Narain (2005) observes that poverty as a denial or violation of basic human rights because it
violates one’s dignity. It is very essential to understand poverty as a human rights violation.
Poverty is not natural. It is the expression of many forms of human rights violation. At the
outset, poverty denies the right to life, which is the cardinal right.

Stephen (2002) emphasizes the fact that human beings should overcome the problem of human
right violation as they live and respond creatively.

Stephen (2002) studied that the human rights violations are taking place in the local and global
context every day. The human rights violations are evident in the form of patriarchy, fascism,
colonialism/imperialism and discriminations based on race, class, or gender. The western
imperialism has contributed so much to global level human right violations. The economic
exploitation and political oppressions are the main forms of human rights violation, which the
westerners practised everywhere.

Jacob (2008) by indicating the report of The World Health Organisation says that health and
human rights are inextricably linked. Violation of human rights creates serious health
problems. Ill-health can be reduced by taking steps to protect rights such as freedom from
discrimination, rights to health, education and housing. A human rights based approach to
health care is the necessity of the honour.

Ramakrishna (2008) asserts that we talk about freedom and education of women. But every
day in some part of our world, women are being brutalised. They are being raped and mutilated.
Like inequalities in wealth, the description of women rights varies from place to place. Even
the most basic of human rights, the right not to be violated sexually or otherwise are violated
and many violations are committed against many women.

Devi (2005) points out that in Indian society the problem of violence against women is not
new. The ever present fact of violence, both overt and covert, physical and non-physical has
an alarming influence on the status of women. Violence against women causes more deaths
and disabilities among women than any other illness. In most poor countries pregnancy
complications are the large single course of death among women in their reproductive years.

12
Veer (2004) reveals that women are a soft target for the criminals and anti-social elements. He
studied all areas and aspects of the world of crime against women. The crime against women
includes molestation, sexual abuse, forced labour, victimization, physical and mental torture
and all sorts of exploitation. In other words, women are subject to all sorts of torture and
violence.

Kahol (2003) states that women have been neglected for centuries. Everywhere the women are
the victims, always vulnerable to violence and exploitation. Women accept atrocities against
them with light hearts. They are confined to the child bearing and rearing. Child marriage is
still prevalent in many parts of rural India. Wife abuse is perhaps the most prevalent form of
the atrocities in family life..

Sethi (2008) explores the various kinds of systemic violence that women face even in
developed countries. In United States, for instance, wife battering is the prime cause of injury
to women. Over 4,000 women yearly get beaten to death.

Sarode (2006) explains that an average Indian woman is bound by all the social constraints
that men are not bound by. She is brought up with the values, to live a chaste and righteous
life.

Shankarjha (1998) explains that even today, various forms of violence against women are
manifested themselves directly in foeticide, female child killing, bride-burning dowry-murder,
wife battering, abduction, eve-teasing, verbal abuses or verbal rebukes.

Devi and Prema (2006) explain that the main cause of domestic violence against women are
unequal power relations, gender discrimination, patriarchy, economic dependence of women,
dowry, low moral values, negative portrayal of women’s images in media, no participation in
decision-making, gender stereotypes and a negative mindset. There are various manifestations
of violence, which includes beating, mental torture, forced pregnancy, female infanticide, rape,
denial of basic necessities and battering. The worst form of violence is dowry murder.

Dhar (2009) comments that 40 per cent of the worlds child marriages take place in India,
resulting in a vicious cycle of gender discrimination, illiteracy and high infant and maternal
mortality rates. She also says gender discrimination is the reason for high maternal mortality
rate. The need of the hour is respect for the rights of women and children, quality education, a
decent standard of living, protection from abuse, exploitation, discrimination and violence and
employment of women.

13
Roy (2003) states that poverty, illiteracy, ignorance are the reasons of prostitution and two
third of the total Hindu girl prostitutes were from the SC/ST and other backward castes. Poverty
is the main reason behind child prostitution and girls being pushed back into the trade by the
parents even after they were rescued.

Singh Sukhdev and Gupta A.K (1996) has conducted a study on “Domestic violence against
women: some observations.” In their study an analytical effort is made to discuss some of the
issues related to crime and violence against women. Efforts are made to bring forth the extent
of the crimes their factors and consequences.

Malhotra (1997) pointed out that in spite of the legislative measures adopted in favour of
women in our country, after independence and in spite of the gradual economic independence
countless women continue to be victims of violence.

Rao (1997) in his study used the ethnographic and econometric methods to study the
determinants of wife-abuse in a community of potters in the Karanataka state in south India

Visaria (1999) found in Kheda district of Gujarat that two-thirds of the women had undergone
some form of psychological, physical or sexual abuse. Each form of abuse cut across all ages,
castes and education all levels. The most frequently reported types of violence against women
were abusive language (80 percent), beating (63 percent), forcing women back to their parental
home (52 percent) and threats to thrown them out (51 percent).

Kishwar (2000), a prominent women’s rights leader in India, abused women have two choices:
one is to file a criminal case against the perpetrator and face the system head on in the hope of
getting some justice; the second is to file for divorce in a civil court and hope to get
maintenance, child support, and an injunction against harassment. An abusive husband will
usually accede to divorce if the woman is willing to drop charges of violence against him. Also,
if the divorce is granted before the criminal hearings, charges are automatically dropped. Thus,
in many cases lawyers will advise the husband to file for divorce before the wife files a criminal
case against him so it looks like a “malafide retaliation” case.

