Mains Paper Module Karnataka Geography Set 1

Karnataka Geography Set 1
Animal Husbandry of livestock in the state was estimated at

151.21 per sq.km and 47468 per lakh
Karnataka human population.
The Animal Husbandry and Livestock During 2015-16, Karnataka State
Sector plays an important role for the ranks eleventh among Indian States.
rural economy of Karnataka. Animal The production of milk in the State was
husbandry plays a vital role and 6.34 million MT during the year 2015-
provides additional source of income 16.
to the farmers of the country. Animal
products, for long, have also played an Karnataka Milk Federation provides
important role in the socio-economic remunerative price and also provides
life of the country. It has been a rich market to the rural milk producers of
source of high quality animal products the state and supplying pure milk and
that have added greater nutritional milk products to the consumers. The
value to the diet of both the farmers Federation has 22 dairy processing
and other consumers as well. Products plants with a capacity of 56.80 lakh
derived from animal husbandry mainly liters / day.
include milk, meat and eggs.
The Karnataka Milk Federation in its
India is the largest milk producer of the jurisdiction has 5 cattle feed plants
world, accounting for 16.43 percent of which produce 45000 MT of cattle feed
the global milk production. It also / month. The plants have ISO
accounts for 4.95 percent of the 9001/2000 certification for quality
world's egg production. Total Livestock production and supply of cattle feed to
population in the Country is 512.05 producers. At present, 13484 dairy
million numbers. India, has the largest cooperative societies are functioning,
population of milch animals in the within the limit of 14 district milk
world, comprising of 190.9 million federation, 23.78 lakh farmers are
cows, 108.7 million buffaloes, 135 enrolled as members, out of which,
million goats and 65 million sheep in 8.37 lakh farmers are active members.
2012. The major items of export
To mitigate the shortage of green
include sheep/goat meat, buffalo meat,
fodder in the State livestock farms,
poultry products, dairy products,
fodder production, fodder seed
animal casing, natural honey,
production and training of farmers are
processed and other kinds of meat.
being undertaken with the assistance
During 2015-16, the share of Animal of State disaster relief fund, RKVY
Husbandry in Gross State Domestic Centrally sponsored scheme and
Product (GSDP) of Agriculture and Calamity Relief funds. During 2015-16,
Allied activities was 18.78%. As per under State Disaster Management
19th Livestock Census, the share of funds 12 lakh fodder mini-kits worth of
Karnataka in all India livestock and Rs.30 crore have been distributed to
poultry population was 5.41% and the farmers of drought prone taluks
7.33% respectively. The density of
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from which 70 to 75 lakh metric tonne buffaloes per household is provided.

green fodder yield is expected. 40%of the premium is paid as
assistance. During 2016-17, 74092
Various Programmes for the animals are insured up to the end of
development of Animal December 2016.
Husbandry sector are
Imported semen of elite HF and Jersey
Animal Health and Veterinary Services breeds is being used to upgrade the
(AH&VS) genetic potentiality of HF & Jersey
crossbred cows. A fee of Rs.85/- per
During 2015-16, the livestock and dose is collected from the farmers.
poultry are rendered by health services
through a network of 4215 Veterinary 750 Multipurpose Artificial
Institutions, comprising of 30 District Insemination Technicians in Rural
Poly Clinic, 664 Veterinary India (MAITRI) are being trained and
Hospitals,1833 Veterinary MAITRI centers have been established
Dispensaries,1512 Primary Veterinary in 11 Districts in places where A.I. and
Centers and 176 mobile veterinary other Veterinary services are not
clinics. Further 362 Artificial extended either by the department or
insemination centers and 64 other KMF. The program will be extended to
Veterinary Institutions are also other districts during 2017-18. Up to
rendering services. December 2016 totally 484 MAITRI
workers have been trained.
Artificial Insemination (AI)
Programme Under Rashtriya Gokul Mission(GKM)
,the Government of India has
Sperm stations of frozen sperms are approved a proposal of Rs.1086.51
located at Bangalore and Dharwad. lakhs under NPBBDD to establish a
The Artificial Insemination (AI) facility Gokul Gram to conserve and develop
has been provided in 4215 centres. local indigenous breeds specially
Deoni, where programme and
National Program on Bovine
performance recording of deoni cows
Breeding and Dairy Development
being undertaken.
(NPBBDD)
12 Liquid Nitrogen Silos (LNS) will be
Dairy development is being
established at 12 selected places in
implemented by the Karnataka Milk
the state to strengthen the liquid
Federation. The Government of India
Nitrogen and semen straws supply
has approved the program for 2014-15
network.
to 2016-17 with an allocation of Rs.
38.56 crores. Cattle Development
Under the Centrally sponsored For the development of cattle in the
National Livestock Mission, Risk state, Indigenous breeds like Hallikar,
Management insurance cover to a Amrithmahal and Khillar are given
maximum of 5 crossbred cattle and importance by selective breeding in
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the livestock farms located at Development Corporation distributed

