CHAPTER 1

The Problem and its Scope

1.1 Rationale

In the 21st century, the rapid rise of technology comes with a lot of pros and cons. Living in
this modern civilization, the humanity adapts the advancement of technology which is
consequential for everything comes with ease. But with the domination of technology in our
society, a lot of problems arise, and we cannot ignore the fact that some of these problems are
neglected. Also, because of its existence, different inventions and innovations occur that leads to
the creation of different things, mainly is something that causes smoke. Due to the occurrence
of these creations, many risks appeared in our society and air pollution is one of the most
rampant situations we have. Many contagions in the air affects our health as a human being. One
way of preventing these kinds of scenarios is to develop something that would eliminate its own
existence and stop its development. This is according to the SRA | Resource Center.

One of these products that could greatly help our environment and minimizes the effects of
the said issue is the smoke absorber filter. This product is a device that is used to emit harmful
smoke with the help of mechanical fan. Basically, this device is to filter the interior air by
removing the airborne grease, bacterial fumes, combustion products and steam to the external
environment. With the presence of smoke absorber in the community, it does not only contribute
to the clean surroundings in certain areas but to also decrease the number of people that would
probably be affected by harmful substances carried by smoke specifically respiratory illnesses. In
addition, it also contributes in making the air less harmful to our ozone layer.

The focus to build up this machine or device is to create something new that is very useful to
most people around the world that very loves to breathe in good air. It is a multifunction device;
this machine will absorb smoke that comes from burning process and is neutralized using cloth

1.2 Theoretical Background or carbon filter. This device is also environmental concept. Focus to
build or create this is to save our environment that became more worst day by day.
 The study is supported by the following related theories, literatures, and studies that were
accredited or approved and are used as references that is related for this project.

Related Theories

Behavioral Change Theory developed by Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014 May; 11(5):
4607–4618, which states that this theory plays a critical role in guiding how interventions are
conceptualized and research has shown that behavioral interventions informed by theory tend
to be more successful than those that are not. By the very least, it is important that intervention
programs include underlying program theory or a theory of change to understand why behavioral
interventions work or not. Social Theories focus on how humans and technology affect each
other. Which is belonged to the Theory of Technology that attempt to explain the factors that
shape technological innovation as well as the impact of technology on society and culture. Most
contemporary theories of technology reject two previous views: the linear model of
technological innovation and technological determinism. While the Theory of Particle Filtration
is well documented in literature and has been verified in practice down to lowest detectable
particle sizes of available measuring equipment (Lee and Liu, 1980). A filter's ability to capture
particles depends on different physical and mechanical phenomena including diffusion,
interception as well as inertial and sieving effects.

Behavioral Change Theory states that it have been recognized as a potential procedure
to lessen kid indoor air contamination presentation, yet next to no is thought about the effect of
conduct change mediations to decrease indoor air contamination. Indeed, even less is thought
about how conduct change hypothesis has been fused into indoor air contamination conduct
change intercessions. Behavioral Change Theory in natural wellbeing are famously troublesome
and audits of the distributed proof have demonstrated that they bomb unmistakably more
frequently than they succeed.

Social Theories a few speculations center on how choices are made with people and
innovation: people and innovation are equivalent in the choice, people drive innovation, and the
other way around. The connections utilized in a lion's share of the hypotheses on this page see
singular human's cooperation with innovation, however there is a sub-bunch for the gathering of
individuals interfacing with innovation. The speculations depicted are deliberately unclear and
uncertain, since the conditions for the hypotheses change as human culture and innovation
advancements change.

Theory of Particle Filtration states about the explanation of the product’s intervention
on how smoke absorbers do work with the help of the carbon fiber filtration to promote less
harmful fumes and air in the surroundings specifically indoor.

Review of Related Literature

Theory and application of air purification systems (Er. Mandeep Singh, Thursday, March
12, 2015, 08:00 Hrs [IST]) Air filtration is one of the simplest processes in air purification systems
where membrane filter of different size acts to remove the contaminants from the air. Good
quality air purifiers involve number of other techniques that are useful in eliminating harmful
odors of volatile and aromatic compounds as well as tobacco smoke and even microorganisms,
virus present in air. Air purifies by Atlanta HealthcareTM can be coupled with HVAC unit in
hospital, institutional or industrial environment depending upon the air handling unit (AHU) and
air handling efficiency required as output from air purification system. It is important for people
suffering with asthma or respiratory allergies to breathe pure air hence, a challenge for air
purification system to remove airborne contaminants and DNA damaging particulates.

Air contamination from enterprises is continually developing as a major risk to wellbeing

of people just as condition. Smoke and contamination from chemical and pharmaceutical
enterprises is representing a genuine risk to human life. Wasteful treatment of emergency clinic
squanders add to add up to viral heap of transmittable diseases. Truth be told, as indicated by an
ongoing overview, the existence of this inventions are very significant in order for us to have a
purified and filtered air to prevent from harmful fumes and airborne gases.