PoonachaVeena, Pandey Divya (2000) has conducted a study on “Reponses to Domestic

Violence : Government and Non-Government Action in Karnataka and Gujarat.” This study
aim at assessing the effectiveness of the range of preventive and crisis intervention measures

14
taken by the state and voluntary agencies in Karnatka and Gujurat to counter domestic
violence.

Mitra (2000), in her exhaustive report on domestic violence in India conducted by the Tata
Institute of Social Sciences, concluded that as long as there is tolerance of domestic violence
toward women in cultural, legal, and political institutions, laws in themselves will not change
the situation. She continued that what is required is “appropriate behavioral and social changes”
along with efficient enforcement of laws. If laws are created to “protect” women, they are done
“within” the system. This, in turn, reinforces culturally legitimized social hierarchies.

Laxmi Thakur (2001) pointed out that around the world at least one woman in every three has
been beaten or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Most often the abuser is a member of her own
family. Increasingly, gender based violence is recognized as a major public health concern and
violation of human rights. In this study attempt has been made to study inter relationship
between husband’s violence and education of level of wives; husband’s violence and
occupational status of wives: with various types of tortures and cases of violence against
women.

AshitSheth (2002) a psychiatrist from Bombay, says men who do not learn appropriate
assertive behaviour in their early life turnout to grow up into wife beating adults. They give
explosive vent to minor irritations which are initially put off and get built up over a period of
time. This kind of violence, in his opinion, is not directed solely at the wife. When it is directed
at the wife, it cart be triggered off by the mother-in-law's instigation, or by things like jealously,
suspicion about the wife's fidelity or just by improperly kept home

Butalia (2002) observed that Kashmiri women, whether Muslim or Pandit were not unaware
of this ‘neglect’ at the hands of their sisters from within women’ activist groups.

Sunny (2003) in her study, “Domestic violence against women” in Kerala. A random selection
of cases was made for each of the major categories, i.e. violence due to alcoholism, due to
insufficient dowry, frustration due to economic difficulties, violence due to extra-Marital
affairs, and due to personality disorders.

Goel (2004) conducted a study on violence against women: A case study. The objectives of the
study were (i) To provide for the development and welfare of women; (ii) The create awareness
among women about their socio-economic development with emphasis on health education,
etc.; (iii) To provide financial assistance to women for their self-employment; (iv) To start

15
training programmes for women for starting their own business/trade. She concluded that the
need is to enforce its reputation prestige, credibility and viability. Public services properly
recruited rightly trained, properly motivated and given the congenial environmental, can help
in fulfillment of the ideals of the women welfare and make them free from violence.

Ahlawat Neerja (2005) conducted a study, “Domestic Violence against Women: Emerging
concerns in Rural Haryana”. This study, violence against women is viewed as any action,
policy or attitude which dehumanizes one while looking at the whole scenario, some important
observation that comes to a mind: (i) Can Domestic violence be tackled without addressing the
basic question of inequality and patriarchy?; (ii) What is the prevalence and nature of violence?
; (iii) How do women react to it and what are their attitudes towards domestic violence? She
found some significant observations on domestic violence against women.

Veenat (2011) has conducted a study on family violence and protective measure: A study of
family counselingcenters in the tricity of Chandigarh, Panchkula and Mohali” in the present
scenario of obligation, liberalization, privatization, advanced in for mention technology and
consumerism, India has passed through a rapid social upheaval.

Kishwar, Madhu (1986) in her study dowry to ensure her happiness or toe disnherit her” feels
that oppression of wives for bringing inadequate dowry is only another excuse for using
violence against them : in other words and in fact evidence from other country has indicted as
much even with out additional tradition of dowry, inter spousal violence is endemic

Neera Desai (1986) in trying to analyse women's movement in India during the period of
freedom struggle and subsequently, after independence clearly pointed out that the women's
issues were taken for granted during the freedom struggle and its almost became a non
issueswere taken for granted during the freedom struggle and it almost became a non-issue
after independence i.e., there is hardly any concerted action toward achieving the goal of
equality.
Agarwal (1993) has conducted a study on “Sex Disparity.” The objectives of the study are :
(a) to a certain the relationship of female foeticide with that of family structure income,
education, profession and family background- rural or urban (b) to analyse the factor
responsible for female foeticide and (c) to explore implications and strategies for restoring
women’s dignity.

16
Kumar (1993) pointed that the control of women and the potential for violence are especially
great when a woman leaves her natal home to become part of her husband’s family.

Rajlakshmi Sriram and AmrpaliBakshi (1996) conducted a study, “Family Violence against
Married Women” have analysed the phenomenon of 46 violence of family members against
married women and stressed the need for tacking this complex and perpetual problem from
manifold perspective to be able to break the cycle of violence, generation after generation.
Chikarmane (2000) in her work on police responses to domestic violence, the general
perception among the police was that these days young women have “become too big for their
boots,” the “tolerance level among young women had gone down” and, most notably, “there
are no laws to protect men.” Given the socioeconomic relationships within households,
between neighbours and between servants and employers, no one who is cognizant of domestic
abuse is willing to risk their relationships and jobs to defend the victim.