Kunikenahalli in Tumkur, Ajjampura in 396 cross breed rams and 352 rams to
Chikmagalur and Bankapura in Haveri shepherds at subsidized rates. During
districts respectively. Production 2016-17, 556 rams are distributed.
capacity of Amrithmahal breed cows is
estimated elite females are being Subsidy Scheme
identified and Amrithmahal Breeders 343 beneficiaries of sheep & wool
co operative societies being formed. producers Co-operative Societies have
Frozen semen doses required for been benefitted by getting 25%
artificial insemination are produced at subsidy for 10 sheep and 1 goat units
Hessaraghatta and Dharwad Frozen at the unit cost of Rs.52,000/- &
Semen Centers and supplied for Rs.49,000/- respectively.
breeding purposes.
Under this programme, the SC & ST
Karnataka Sheep and Wool members of sheep and wool producers
Development Corporation Co-operative Societies received 75%
(KSWDCL) subsidy for 10 sheep and 1 goat unit.
Cross breed rams are distributed from At the unit cost of Rs.52,000/- and
sheep breeding centers to sheep Rs.49,000/- respectively. Remaining
farmers for improving breeds. In 2015- loan portion is provided through local
16, a total number of 147 cross Breed Grameen Banks/Nationalized Banks.
Rams/Rams were distributed. Under Shepherds Suraksha Yojana
Kendriya Bhed Palak Bheema Yojana
during 2015-16 , 1454 sheep farmers Relief will be provided to shepherds to
were insured and Rs 18.6 lakhs has overcome the accidental loss due to
been given as compensation by Life death of sheep and goats under the
Insurance Corporation of India towards scheme. It is proposed to grant ex-
death of 31 shepherds. gratia compensation of Rs. 5,000/- to
each sheep and goat which is above 6
KSWDCL is implementing Sheep and months age and which die accidentally
Wool Improvement Scheme or die due to certified epidemic
(SWIS)in co-ordination with the Central diseases not covered under Natural
Wool Development Board, Jodhpur. Calamity Relief or Insurance Schemes
The scheme has been implemented in
the project areas of Muddebihal, Poultry Development
Chikkaballapur and Molkalmur
There are 24 poultry farms functioning
Talukas, during 2015-16 the scheme is
under the Department of AH&VS for
implemented in Sira, Hospet,
development of poultry in the State.
Lingasaguru, Chincholi, Bidar and
The major developmental activities are
Aurad and Gokak Taluks. 84 CB Rams
breeding and rearing of Giriraja parent
distributed in Chikkaballapur Taluk. As
stock and supply of day old chicks to
a part of breed improvement
the farmers. During 2015- 16, 1623
programme, during 2015-16,
farmers were trained in poultry rearing
Karnataka Sheep and Wool
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and 236250 Giriraja chicks were Animals are prevented from various
produced. During the current year diseases by providing financial
2016-17 up to the end December- assistance for systematic control of
2016, 4,08,072 eggs and 2,03,522 livestock diseases of national
chicks were produced. importance. Animal Disease
Surveillance, up gradation of
Piggery Development: Diagnostic Laboratory and Biological
In the state, there are 5 pig Breeding production Units. For Organization of
Stations, located in Hessarghatta in Seminars and training programmes
Bengaluru District, Kudige in Kodagu 100% funding is done by GOI.
District, Koila in Dakshina Kannada
 Mass vaccination
District and Bangarpet in Kolar District
Programmes
and Kalasa in Chickmaglur District
Among other activities, these stations Several mass vaccination programmes
are engaged in production and are being implemented in the State.
distribution of purebred piglets to Up to 2014-15, GOI has provided
beneficiaries of various social- 100% assistance for various mass
economic programmes, training and vaccinations. But under ASCAD the
extension services in modern pig sharing pattern was 75:25.The sharing
rearing. In the state, most of the pattern from 2015-16 onwards is 60:40
unemployed educated youths and under ASCAD, FMD-CP, PPR-CP and
farmers are interested in modern pig BCP.
rearing as a result of which, production
of good quality pork and the lifestyle of  Foot and Mouth Disease
the pig rearers are being promoted. Control Program(FMD-CP)
Under RKVY scheme, Pig Breeders Foot and Mouth Disease Control
co-op societies have been established Programme is being implemented in
to provide good quality of pork and the state since 2011 and 10 rounds of
marketing facility. vaccination programmes have been
Feed and Fodder Development: successfully completed.
To mitigate the shortage of green  National Animals Disease

