APA-AP, JAMES KYLE  Amphibole

GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS – 7343  Muscovite

GROUP 2  Feldspar

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS Uses

 Microchips (Conductivity)
Every substance on earth is made  Glass and Ceramics
of atoms, the building blocks of all matter. There are  Quartz Crystals
all different types of atoms, and each type of atom is
classified as an element. Atoms will bond together to CARBONATE CLASS
form molecules, which are organized agglomerations  carbon atoms join with oxygen to form the
of different types of atoms. There are ninety two carbonate ion, CO3
elements that occur naturally on earth. About twenty  Deposited in Marine environments
of the elements make up over 95 percent of all matter  Shells of dead plankton
on earth, the others are all rare.  Places with high evaporation rates
 In karsts and caves
Every mineral contains a defined ratio of  In stalactites and stalagmites
specific molecules in its structure. For example, a water
molecule is composed of H2O - two hydrogen atoms
Common Examples
and one oxygen atom. When water molecules are
grouped together, they form a body of water. Trace  Aragonite
amounts of foreign molecules not inherent to a  Calcite
mineral's makeup are known as impurities. Impurities  Malachite
can slightly alter physical properties such as color.
Uses
Atoms join together based on their positive  Carbon Paper
and negative charges. This is caused by the amounts  Glass and Ceramics
of protons (positive charges) or electrons (negative  Rayon
charges) they contain.  Soap and detergent
 Livestock Minerals supplement
Chemical properties of minerals show the  Soda Ash
presence and arrangement of atoms in minerals. Using
their chemical properties, minerals are identified by
SULPHATE CLASS
how they react to other substances
 a polyatomic anion with the empirical
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS formula SO²⁻ ₄
 Where salty waters slowly evaporate
 Silicate class  Places with high evaporation rates
 Carbonate class  Water sediments
 Sulfate class
 Halide class Common Examples
 Oxide class  Barite
 Sulphide class  Gypsum
 Phosphate class  Celestite
 Element class
Uses
SILICATE CLASS  Plaster
 Largest group of minerals
 Algaecide
 Contains silicon and oxygen, with some
 Mineral Supplement
aluminum, magnesium, iron and calcium.
 has a molecular formula of (SiO4)4-, all of that  Epsom salt
with a negative 4 charge.  Surfactant
 Lead-acid battery
Common examples
 Olivine
 Pyroxene
HALIDE CLASS
 A group of naturally occurring inorganic Common examples
compounds that are salts of the halogen  Acanthite
acids and encompass minerals with a  Chalcocite
dominant halide anion (f−, cl−, br−, and i−).
 Contains natural salts Uses
 Found in lakes, ponds, and other  Photocells
landlocked seas.  Fungicide
 Infrared censors
Common Examples  Photoluminescent Strips in emergency
 Halite lights
 fluorite
PHOSPHATE CLASS
Uses  Important biological minerals
 Metal-halide lamps o Found in bones and teeth of
 Steel and aluminum animals (phosphorous).
 Fertilizer o Calcium phosphate minerals are
 Rock salt the main inorganic component of
the bones and teeth.
OXIDE CLASS  Understanding of Biomineralization
 minerals in which the oxide anion (O2−) is o Biomineralization is the process by
bonded to one or more metal ions. which living organism produce
 Most important class to human civilization minerals, often to harden or stiffen
o Carry histories of changes in earth’s existing tissues. Such tissues are
magnetic field called mineralized tissues.
o Precipitates close to earth’s surface
o Accessory minerals in igneous rocks Common Examples
 Within the oxide class are several minerals  Turquoise
of great economic importance. These  Wavellite
include the chief ores of iron, chromium,  Apatite
manganese, tin, and aluminum.
Uses
Common examples  Phosphate Fertilizers
 Hematite  Health nutrients
 corundum  Phosphate salts

Uses ELEMENT CLASS

 Inorganic sunscreen  Contains pure native elements
 Flame retardant o Usually metals
 Coloring agent o Pure form
 Alkali batteries
Common Examples
SULPHIDE CLASS  Gold
 Composed of metal cations (+2 charge)  Copper
combined with sulfur.  Bismuth
 Contains most of the economically
significant minerals to man. Uses
o Includes copper, lead, and zinc  Jewelries, coins
 The sulphide minerals are the major source  Wires
of world supplies of a very wide range of  Cosmetics
metals and are the most important group  Pipes, guns, fish sinkers, alloy
of ore metals.