Kishwar (2000), a prominent women’s rights leader in India, abused women have two choices:
one is to file a criminal case against the perpetrator and face the system head on in the hope of
getting some justice; the second is to file for divorce in a civil court and hope to get
maintenance, child support, and an injunction against harassment.

Mitra (2000), in her exhaustive report on domestic violence in India conducted by the Tata
Institute of Social Sciences, concluded that as long as there is tolerance of domestic violence
toward women in cultural, legal, and political institutions, laws in themselves will not change
the situation. She continued that what is required is “appropriate behavioral and social
changes” along with efficient enforcement of laws. If laws are created to “protect” women,
they are done “within” the system. This, in turn, reinforces culturally legitimized social
hierarchies.

Laxmi Thakur (2001) pointed out that around the world at least one woman in every three has
been beaten or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Most often the abuser is a member of her own
family. Increasingly, gender based violence is recognized as a major public health concern and
violation of human rights. In this study attempt has been made to study inter relationship
between husband’s violence and education of level of wives; husband’s violence and
occupational status of wives: with various types of tortures and cases of violence against
women.

17
Amin (2002) pointed out that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Convention on
Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) do enforce certain
special rights and privileges for women. But it is amazing that only 44 countries have laws
against domestic violence. Only 17 countries have made marital rape a criminal offence &
only 27 countries have passed laws on sexual harassment.

Jewkes et al (2002) conclude that “measures which somewhat empower women may have an
immediate impact on increasing the frequency of gender norm transgressions or reduce
personal agreement with a subservient position for women and these may place her at greater
immediate risk of violence. Only when empowerment has reached a critical level will its
benefits outweigh this.

Joshi (2002) in his study, pointed out that gender based violence that threatens the well being,
rights and dignity of women has only recently emerged as a global issue extending across
regional, social, cultural and economic boundaries

Agnihotri et al. (2003) conducted a study, “Domestic violence against women–an international
concern With reference to the situation in Mauritius”. They pointed out that domestic violence
is a pattern of assault and coercive behavior including physical, sexual and psychological
attacks, by a person against his/her own intimate partner

Sunny (2003) in her study, “Domestic violence against women” in Kerala. A random selection
of cases was made for each of the major categories, i.e. violence due to alcoholism, due to
insufficient dowry, frustration due to economic difficulties, violence due to extra-Marital
affairs, and due to personality disorders.

Venna et al. (2003) in their study pointed out that while we have an understanding of physical
violence at the macro level, detailed, contextual studies that map family dynamic are required
for designing effective interventions for prevention at the household level. The theoretical
construct of gender roles provides an analytical framework from which to identify norms and
beliefs within a specific cultural context that support violence in a household. The impact of
predefined gender role on physical violence against women has been established and gender
roles have been identified as the pivot around which power relations between women and men
are manifested.

Goel (2004) conducted a study on violence against women: A case study. The objectives of
the study were (i) To provide for the development and welfare of women; (ii) The create

18
awareness among women about their socio-economic development with emphasis on health
education, etc.; (iii) To provide financial assistance to women for their self-employment; (iv)
To start training programmes for women for starting their own business/trade.

Parashar (2004) pointed out that at the other extreme is the National Commission for Women's
(NCW) desire to punish rape by death, which is paradoxically grounded in the patriarchal
assumption of domestic chastity.

Devi (2005) points out that in Indian society the problem of violence against women is not
new. The ever present fact of violence, both overt and covert, physical and non-physical has
an alarming influence on the status of women. Violence against women causes more deaths
and disabilities among women than any other illness.

PandeRekha, Bindu, Mumtaz Fatima and Nazhath Khatron (2005)conducted “A study

of the narratives of Domestic Violence : Reconstructing

Masculinities and Feminists.” The major objectives of the study, try to focus the construction
of masculinities with an emphasis on male and female sexualities in domestically violent
situations.

AhlawatNeerja (2006) has conducted A study on the “Violence against women : Voices from
the field.” The objectives of her study were; domestic violence refers to any action, policy or
attitude which in any way is a violation of a woman’s personhood or dehumanizes her and
which women face in conjugal relationship.

Bomstein (2006) points out that it is important to realize that links between economic
dependency and abuse are bi-directional. High economic dependency may lead some women
to tolerate physical abuse, but repeated abuse may lead to economic' dependence. Women in
violent relationships who do work may have trouble concentrating, be harassed at work by an
abusive partner, and have low self-efficacy due to abuse. The abuse can affect work
performance to the point where they may lose their jobs, contributing to their economic
dependency on their partners.

Devi and Prema (2006) assert that violence against women should be viewed as a human right
violation and a crime, detrimental to the development of women and the society. Capacity
building, awareness generation and developing leadership skills among women can help them
gain confidence to raise a voice against violence and assert their rights.

19
John Simister and Judith Makowiece (2008) in their study, “Domestic violence in Indian:
Effects of education”. This article studies domestic violence between husband and wife in
India and attitudes to domestic violence. We use the term ‘gender based violence’ because
some men use violence to control their wives.