fodder in the State livestock farms, Reporting System (NADRS)
fodder production, fodder seed
This programme envisages periodical
production and training of farmers are
online reporting of outbreaks of
being undertaken with the assistance
diseases from the field veterinarians.
of State disaster relief fund, RKVY
All the 176 block and 30 districts and 2
Centrally sponsored scheme and
centers at state level have been
Calamity Relief funds.
provided with the hardware, software
Assistance to State for Control and internet facility.
of Animal Diseases (ASCAD)  National Programme on
Brucellosis Control This
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disease is characterized by Amruth yojana for devdasis/ widows

abortions in last trimester of and Schedule Caste and Schedule
pregnancy and it is Tribe women, with one milch animal to
communicable to persons in each member to take up dairying as
contact with the animals source of earning, to uplift their socio-
(Zoonotic). Vaccination of 6-8 economic condition.
month old female calves
protects them for lifetime. At present for the year 2015-16 the
scheme have been merged with
 National control programme
“Pashu Bhagya” scheme.
on Peste Des Petits
Ruminants (PPR) control Dairy infrastructure
Programme:
Karnataka Milk Federation and district
The mass vaccination of Sheep and milk unions have utilized grants
goats against PPR is being received from government of the state
implemented since 2011- 12, during for strengthening infrastructure
which 116.33 lakhs sheep and goats development. Rs.1110.00 lakhs
were vaccinated. released to develop the infrastructures
facility, establishment of new dairy at
Karnataka Milk Federation
Chamarajanagar and expansion of
The Karnataka Cooperative Milk milk powder plant at
Federation has been formed on Co- Channarayapatna.
operative basis which has three tier
Incentives to Milk Producers
system.
In 2008-09, a scheme to make dairy
1) Milk cooperative societies at primary
farming more remunerative for rural
level.
families specially for rural women.
2) Cooperative unions at district level. GOK is providing a cash incentive of
Rs.2/- per litre of milk sold by farmers
3) Federation at state level. to milk cooperative societies. The
Under Operation Flood many programme has been continued.
progrmmes has been initiated. This Government of Karnataka during the
organization has the responsibility of year 2013-14, has enhanced the milk
providing remunerative price and incentive from Rs.2/- to Rs.4/- per liter
market to the rural milk producers of of milk procured w.e.f 14.05.2013.
the state and supplying pure milk and Incentives to milk society staff
milk products to the consumers.
The staff working in DCS play
Amruth Yojana important role in clean milk in Dairy
Dairy Programme for women Co-operative Societies and
successfully implementing government
Government of Karnataka in the state schemes and distributing milk
budget for the year 2007-08 introduced
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incentive to producers bank account children are provided with 150 ml of

directly etc. milk a day to overcome nutritional
deficiency .
National Programme for Dairy Positive developments :-
Development (NPDD):
There is an average milk procurement
In order to improve the quality of the of 67.00 lakhs litres per day with an
milk, the milk has to be chilled as early average liquid milk sales of 37.60 lakh
as possible. For this, the Bulk Milk liter per day, the balance being
Coolers(BMC) are being established at converted into different form of milk
village dairy cooperative societies. products.
Training of farmers, supply of
detergents, supply of stainless steel There is an increase in the number of
equipments etc., are undertaken in this Dairy Cooperative Societies organized
programme. at the village level covering almost all
the districts of Karnataka,
Ksheera Sanjeevini:
Women Dairy Co-operative Societies
KMF initiated 'Ksheera Sanjeevini' are being organized under the STEP
Phase-I project with the help of Scheme only for Women.
Sanjeevini-KSRLPS from April 2014.
The proposed project intended to CHALLENGES
cover 250 existing Women Dairy Co-
operative Societies(WDCS) in 30 a. To provide remunerative market
District under the fold of Ksheera round the year for the milk produced
Sanjeevini scheme. by the farmer members,
In 2016-17, Rs.3.48 crores has been b. To increase the quality of milk and
released from GOK to cover 70 WDCS to provide other premier dairy products
and all the programmes are being to urban consumers,
implemented. c. To ensure prosperity of the rural
Development of the Sector milk producers.
The Milk procurement, membership d. To compete with MNC’s and private