DANGERS OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION JANE E. BRODY Jan. 28, 1981. The air you breathe
in your home or office may be hazardous to your health - more dangerous, in fact, than the
outdoor air in the most polluted of cities. This is especially so during the cold months, when
windows and doors are kept tightly shut and homes, schools and office buildings are made as
airtight as possible to conserve energy. Many people don't realize that their ''perpetual cold'' or
other nagging symptoms may be caused by the very air they breathe in their own homes, at
school or on the job. Some have been plagued for years and have visited doctor after doctor in a
vain attempt to uncover the cause of their problem. Once the real culprit is suspected or
identified, many sources of indoor pollution can be greatly reduced and perhaps prevented
entirely, sometimes with little loss of costly heat to the great outdoors.

Indoor air pollution has been linked to a wide variety of adverse health effects, including
headaches, respiratory problems, frequent colds and sore throats, chronic cough, skin rashes,
eye irritation, lethargy, dizziness and memory lapses. The pollution problem is most serious in
homes tightly sealed to keep out the winter cold. In a typical ''leaky'' house, all the air is
exchanged with fresh outdoor air about once an hour, but a well-sealed house may take four to
10 times longer to completely replace the indoor air. This allows an enormous buildup of
potentially harmful substances in the air.

Laser Smoke Particulate/Odor Filter System there is herein described an improved laser
smoke particulate/odor filter including an upstream gross particulate portion that both filters
and disperses the smoke, a single charcoal odor adsorption portion, a downstream particulate
portion for removing smaller gross particles, and a final filtering portion for filtering out any
remaining undesirable contaminated particulate. Another embodiment utilizes an upstream
particulate portion that filters and disperses the smoke followed by a first and second charcoal
adsorption portions of unequal sizes that are separated by a second smoke dispersion member
disposed between the first and second charcoal odor adsorption portions.

This creation identifies with particulate and odor channels and all the more explicitly to a
laser smoke particulate/odor channel framework utilized in a laser smoke clearing framework for
surgery conditions wherein laser vitality is being used.
Review of Related Studies

A Randomized double‐blind crossover study of indoor air filtration and acute changes
in cardiorespiratory health in a First Nations Community S. Weichenthal, G. Mallach et.al have
examined indoor air quality in First Nations communities and its impact on cardiorespiratory
health. To address this need, we conducted a crossover study on a First Nations reserve in
Manitoba, Canada, including 37 residents in 20 homes. Each home received an electrostatic air
filter and a placebo filter for 1 week in random order, and lung function, blood pressure, and
endothelial function measures were collected at the beginning and end of each week. Indoor air
pollutants were monitored throughout the study period. Indoor PM 2.5 decreased substantially
during air filter weeks relative to placebo (mean difference: 37 μg/m3, 95% CI: 10, 64) but
remained approximately five times greater than outdoor concentrations owing to a high
prevalence of indoor smoking. On average, air filter use was associated with a 217‐ml (95% CI:
23, 410) increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 s, a 7.9‐mm Hg (95% CI: −17, 0.82) decrease in
systolic blood pressure, and a 4.5‐mm Hg (95% CI: −11, 2.4) decrease in diastolic blood pressure.
Consistent inverse associations were also observed between indoor PM 2.5 and lung function. In
general, our findings suggest that reducing indoor PM2.5 may contribute to improved lung
function in First Nations communities.

The impact of indoor air filtration on acute changes in clinical measures of respiratory and
cardiovascular health in a First Nation community. In general, our findings suggest that portable
indoor air filters may offer substantial reductions in indoor levels of particulate matter and that
such reductions may be associated with improved lung function. Indeed, particulate air pollution
is known to have an adverse impact on respiratory health owing to its ability to cause oxidative
stress and inflammation in the lungs (Li et al., 2003; Yang and Omaye, 2009).

Indoor Air and Human Health--Sick House Syndrome and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Bulletin of National Institute of Health Sciences, 6-38, 2002. The number of complaints about
the quality of indoor air has increased during the past two decades. These complaints have been
frequent enough that the term" Sick House Syndrome or Sick Building Syndrome" and" Multiple
Chemical Sensitivity" has been coined. Complaints are likely related to the increased use of
synthetic organic materials in house, furnishing, and consumer products; and the buildings,
furnishings, and consumer products; and the decreased ventilation for energy conservation in
homes. Approximately thousand volatile chemicals have been identified in indoor air. The main
sources of these chemicals are house materials, combustion fumes, cleaning compounds, and
paints or stains. Exposure to high levels of these emissions and to others, coupled with the fact
that most people spend more time indoors than outdoors, raises the possibility that the risk to
human health from indoor air pollution may be potentially greater than the risk posed from
outdoor pollutants.