Kaur, R. and Garg, S. (2008) pointed out that worldwide there has been an increasing concern
about violence against women in general and domestic violence in particular. Domestic
violence is common across culture, religion, class and ethnicity. Domestic violence can be
described as the power misused by one adult in a relationship to control another. This violence
can take the form of physical assault, psychological abuse, social abuse, financial abuse or
sexual assault

Matharayappa and BipplabDhak (2010) in their study is empowerment influencing

domestic violence against women in Karnataka focus on the tries to factor affecting domestic
violence and tries understand whether women’s empowerment has any influence on domestic
violence. Keeping this in view, the data available from the national family health surveys
(NFHS) 1998-99 and 2005-2006 were used. Data reveals that about three out of every five
women agrees with at least one reason of wife-beating justified. The main reason for the
women who agree wife beating is justified when the wife neglects house or children followed
by the wife who goes out without telling her husband and the husband suspect wife is
unfaithful.

CHAPTER-3

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

➢ To analyze the interface between domestic violence and human rights discourse.
➢ To examine the pre-enactment legal framework relating to domestic violence.
➢ To make a critical assessment of the Act.

20
CHAPTER-4

HYPOTHESES

1. Domestic violence against women affects human rights adversely.

21
2. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act is conceptually flawed in the
Indian context resulting in extreme incidence of domestic violence against women.

3. The manner of implementation of the Act fails to answer the current understandings of
domestic violence holistically.

CHAPTER-5

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study is both doctrinal and analytical in nature. The doctrinal part examines the theoretical
bases and legal solutions offered to deal with domestic violence. The legal provisions of

22
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act are analyzed in detail and the problems and
flaws therein are identified. The analytical part examines the need for culture specific treatment
of the issue which is driven by family based culture of protection and care as an alternate
mechanism to address the issue. The consequences of resort to criminal sanctions and alternate
dispute resolution mechanisms in handling delicate familial matters are critically examined.

The relevant material is collected from primary and secondary sources and Looking into the
objectives and area of the study, the following tools are used to carry out of the study.

Tools Sources
Secondary Published and unpublished data of the government, other
Information agencies and field research documents.
Questionnaire Collection of primary information about the functioning of Domestic
Violence Against Women administering structured questionnaires to
the Domestic Violence beneficiaries and other stakeholders involved
in the field of domestic violence.

Tools Size
Questionnaire Personal Interview with all households of all villages under the
GPs through questionnaires by the research Investigators for
authentication of the study findings.

The present study is field-work based. It looks at the both the primary and
secondary sources to analyse the issue of violence against women and the politics surrounding
it.
The study adopted purposive sampling method. In the first stage, Bhuban Block of Dhenkanal
district was selected. The selection of the districts was done on the basis of the following
considerations. The Dhenkanal district is one of the underdeveloping districts of Odisha.

23
In the second stage,For the purpose of the empirical research six villages in a blocks of
Dhenkanal district had been selected. Data was collected through a semi- structured interview
schedule delivered in the local language. From each Village, approximately 10 households are
purposively selected based on the social group .The study made use of secondary
as well as primary data. The secondary data on Domestic violence was collected from
Village, Panchayat and Block level agencies. The results of the research reveal some
noteworthy findings which throw light on the situation of domestic violence against women
and the interplay of various factors which lead to the perpetration of such violence upon the
women. A refection into the main theme of this thesis and the study conducted thereafter makes
it evident that domestic violence is a serious problem in most of the homes and society with a
continuous increasing trend. The present study was done with the main aim of understanding
the nature and causes of domestic violence in Odisha and also to find out the prevalence of this
form of violence against women.

CHAPTER-6

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The international perspective or overview of international developments in the field of

acknowledging the problem of domestic violence against women is analysed being the major
premise of the study. In order to understand the Indian legal structure concerning domestic
violence, a survey of the available existing legal options is made. The different kinds of laws
and strategies, and their advantages and disadvantages are to be explored in the Indian cultural

24
context which is the next task taken up in the study. The research evaluates the impact of major
legislations on the positions of the women enduring domestic violence Introduction Rights of
Women against Domestic Violence in general legal regime. The study deals with the working
and problems of the Act in the Indian cultural set up, the motivations and legal remedies
guaranteed

The focus is limited to a doctrinal study on the topic because of the inherent limitations in
attempting an empirical study. Moreover the no reliable data is likely to come forth in, on the
issue of domestic violence as it will be viewed as an invasion into familial privacy. Exhaustive
case illustrations on domestic violence are not decipherable from the judgments that have been
rendered by the courts in India Significance of the Study.

There is a considerable change taking place in Odisha with developmental activities being
initiated in the fields of education, health and employment. On many occasions these policies
specially target the womenfolk. But alongside these developments a simultaneous erosion of
values is taking place in the society with regard to women’s rights. The family, which is the
basic unit of the society, is losing much of its meaning as a safe haven for most of it’s its
members. Domestic violence is increasing by manifold in the society as shown in crime
statistics. These studies are mostly in the nature of prevalence studies which has led to the
construction of new knowledge and theory building in the area of domestic violence against
women. In India, the problem has been studied by a few scholars (Vindhya, 2000; Visaria,
2000; Rao, 1998; Jejeebhoy, 1997). The literature shows that research in the area of domestic
violence is particularly lacking in Odisha despite the worldwide concern for domestic violence.
No research-based study was found which would analyse the nature, causes and effects of such
violence in this part of the country and the attitudes prevailing therein. No study so far has
provided theoretical explanations combined with empirical research of the phenomenon of
domestic violence in Odisha. With the paucity of literature and the lack of research on domestic
violence in Odisha, it seems pertinent to begin to get a clearer look at the overall phenomenon
and factors relating to domestic violence and its changing nature in the state.