and the artificial insemination have dairies with better quality of milk and
considerably increased due incentive milk products and in the process,
to dairy development activities. There sustain viability of co-operatives.
by bringing financial growth in the dairy
sector. This growth has brought in
socio-economic development at the
Cropping
grass route level. Dairying has become Patterns in Karnataka
a sustainable activity by providing
continuous remunerative price for the Karnataka is India’s eighth largest
milk. Kshree Bhagya yojana wherein state in geographical area covering
the school children/Anganwadi 1.92 lakh sq km and accounting for 6.3
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per cent of the geographical area of speed of infrastructure development.

the country. The state is delineated The use of inputs such as high-yielding
into 30 districts and 176 taluks spread crop varieties, chemical fertilizers,
over 27,481 villages. In Karnataka, plant protection chemicals as well as
agriculture is the major occupation for farm machinery in agriculture has
a majority of the rural population. As facilitated improvement in productivity
per the population Census 2011, and resulted in change of crop pattern
agriculture supports 13.74 million in the state.
workers, of which 23.61 per cent are
cultivators and 25.67 per cent General trend of Crop Pattern in
agricultural workers. A total of 123,100 Karnataka
km² of land is cultivated in Karnataka The overall trends in area allotted for
constituting 64.6% of the total various crops during five decades
geographical area of the state. The show that cropping pattern in
agricultural sector of Karnataka is Karnataka is dominated by food crops,
characterized by vast steppes of with a share of more than 60 per cent
drought prone region and sporadic of the gross cropped area in the state.
patches of irrigated area. Thus, a large Rice, sorghum and finger millet were
portion of agricultural land in the state the major cereals till 2000-03.
is exposed to the vagaries of monsoon However, the share of maize crop
with severe agro-climatic and resource went up substantially after 2005 due to
constraints. Agriculture employs more improved productivity and prices. The
than 60 per cent of Karnataka’s area under food crops declined from
workforce. 79.1 per cent in the 1960-63 to 59.4
Now coming to Cropping pattern in per cent of the GCA (Gross Cropped
Karnataka, first thing is what is Crop Area) in 1990-93. The area under
pattern- it is the proportion of area cereals declined from 60 per cent in
under various crops at a point of time 1960-63 to 43 per cent of the GCA in
and how it changes over space and 2007-08. Acreages of millet crops like
time. In the simple word cropping sorghum and pear millet and minor
pattern means the proportion of millets declined consistently. The
area under various crops at a point of reduction in the share of cereals was
time. due to shrinkage in the area devoted
to millets. Area under pulses which
Factors affecting Crop Pattern in stood at 11 per cent during the early
Karnataka seventies increased to 18.3 per cent in
2007-10.
The cropping pattern of the region is
influenced not only by agro-climatic Oilseeds grew their share from around
conditions like rainfall, soil, 10 to 11 per cent during the sixties and
temperature, etc., but also by seventies to more than 20 per cent in
government policies and programmes early 1990s and it was 17 per cent of
for crop production in the form of the GCA in 2007-10. The Technology
subsidies, support prices, tariffs and Mission on Oilseeds introduced in the
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mid-eighties conditioned the expansion

of area under oilseeds. Cotton
occupied 9 per cent of the GCA in
early 1980s but came down gradually
to little more than 3 per cent of the
GCA in 2007-10. Area under chickpea
hovered around 1.5 per cent of the
GCA between 1970s and 1990s, but
rose to 6.1 per cent in 2007-10.
Similarly area under pigeon pea
increased from 2.5 per cent in 1970-73
to 5 per cent in 2007-10. The area
under other crops, which include fruits,
vegetables and plantation crops,
increased gradually from 11.4 per cent
of GCA in the early seventies to 15.8
per cent in 2007-10. Karnataka has a
varied topographical character ranging
from coastal plains to gentle slopes
and the heights of the Western Ghats.
Percent share in GCA
CROP 1960 1990 2010

