Application of Nano Bio-conjugated systems in controlled drug delivery

systems.

The controlled drug delivery technology has progressed over the last six decades. The 1st
generation (1950-1980) of drug delivery was focused on developing oral and transdermal
sustained release systems and establishing the controlled drug release mechanisms.
Attention of the 2nd generation (1980-2010) was dedicated to development of zero-order
release systems, self-regulated drug delivery systems, long-term depot formulations, and
nanotechnology-based delivery systems. The latter part of the 2nd generation was
consumed mostly for studying nanoparticle formulations. Taking the right path towards
the productive 3rd generation of drug delivery technologies requires honest open
dialogues without any preconceived ideas of the past. The drug delivery field needs to
take a bold approach of designing the future drug delivery formulations first, based on
today’s necessities, and produce necessary innovations.

Drug delivery systems within the nanometer size regime can be developed to alter both
pharmacological and therapeutic effects of drug molecules. Due to their small size, these
novel drug delivery systems offer superior advantages, such as altered pharmacokinetic
behavior and improved payload, over traditional large-scale systems. In addition, the
relative ease in modifying their surface chemistry permits the attachment of targeting and
therapeutic molecules for specific therapeutic applications. Finally, complex
nanostructures can be assembled using different building blocks with multiple
functionalities ranging from targeting, detecting, imaging and therapeutic capabilities.

Drugs with very low solubility possess various biopharmaceutical delivery issues
including limited bio accessibility after intake through mouth, less diffusion capacity into
the outer membrane, require more quantity for intravenous intake and unwanted
aftereffects preceding traditional formulated vaccination process. However all these
limitations could be overcome by the application of nanotechnology approaches in the
drug delivery mechanism.

There are two ways through which nanostructures deliver drugs: passive and self-
delivery. In the former, drugs are incorporated in the inner cavity of the structure mainly
via the hydrophobic effect. When the nanostructure materials are targeted to a particular
site, the intended amount of the drug is released because of the low content of the drugs
which is encapsulated in a hydrophobic environment. Conversely, in the latter, the drugs
intended for release are directly conjugated to the carrier nanostructure material for easy
delivery. In this approach, the timing of release is crucial as the drug will not reach the
target site if it dissociates from the carrier very quickly, and consequently, its bioactivity
and efficacy will be decreased. If it is released from its nanocarrier system at the right
time, efficacy will be good.

Targeting of drugs is another significant aspect that uses nanomaterials or

nanoformulations as the drug delivery systems and, is classified into active and passive.
In active targeting, moieties, such as antibodies and peptides are coupled with drug
delivery system to anchor them to the receptor structures expressed at the target site. In
passive targeting, the prepared drug carrier complex circulates through the bloodstream
and is driven to the target site by affinity or binding influenced by properties like pH,
temperature, molecular site and shape. The main targets in the body are the receptors on
cell membranes, lipid components of the cell membrane and antigens or proteins on the
cell surfaces. Currently, most nanotechnology-mediated drug delivery systems are
targeted towards the cancer disease and its cure.

References
1. Domenico Lombardo, Mikhail A. Kiselev and Maria Teresa Caccamo, “Smart
Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Application: Development of Versatile
Nanocarrier Platforms in Biotechnology and Nanomedicine” Journal of
Nanomaterials Volume 2019, Article ID 3702518, 26 pages.
2. Patra et al. J Nanobiotechnol (2018) 16:71.
3. Rajni Sinha, Gloria J. Kim, Shuming Nie and Dong M. Shin, “Nanotechnology in
cancer therapeutics: bio-conjugated nanoparticles for drug delivery” Molecular Cancer
Therapeutics Volume 5 Issue 8.
4. Qun Huo “A perspective on bio-conjugated nanoparticles and quantum dots”
Elsevier Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 59 (2007) 1–10

Shubham Shukla

Application Number : 19081004520