The present study is an honest endeavour in this regard. The study focuses on the prevalence,
nature and causes of domestic violence and also attempts to investigate the relationship
between domestic violence and patriarchy, cultural factors and socio-economic conditions of
the household in Odisha. In addition it also tries to evaluate the type of support they are getting
from the government and the NGO’S in alleviating their problems and this way my study will

25
try to suggest remedial measures to reduce the increasing crime of domestic violence in the
state.a

CHAPTER-7

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

FORMS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Table-1, Forms of Violence as told by the Respondents

Forms No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Physical Violence 40 80
Verbal violence 00 00
Social Violence/Economic 08 16

26
 Emotional and Intellectual 02 04
Violence
Total 50 100

Figure-1:

Figure-1
Emotional
violence

Social
violence
Verbal violence

Physical
violence

Analysis: The table No1 shows that forms of violence bear by the respondents. They were
violated with different forms of violence. Out of total 50 respondents, 80 percent respondents
were sufferers of physical violence, while 0 percent respondents have faced verbal violence,
whereas 16 per cent respondents told that they faced maximum social violence and 4 percent
respondent faced emotionally and intellectual violence. It is evident from the table that
majority of the respondents had to face physical violence. Social, economic and emotional
violence comes later on.

Interpretation: Physical violence is the main form of violence and it is caused due to
patriarchy in our family system, the family does not give equal importance to all members as
role, power and status are strictly determined by age and gender.

Table-2, Use of Methods of Physical Violence against Respondent

Method No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Hit with objects 14 35
Pulling the hairs 24 60

27
 Beating with slapping and 02 05
Punching
Bleeding injury and burned 00 00
All types uses 00 00
Total 40 100

Figure-2:

Hit with object

Pulling the hairs
Beating with slapping
Bleeding injury
All types uses

Analysis: The table No2 shows method used for as seen by the physically violated
respondents. Out of all respondent 35 percent respondents tolerated objects hitting, while 60
percent respondents tolerated pulling the hairs, whereas,5 percentage respondents were
tolerating beating, slapping and punching.

Interpretation: pulling of hair is the main violence against women shown in the
block,because of their lack of understanding between the husband and wife.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

Table-3, Age wise-distribution of the Respondents

Age No. Of Respondents Percentage (%)

18-20 02 04
21-25 36 72
26-30 12 24

28
 Total 50 100

Figure-3:

40

30

20
36

10
12
0 2
18-20 21-25 26-30

Figure-3

Analysis: Table No3 shows the age-wise distribution of the respondents. It shows that out of
50 respondents, 4 percent respondents belong to the age group between 18-20 years. While
72 per cent respondents belonged to the age group between 21-25 years and 24 percent
respondents belonged to the age group between 26-30 years. So the majority of the
respondents belonged to the age group between 21-25 years.

Interpretation: The questionnaire has been taken by random sampling from different village
of bhuban block and I had taken mostly my data from the people aging from 21-25.Age from
21-25 because they are illiterate and they are the burden upon the family.

Table-4, Distribution of Respondents by Age at Marriage

Age No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

15-18 03 06
19-21 33 66
22-25 14 28
Total 50 100

29
Figure-4:

40
30
20 33

10 14
3
0
15-18 19-21 22-25

Figure-4

Analysis: Table No 4 shows the age at marriage of the respondents. It shows that out of total
50 respondents, 6 percent respondents were married in the age group between 15 to 18 years;
while 66 percent respondents were married between the age group of 19-21 years and 28
percent respondents were got married between the age group of 22-25 years. The majority of
the respondents got married between the age group of 19-21 years.

Interpretation: 19-21 age women in bhuban block get married as their parents believe that
Once a women is married, she must establish her woman hood and identity by quickly getting
pregnant and becoming a mother, preferably of a son.

Table-5, Type of Family of the Respondents

Type No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Joint Family 06 12
Nuclear Family 44 88
Total 50 100

30
Figure-5:

Figure-5

12%

Joint family
Nuclear family

88%

Analysis: This table No5 shows the type of family of the respondents. It shows that out of 50
respondents, 12 per cent respondents belonged to joint family, while 88 per cent respondents
belonged to nuclear family. So majority of the respondents belonged to nuclear family.

Interpretation: nuclear family is most because one’s income is not sufficient to run the whole
family.

Table-6, Family size of the respondents

Size No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Small (4 members) 10 20
Medium (5 to 7 members) 34 68
Large (Above 10) 06 12
Total 50 100

31
Figure-6:

Large Figure-6
2%

Small
22%

Medium
76%

Analysis: This table No6 shows that 20percent of the respondents belonged to small family
(up to four members). While 68 per cent respondents belonged to medium (5-7 members) and
12 percent of the respondents belonged to large (above 10 members). Hence, majority of the
respondents had 5-7 members in their family.