Rice 9.9 10.3 11.6
Sorghum 28 18 10.9
Pearl millet 4.8 3.3 2.6
Maize 0.1 2.3 9
Finger millet 9.6 8.8 6.4
Wheat 2.9 1.7 2.2
Small millet 4.2 1.1 0.3
Total Cereals 59.7 45.5 43.1
Total Pulses 11.9 13.8 18.3
Total
Oilseeds 9.7 22.7 17
Total
Foodgrain 71.9 59.4 61.4
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The State is delineated into 4 sub- are under mulberry cultivation.

regions Coconut, areca nut, mango, grapes,
sapota, citrus, etc. are the important
1. Northern dry region fruit crops grown in the state.
2. Central region Karnataka is endowed with varied
climatic conditions and has good
3. Southern region and potential for the development of
horticulture and floriculture, which
4. Hills and Coastal region.
needs to be exploited for domestic and
In the northern dry region, sorghum is export markets.
the lead crop dominating the cropping
However, the major challenges faced
system followed by cotton and pigeon
by agriculture in Karnataka are: threat
pea. Maize and sugarcane are also
of stagnation in agriculture growth with
important crops there. In the central
possibility of decelerating growth, low
region, ragi-based cropping system is
value-addition in agriculture, fast
predominant.
approaching optima on technological
In the Hills and coastal region, the front, large proportion of rain-fed dry
cropping system is rice based and land area, marginalization of
there are some pockets in this region agricultural land base, inadequate
where ragi also forms an important growth in public and private
component of the cropping system investment, regional disparities in
along with rice. The northern dry and investment, low technology adoption
central regions are the major and growth, inadequate and inefficient
producers of oilseeds. safety nets and finally, conflicting
demands of growth versus
Groundnut is cultivated in the central environmental protection. To resolve
region whereas sunflower and these issues, it is imperative to focus
soybeans are popular in the northern on rain-fed agriculture, develop
dry region. Cotton, pigeon pea and initiatives for small and marginal
other pulses are planted during kharif farmers, rebuild natural resource base
and sorghum is grown on residual by promoting an organic approach to
moisture during rabi season on black farming and develop key infrastructure
cotton soils in the northern dry region. to provide a boost to growth
As expected, mixed or inter-cropping is momentum.
practised more in the northern and
central regions than in the southern HANDICRAFTS OF
region. Rice-rice rotations are common KARNATAKA
in irrigated areas of southern as well Karnataka is famous for its
as coastal and hill regions. Sugarcane
traditional handicrafts which have
is grown in sizable areas in all the
regions using canal irrigation.
lived upto generations and still
continued in various ways. Earlier
Sericulture is an important activity in the various crafts were being
the southern region and large areas
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patronized by the royal houses but Many of the shilpis or stone carvers
now these crafts are survived of Karnataka have won the master
through various govenrmrnt efforts craftsmen awards at the national
and quest for survival. Many craft level while others have been
traditions in Karnataka have been commissioned to carve stone idols
handed down from father to son and for Hindu temples abroad, especially
this continuity has helped to support in the USA. Karnataka has a village
a vast variety of handicrafts with called Shivarapatana in the district
their high degrees of perfection. of Kolar, where every fourth house
This has helped keep many craft is a sculptor's studio. The stone
traditions alive so that their carvers are skilled craftsmen and
practitioners can cater not only to like the marble fabricators of Jaipur
the local population but also to the in Rajasthan, have descended from
many tourists who visit Karnataka. generations and feel proud that they
belong to a long line of hereditary
SANDALWOOD CARVINGS sculptors.
The very mention of Mysore spells
the fragrance of sandalwood. This Metal Ware
soft material is used extensively to Metal Ware is one craft tradition that
produce charming art pieces. The engages many families in the state.
range of objects and designs are Metal Ware in Karnataka has a rich
varied and the gudigar families of and ancient tradition and the objects
Shimoga, Uttara Kannada and serve both religious and secular
Mysore districts specialize in this needs. The temple town of Udupi is
craft. Sandalwood lends itself to famous for its small images and
extremely delicate carving that is ritual objects, while Karkala, an
needed to embellish the figures of ancient Jain center, is well known
gods and goddesses. Krishna images for its Jain icons. Mangalore in the
are very popular among the devout, west coast boasts of domestic
while many prefer to buy utility articles made of bell metal while
articles made in sandalwood which Nagamangala near Mysore is
include lamp shades, caskets, trays, celebrated as a center for bronze
jewel boxes, combs and even casting. The bronze makers of
walking sticks with rosewood Nagamangala have for centuries
handles. displayed delicate and graceful
workmanship especially in
Stone Carving delineating, in the most charming
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manner, the anatomy of the human inlay, veneer, paint, and lacquer
body. articles in wood.
Their skill is manifest in the ancient
temples where wood has been used
extensively, as also in the intricate
Doll Making fixtures they make for present-day
Enter any Kannada home and your needs in architecture and furniture
eyes will focus on the innumerable making. The lintels and doors of
dolls that are displayed in a glass- some old homes in the hilly region
covered shelf in the drawing room. and the temple cars in villages and
Dolls are favourites among women towns are literally overflowing with
and children alike and every family hundreds of intricately carved
has a large collection of these. These images of gods and goddesses.
are symmetrically arranged on Rosewood articles are a favorite
wooden platforms, decorated and with the well-to-do buyers and no
displayed during the nine day tourist leaves the state without
Dusshera festival when visitors are carrying at least a beautifully carved
treated to delicious snacks and the rosewood elephant.
celebrated Mysore coffee. Kinnal
and Gokak in north Karnataka and Ivory Carving
Channapatna on the Ivory carving was yet another
Bangalore/Mysore highway are popular craft. In recent years,
important centers for doll making. however, because of the ban
Most of the dolls made are painted imposed on the ivory trade, the craft
with vegetable dyes while the has received a setback. But you can
Channapatna ones are lacquered. still find articles carved very
intricately without floral tracery
surrounding the figures. The figures
are mostly of gods with Krishna
Woodcarving being featured in several aspects.
Karnataka has come to occupy pride Some of Mysore's masterpieces in
of place in the field of woodcarving. ivory are now preserved in the
The State's relatively good forest Heritage Museum in Russia and in
cover provides enough raw material the South Kensington Museum,
for its craftsmen who continue to London.
employ age-old techniques to carve,
Bidriware Vijayanagar kings. It was a ruler