The complaints most frequently voiced with respect to Sick House Syndrome are
irritations of the eye, nose, and throat; cough and hoarseness of voice; headache and mental
fatigue. The syndrome of multiple chemical sensitivities is controversial subject with increasing
impact on the field of indoor air quality. The controversy surrounding Multiple Chemical
Sensitivity includes its definition, theories of etiology and pathogenesis, diagnostic, and life style.
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity is considered the hypothesis that is a disease caused by exposure
to many chemically distinct environmental substances at very low.

Smoke Filter invented by James A. Riedy and Ralph D. Zingle. A smoke filter which is
useful in containing smoke produced during electrosurgery or laser surgery procedures which
has a prefilter layer to contain most of the smoke produced in these surgical procedures and to
extend the useful life of the smoke filter, a microporous polymeric membrane layer which acts
as a final filtering layer of the smoke filter and disposed between these two layers is a protective
foam layer which protects the integrity of the microporous polymeric membrane from damage
caused by the prefilter layer.

The creation identifies with a smoke channel that fuses a prefilter layer, a polymeric micro
porous film layer and a defensive froth layer to shield the polymeric micro porous layer from
infiltration or harm from the prefilter layer. Extra steady or cement layers might be added to the
smoke channel as required. The article is appropriate for the utilization in electro cautery and
laser medical procedures or different applications that may require the utilization of harming
prefiltration media.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

General Problem:

This study aims to scrutinize the effectiveness of the Smoke Absorber filtering and
eliminating harmful fumes inside the house. The gist of this study also is to distinguish the
relevance between life and environment.

Objectives:

1. The Smoke Absorber is used to eliminate the harmful smoke inside the house.
2. The work of a Smoke Absorber device is to filter the interior air by removing the airborne
grease, bacterial fumes, bad odor, heat, combustion products and steam to the house.
3. The Smoke Absorber is used to lessen health problems, specifically in the respiratory
system.
4. The Smoke Absorber is used to minimize the inhalation of smoke that carries harmful
particles.
5. The smoke that goes into the air will be filtered and making it less harmful. Thus, does not
contribute to the damaging of the ozone layer.

1.4 Hypotheses

In conducting this study, the following hypotheses are expected:

Null Hypotheses

1. The Smoke Absorber will not function well and will not absorb the smoke into the device.
2. The smoke that comes from the Smoke Absorber will not be filtered.
3. Due to financial problem, the researchers we’re not be able to finish the device.
Alternative Hypotheses

1. The device will successfully extinguish the filtered smoke fumes.

2. The smoke that comes out from the Smoke Absorber will be filtered and become less
harmful.
3. The researchers found an alternative affordable and reliable materials that are essential
for the Smoke Absorber.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The following are the beneficiaries of this study:

Families. This study will be beneficial to the families because it helps to filter hazardous smoke
that is produced in their homes working it less harmful. Thus, making their house well-ventilated
and safer from respiratory health problems.

Cook. The study will be beneficial to those people who have skills in the field of cooking. This is
to reduce the smoke in the workplace that could cause harmful fumes leading to distraction or
inconvenient to chefs.

Factory Workers. This study will be beneficial to factory workers as it will help them reduce the
risk of having respiratory disease caused by harmful substances in the air so that they can work
healthy at ease.

Future Researchers. This study will have a great factor to the future researchers to hope for a
better solution regarding to the elimination of harmful fumes in the air. Through innovation, the
future researchers will have a rigorous conduction of experimenting this study for the benefits of
the society leading to have a better world to live with, executing harmful smokes in the air.
1.6 Scope and Limitations

The purpose of this study is to minimize the inhalation of smoke that carries harmful
particles that affects the health of an individual particularly in the respiratory system and to
lessen the bad smoke that goes into the air that may cause damage in the environment. Using
the Smoke Absorber, the said purpose will be made possible.

This study may have reached to its goal; however, some unexpected limitations were
encountered by the researchers all throughout the process. Due to the limited time allocated and
budget for the study, the product output may not be the product output the researchers’
expected. Also, due to the lack of knowledge the researchers, there might be technical problems
to the product’s functionality. As a result, the study should have been conducted earlier than the
allocated time to make the product output effective.

1.7 Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally:

1. Air Pollution – the presence in or introduction into the air of a substance which has
harmful or poisonous effects.
2. Elimination – the expulsion or removal of harmful fumes and smoke in the air.
3. Filtration – the action or process of filtering smoke to make it less harmful.
4. Fumes – a gas, smoke, or vapor that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale.
5. Neutralize – rendering a gas or air ineffective or harmless by applying an opposite force
or effect,
6. Respiratory Illnesses – such as lung diseases, cause by harmful fumes into the air that
leads to respiratory failure.
7. Smoke Absorber – is a device used to emit harmful smoke with the help of the mechanical
fan. Basically, used to filter the interior air by removing airborne grease and harmful
fumes.