Interpretation: majority of the respondents had 5-7 members in their family as most of the
family are nuclear family.

Table-7, Education level of the Respondents

Education Level No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Just literate 1 16
Upto matric 14 28
Upto 10+2 std. 7 14
Graduate & Post Graduate 01 02

32
 Other Courses 20 40
Total 50 100

Figure-7:

Figure-7

16% Just literate

Upto matric
40%
Upto 10+2 std.
28%
Graduate
2% Other courses
14%

Analysis: The table No7 shows the educational level of the respondents. The respondents
have been divided in to five educational categories. It shows that 16 per cent respondents
were studied up to primary level or illiterate, while 28 per cent were educated up to metric
standard. Whereas, 14 percent of the respondents were educated up to XII standard. On the
other hand, 2 percent respondents were studied up to graduation and post graduation and 40
per cent respondents were having other courses/diploma. So majority of the respondents were
educated in other courses.

Interpretation: most of the respondents are upto matric due to early age marriage, financial
problem etc and many more prefer for ITI, NURSING etc which is shown in other course.

Table-8, Family occupation of the Respondents

Occupation No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Agriculture 32 64
Business 03 06
Labourer 14 28
Govt. Jobs 01 02

33
 Total 50 100

Figure-8:

Figure-8

Agriculture
Business
Labourer
Govt.jobs

Analysis: Occupation Plays vital role in determining the socio-economic status of a

household. It is an index to standard of living a person and her family. The Table No8
analysis the family occupational background of the respondents. In this table, the respondents
have been divided into four occupational categories. The analysis of the table shows that out
of total 50 respondents, 64 per cent respondents belonged to agriculture occupation, while 6
per cent respondents belonged to business, whereas 28 percent respondents worked as
labourers and 2 percent respondents were in government jobs. So majority of the respondents
had agriculture and allied activities as their family occupation.

Interpretation: most of the family depend upon agriculture occupation as they have more
agriculture field and less educational background.

Table -9, Occupation of the Women Respondents

Occupation No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Services 00 00
Domestic Work 50 100
Small business 00 00

34
 Total 50 100
Figure-9:

Small business Figure-9

Services
0%
0%

Domestic work
100%

Analysis: This table No9 shows the occupation of the respondents. It shows that 0per cent
respondents were in govt. and non-govt. services, while 100 percent of the respondents were
involved in domestic works and 0 percent of the respondents handled small business. Hence
it is evident from the table that all of the respondents were involved in domestic works.

Interpretation: It is believed that after marriage the women are not allowed to go outside after
marriage so all the women are engaged in domestic work.

Table-10, Annual income of the Respondents Family

Income Group No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

UptoRs. 10,000 30 60
Rs. 10,001 to 30,000 16 32

35
 Rs. 30,001 to 50,000 04 08
Rs. 50,001 to 1,00,000 00 00
Total 50 100

Figure-10:

Figure-10
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
upto 10,000 10,001-30,000 30,001-50,000 50,001-1,00,000

Analysis: The table No10 shows that 32 percent respondent were earning up to Rs. 10,001
to 30.000, while 8 per cent of the respondents had their annual income between Rs. 30,001 to
50.000 and 0 percent respondents have been earning between Rs. 50,001 to 1, 00000 as their
annual income and 60 percent respondent were earning up to Rs.10, 000. This shows that
majority of the respondents had low income.

Interpretation: Annual income of 60 percent respondent were earning up to Rs.10,000.

Because most of people are engaged in Agricultural activities.

Table -11, Caste-wise distribution of respondents

Caste No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Higher castes 08 16

36
 Backward castes 15 30
Lower castes 27 54
Total 50 100

Figure-11:

Figure-11

16%
Higher castes
Backward castes
54%
30% Lower castes

Analysis: The table No11 shows the caste-wise distribution of the respondents. This table
indicates that 16 percent respondents belonged to higher caste, while 30 percent belonged to
other backward caste and 54 percent respondents belonged to lower caste .So most of the
respondents were from Lower caste. Because majority of the population of the village
belonged Lower castes.

Interpretation: Most of the people of bhuban block are kaibarta, tanthi, dhoba which belong
to lower caste resides over there and higher caste people resides in town .

Table-12, Type of House of the Respondents

Type No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Semi-Pucca 18 36

37
 Kuccha 25 50
Pucca 07 14
Total 50 100

Figure-12:

Figure-12

Pucca
14%

Semi-pucca
36%
Kuccha
50%

Analysis: Table No 12 shows the type of houses of the respondents. This table indicates that
36 per cent respondents were living in semi pucca houses, while 50 per cent respondents were
living in kuccha houses and 14 per cent respondent’s were living in pucca houses. It shows
that majority of the respondents have kuccha houses.

Interpretation: A Kuccha house is one which is made of mud with thatched roofing. Village
people resides in kuccha house made of mud with thatched roofing so it is maximum.

Number of children:

The family size is an important variable as a small family as a norm for better family life. In
the study an attempts has also been made to know the desired number of children in the

38
family the decision to plan the family or stop reproduction is taken only after achieving the
desired family size, preference for children of a particular sex play a dominant role in
determining the number of children in the family. The number of children i.e. male or female
is also related with the domestic violence.