Bidar in north Karnataka is a famous with an artistic vision-Mummadri
center for bidriware-a well- Krishnaraja Wadiyar-who revived
developed craft, which includes the the art of painting. The delicate
use of a metal plate of an alloy made lines, the graceful delineation of
of zinc, copper, tin, and lead. This figures and the discreet use of bright
craft had its origins during the rule vegetable colors and lustrous gold
of the Bahamani kings. Bidri articles leaf, make the traditional paintings
include ornamental jugs, bowls, of Mysore very elegant and
plates, penholders, candlesticks, and attractive. Many senior traditional
even paper knives. painters have now started schools to
teach this art to the younger
Folk Art and Craft generation. Chitrakala Parishat in
Some of Karnataka's folk arts and Bangalore, which has a fantastic
age-old rituals have given rise to collection of old paintings, has also
many traditional handicrafts. The started a school headed by the living
worship of spirits-the bhuta cult-in doyen of traditional painting,
the coastal districts has encouraged Subramanya Raju.
the making of huge wooden idols,
some of which are kept outside Mysore Silk
villages as guardians of the The very word silk has a touch of
inhabitants. Likewise, the art of class about it. Sensuous and
puppetry has encouraged many romantic, it has fascinated man for
wood carvers and painters to many centuries. In Karnataka, as in
produce a variety of puppets. In other parts of India where silk is
addition to puppets made of wood, fancied, it is, in fact, a way of life. It
Karnataka also makes leather has also become an inseparable part
puppets though the latter are more of the Kannada culture and tradition.
extensively used and made in No ritual in complete without the
neighbouring Andhra Pradesh. participants wearing silk in some
form or another.
Mysore Paintings Karnataka has contributed a great
The story of Karnataka's arts and deal to the progress of India's silk
crafts is never complete without a industry. Karnataka's 200-year-old
reference to the traditional Mysore silk industry owes its origin to Tipu
paintings. The art dates back to the Sultan who ruled Mysore with his
Ajanta times and to the reign of the capital at Srirangapatna. Tipu
showed a very personal interest in Total Installed Capacity (MW) 32