Table -13, Number of children of the respondents

Number No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

None 01 2
1-2 18 36
2-3 21 42
3 or above 10 20
Total 50 100

Figure-13:

39
 Figure-13

60

40

20

0
None no1-2 no2-3 3 or above

Analysis: The table No13 indicates that number of respondent’s children. It shows that 2
percent respondents had no children, while 36 percent respondents had 1-2 children and 42
percent respondents had 2 to 3 number of children and 20 percent respondents had 3 or above
children. So majority of the respondents had 2-3 children in their family.

Interpretation: most of the people have 2-3 children in their family and they are much
conscious of family planning as their source of income is very less i.e. < 10000.

Table -14, Caste of the respondents and awareness of age at marriage

40
 Caste Awareness

Yes Percentage No Percentage Total Percentage

Higher Caste 07 14 1 02 08 16
Backward Caste 17 34 3 06 20 40
Lower Caste 18 36 4 08 22 44
Total 42 84 8 16 50 100

Figure-14:

20

15
Yes
10
No

0
Higher caste Backward caste Lower caste

Analysis: Table No 14 shows the caste and awareness of age at married of the respondents.
In higher caste, 14 percent respondents, 34 percent in backward caste and 36 percent in lower
caste respondents were aware about the age at marriage. So majority of the respondents in all
these caste groups were aware of the age at marriage. But few respondents in Lower caste
respondents were not aware of the age at marriage.

Interpretation: the people of bhuban Block are much aware of caste during marriage they too
follow the tradion of untouchability

Table-15, Knowledge of the respondents about domestic violence law

41
 Knowledge No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Yes 15 30
No Proper Knowledge 30 60
No 5 10
Total 50 100

Figure-15:

Figure-15

10%
30% Yes
No proper knowledge
No
60%

Analysis: The table No15 shows respondent’s knowledge about laws and regulations made
for violence against women. It shows that 30 percent respondents had knowledge about these
laws and regulations, while 60 per cent respondents were not having proper knowledge about
these laws and few (10 per cent) of the respondent did not know about these laws and
regulations. Hence it can be said that majority of the respondents had no proper knowledge
about these laws and regulations made for women made by the government.

Interpretation: As most of the respondent are illiterate so they don’t have proper knowledge
about these laws and regulations made for women made by the government.

42
 Table-16, Attitude of the respondents toward women equality

Responses No.of respondents Percentage (%)

Yes 30 60

No 20 40

Total 50 100

Figure-16:

No
5% Figure-17

Yes
95%

Analysis: This table No16 shows responses of respondent about equality to a man. The table
shows that a large majority, i.e. 60 percent of the respondents were of the view that they were
not equal to a man. They have low status to man. It is interesting to note that, we are living in
21st century, but still the women in rural areas don’t know their rights. They are still
dominated by their husbands. While 40per cent of the respondents were of the view that they
were not equal to man, most of them were educated or in jobs.

Interpretation: The problem of domestic violence against women has to be visualized in a

wider context. When we asked our respondents to give some suggestion to reduce problem of
domestic violence, their views in codified form is given in table to take the problems they
were given some ideas according to their own mindset.

Table-17, Respondent’s suggestions for how to minimize domestic violence

43
Suggestions No.of Percentage (%)
Respondents
Use of rights 00 00
Respectful behaviour 02 04
Violence should not be created before children, relatives 25 50
and other family members
Remain passive 00 00
Compromise 10 20
Tit for tat 01 02
No hide of violence, increase of coeducation increase, and 12 24
provide moral education toward gender bias
Provides legal education to fight against injustice must be 00 00
imparted to girl boys both at high and secondary school
level

Analysis: The table No17 shows suggestions made by the respondents to reduce violence in
the family and can they minimize domestic violence. the respondents, i.e.0 percent said that
use of women’s right may be helpful to reduce violence, while 4 per cent of the respondents
suggested that respectful behaviour of women can reduce the violence, whereas 50 percent
respondents suggested that Violence should not be created before children, relatives and other
family members . Moreover 20 percent of the respondents suggested that by Compromise it
will be helpful, while 2 percent respondents said that tit for tat, means women should fight if
they receive violence from their in-laws family will reduce the violence.

Interpretation: The respondents suggested that violence should not be hided, co-education
system should be increased and moral education should be provided against gender bias will
be helpful to reduce violence.

44
CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSIONS

.The objectives of the Domestic violence against women is toanalyze the interface between
domestic violence and human rights discourse and to examine the pre-enactment legal
framework relating to domestic violence.The quantitative findings of the study in the nature of
magnitude, forms, causes of domestic violence from the data gathered in the field survey
conducted in six villages spread over Bhuban block of Dhenkanal district are presented .

The main aim of this research has been to find out the prevalence, nature and causes of domestic
violence against women. . The literature on domestic violence is exhaustive and shows that
much work has been done to understand the complex nature of family relationships in different
parts of the world. But research and literature relating to the degree, forms, nature and causes
of domestic violence is conspicuous by its absence in Odisha. Therefore the present study has
thrown new light in the area and led to the construction of new knowledge in the context of the
interplay of different factors that lead to the perpetration of violence acts within the home.. For
the purpose of the empirical research six villages in a blocks of Dhenkanal district had been
selected. Data was collected through a semi- structured interview schedule delivered in the
local language. The results of the research reveal some noteworthy findings which throw light
on the situation of domestic violence against women and the interplay of various factors which
lead to the perpetration of such violence upon the women.A refection into the main theme of
this thesis and the study conducted thereafter makes it evident that domestic violence is a
serious problem in most of the homes and society with a continuous increasing trend. This
erodes the often mistaken representation of the family as the most secure place for any human
being. For a majority of women this is not so. Gender inequalities and strict patriarchal codes
of conduct, traditional gender roles and archaic cultural practices have in turnmade the lives of
women miserable in many families across differentsocieties.Theword ‘violence’ indicates that
its use is intentional. The literature ondomestic violence is exhaustive and shows that much
work has been done to understand the complex nature of family relationships in different parts
of the world. But research and literature relating to the degree, forms, nature and causes of
domestic violence is conspicuous by its absence in Odisha. Therefore the present study has
thrown new light in the area and led to the construction of new knowledge in the context of the
interplay of different factors that lead to the perpetration of violence acts within the home.

CHAPTER-10

45
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GangulyArti (1993). "Violence in the Family" An objective Analysis in PromilaKapur (ed.)

Girl-Child and Family Violence, New Delhi: HarAanand Publications.

Gupta Sampa Sen (2012). Domestic Violence, Impact on women with disabilities, Women's
Link, V

Mitra, Nishi (2001), Community Based Initiatives in the struggle against domestic violence.
The Indian Journal of Social Work

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CHAPTER-11

QUESTIONNAIRES

Annexure-I : BENEFICIARIES

1. Name:

2. Age:

3. Religion:

1. Muslim 2. Christian 3.Hindu 4.others

4. Education :

1. High School 2. S.S.L.C 3. Degree 4. P.G 5.Professional 6. Others

5. Education of husband :

1. High School 2. S.S.L.C 3. Degree 4. P.G 5.Professional 6. Others

6.Occupation :

1. House-wife 2.Clerk 3.Sales girl 4.Teacher 5.Doctor 6.Engineer

7.Lawyer 8.Domestic worker 9. Care Taker 10. Entrepreneur 11.Manager
12. Others

7. Years of Service in job?

1. Below 5 yr 2. 5yr - 10yr 3. 10yr - 20yr 4.above 20yr

8. Monthly income from job?

1. Below 5000 2.5000 to 10000 3.10000 to 20000 4.Above 20000

9. Other source of income:

1. Yes (Details) 2. No

10.Duration of Marriage?

11. Age difference between spouse?

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12. Type of residing area:

1. Rural 2. Urban 3. Sub-urban 4. Tribal

13.At present, where do you stay?

1. Husband’s home 2. Parents home 3. Short stay home 4. Independently in a house

5.others Parents Family

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 Annexure- II: Related to family and marriage

1. What type of family do you belong to?

1. Joint 2. Nuclear 3. Extended 4. Single parent 5. Others

2. How frequently were the quarrels between your parents?

1. Always 2.Very Often 3. Sometimes 4. Rarely 5. No

3. Do you possess ownership of any of the following-?

1. Land :

1. Yes 2. No 3. NA

2. House :

1. Yes 2. No 3. NA

3. Flat :

1. Yes 2. No 3. NA

4. Others :

1. Yes 2. No 3. NA

4. Is there religious orientation in the family?

1. Yes 2. No

5. Who takes important decisions of family?

a. Father 1. Yes 2. No

b. Mother 1. Yes 2. No

c. Eldest Son 1. Yes 2. No

d.Your husband 1. Yes 2. No

e. Joint decision 1. Yes 2. No

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f. Others 1. Yes 2. No

6. Who is abusing you ?

1. Husband a. yes b.no c.NA

7.Demanded dowry after marriage:

1.yes 2.no

8. What type of marriage was yours?

1. Arranged 2. Love 3. Forcefully arranged marriage 4. Others

9. was your marriage an Inter caste marriage?

1. Yes 2. No

10. Was your marriage conducted by religious ceremony?

1. Yes 2. No

11.Do you have a valid marriage certificate?

1. Yes 2. No

12. Do both of your families have same financial condition?

1. Yes 2. No

13. If financial difference were there, were you abused based on that?

1. Yes 2. No 3.NA

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 Annexure- III :Social relationship

1. Do you like your husband’s social relationships?

1. Yes 2. No

2.Do you like to accompany him in social gatherings:

1. Yes 2. No

3. Does your husband take you to such gatherings?

1. Yes 2. No

4. Does your husband allow you to have social contacts?

1. Yes 2. No

5. Were there conflicts based on husband’s social relations?

1. Yes 2. No

6. Which norms of society you are favouring?

1. Traditional 2. Modern 3. Blending of traditional and modern 4. Others

7. Does your husband have the same outlook?

1. Yes 2. No

8. Were there conflicts related to that?

1. Yes 2. No

9. Do your spouse/husband drinks liquor? If yes, How often?

1. Everyday
2. Once in a week
3. Twice/thrice in a month
4. One in a year

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10. Did your husband ever insults you for housekeeping?
1. Yes
2. No

11. Did your husband ever humiliates you while comparing with other women?
1. Yes
2. No

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