sericulture and sent his people to Type of Project Major (>
Owner State go
Bengal to obtain silk worms. He also Owner Name BPCL
established 21 centers in his Hydroelectric Region Souther
dominion to rear the silk worm thus
2. Harangi Hydroelectric Project
providing the required foundation District Kodagu
for sericulture in the region. Basin Cauvery
Sericulture received yet another River Harangi
Total Installed Capacity (MW) 9
boost during World War II when
Type of Project Small (3
parachute manufacturers needed Owner Private
large quantities of the fabric. As Owner Name EDCL
China, the largest producer, was Hydroelectric Region Souther
then under Japanese occupation, the 3. Kabini Hydroelectric Project
Allies obtained silk from India District Mysore
especially from Mysore. Necessity Basin Cauvery
River Kabini
compelled the British to encourage Total Installed Capacity (MW) 20
silk production not only in the then Type of Project Small (3
Mysore State (now Karnataka) but Owner State go
Owner Name Subhas
also in the neighboring regions.
Hydroelectric Region Souther
Today, Karnataka alone is
contributing 75 per cent of mulberry 4. Kalinadi Hydroelectric Project
silk to the nation's production. District Uttara K
Basin West flo
River Kalinadi
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS Type of Project Major (>
OF KARNATAKA Owner State go
Owner Name KPCL
1. Almatti Hydroelectric Project Hydroelectric Region Souther
The official name of Almatti Dam is
Uppe r K ri s hna -I wh ich is m a in 5. Mallapur Hydroelectric Project
reservoir of the Upper Krishna District Raichur
Irrigation Project. The Krishna River Basin Tungbh
conflict between Andhra River Krishna
P r a d e s h , K a r n a t a k a , Total Installed Capacity (MW) 9
and Maharashtra was resolved by Type of Project Small (3
the Brijesh Kumar Tribunal and the Owner State go
dam was authorised to be raised the Owner Name KPCL
h e i g h t . Hydroelectric Region Souther
District 6. Bijapur
Munirabadand Bagalkot districtProject
Hydroelectric
Basin Krishna
District Koppal
River Krishna
Basin Dam, Linganamakki Dam and Power

Krishna
River House, Mahatma Gandhi Jog Falls
Tungabhadra
Total Installed Capacity (MW) Power House, Sharavathy Power
28
Type of Project Major
House(>. 25 MW)
Owner State government
Owner Name 10.VVNL
Shivpur Hydroelectric Project
Hydroelectric Region Southern HE Region
District Raichur
7. Narayanpur Hydroelectric Project Basin Tungab
District Bijapur
River Krishna
Basin Krishna
River Krishna
Type of Project Small (3
Total Installed Capacity (MW) 11.6
Owner State
Type of Project Small
Owner(3-25
NameMW) BPCL
Owner Private
Hydroelectric Region Souther
Owner Name Murd PC
Hydroelectric Region Southern
Other associated
HE RegionEntities with
Shivpur Hydro-Electric Project are
8. Seshadhri Iyer (Sivasamudram) Shivpur Power House and
Hydroelectric Project Tungabhadra Dam.
District Mandya
Basin 11.Cauvery
Simshapura Hydroelectric project
River Cauvery
Total Installed Capacity (MW) District
42 Mandya
Type of Project Basin(> 25 MW)
Major Cauvery
Owner Rivergovernment
State Cauvery
Owner Name Total Installed Capacity (MW)
VVNL 17.2
Hydroelectric Region Type of Project
Southern HE Region Major (>
Owner State
Other Associated Entities with this Owner Name VVNL
hydro-electric Project are Kabini Dam, Hydroelectric Region Souther
Krishnarajasagar Dam and Seshadhri
Iyer (Sivasamudram) Power House. 12. Tungabhadra Hydroelectric Project
9. Sharavathy Valley Hydroelectric District Bellary

Project Basin Krishna
River Tungab
District Total Installed
Shimoga, Capacity (MW)
Uttar Kannada 72
Basin WestType of Project
flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari Major (>
River Owner
Sharavathy Central
Total Installed Capacity (MW) 1306Owner Name Tungab
Type of Project Hydroelectric
Major (> 25 MW) Region Souther
Owner Name Other
KPCL, VVNLassociated Entities with Hydro-
Hydroelectric Region Electric
Southern HEProject
Regionare Hampi Power
House and Tungabhadra Dam Power
Other associated Entities with House.
Sharavathy Valley Hydroelectric
Project are Chakra Dam, Gerusoppa 13. Varahi Hydroelectric Project
the Ghataprabha River in the Krishna

District Raichur, Udupi
river basin. It is situated in Belgaum
Basin West flowing rivers
district in from
North Tadri to Kanyakumari
Karnataka, India. The
River Varahidam with the height of about 62 metres
impounds a large reservoir with a
Type of Project Major (> 25 MW)
gross surface area of about 63 square
Owner State
Owner Name KPCLkilometres, and storage capacity of
Hydroelectric Region approximately
Southern HE Region51 tmcft. It caters to
the irrigation needs for over 8 lakh
Other associated entities with Hydro- acres, along with hydel power
Electric project are Hosur Saddle Dam, generation. It is constructed as a part
Hulical Forebay Saddle Dam, Mani of the Ghataprabha Irrigation project.
Dam Power House, and Varahi
The dam is named after Raja
H.E.Pickup Dam.
Lakhamagowda Sardesai, a renowned
14. Bhadra Hydroelectric Project philanthropist of the area.
District 2. Chickmagalur
Renuka Sagara
Basin Krishna
River Renuka Sagara, also known
Bhadra
Total Installed Capacity (MW) as Malaprabha
39.2
Type of Project reservoir
Major (> 25andMW)Navilutheertha
Owner reservoir,
State is a dam and impounding
government
Owner Name reservoir
KPCL constructed across
Hydroelectric Region Southern HE region in the Krishna
the Malaprabha River
River basin. It is situated in Belgaum
15. Ghatprabha Hydroelectric Project districtin North Karnataka, India. The
dam with the height of approximately
District 43 metres impounds a large reservoir
Belgaum
Basin with a gross surface area of
Krishna
River approximately 54 square kilometres,
Ghataprabha
Total Installed Capacity (MW) and storage capacity of approximately
32
Type of Project 38 tmcft.
Major It caters
(> 25 MW) to
the irrigation needs for over 5.40 lakh
acres, along with hydel power
Owner Name KPCL
generation.
Hydroelectric Region Southern HE region
3. Supa Dam
Apart from above given major
hydroelectric projects Karnataka also The Supa Dam is Asia's second
boasts of various dams which largest dam base don backwater. It is
significantly contribute in irrigation and located in Uttar Kannada district on
other ancillary developmental projects.
The most important among these are – Kalinadi river. The catchment area of the
dam is approximately 1,057 km2 with
1. Raja Lakhamagowda dam Installed capacity of 100 MW. Supa
Raja Lakhamagowda dam, also
Dam was built by Hindustan Steel Works
known as Hidkal dam, is
a dam constructed across Construction Limited (HSCL). It has a
gross storage capacity of 4178 Mcum and out one-fifth of the population of
the Kingdom of Mysore.
a live storage of 4115.25 Mcum of water. It The Chief Engineer of Mysore M.
is a concrete gravity dam with a height of Visvesvaraya presented a blueprint of
101 m. a dam to be built across the River near
the village of Kannambadi. Upon
examining, he was given consent
4. Linganamakki Dam
issuing an order on 11 October 1911
to begin the project.
The Linganamakki dam is located
about 6 km from Jog Falls. The dam
was designed to impound water in an Brindavan Garden
area of around 300 km. The dam's The Brindavan Garden is a show
height is 1,819 feet (554 m) above sea garden that has a botanical park, with
level. It receives water mainly from fountains, as well as boat rides
rainfall and also from beneath the dam. Diwan Sir M.
the Chakra and Savahaklu reservoirs, Vishweshwaraiah of Mysore planned
which are linked to Linganamakki and built the gardens in connection
through a canal and also Sharawathi with the construction of the dam.
river. The water from Various biological research
the Linganamakki dam flows to departments are housed here.
reservoir through a trapezoidal canal.
It has a catchment area of about 46 Apart from these major projects there
km². The power house has a power are also a few important projects
generation capacity of 55 MW. (which are given in tabular form), such
as -
5. Krishna Raja Sagara
Krishna Raja Sagara is the name of Dam/Reserv

River Location
both a lake and the dam that creates it. oir
(District)
The gravity dam made of surki mortar
is situated below the confluence of Basava
Krishna Bijapur
river Cauaveri with its Sagara Dam
tributaries Hemavati and Lakshmana
Tirtha, in the district of Mandya. Linganamakki Sharavat
Shimoga
Catchment area of the reservoir is Dam hi
approximately 10,619 km2 .The water Hemavathi Hemavat
released from this dam flows into the Hassan
Reservoir hi
state of Tamil Nadu, and is stored
in Mettur dam in the Salem district. Davanager
There is an ornamental garden Shanti Sagara Haridra
e
attached to the dam, called Brindavan
Gardens. Uttara
Kadra Dam Kali
Historical Background of the Dam Kannada
The region of Mysore and especially Kanva Ramanaga
Mandya had historically been dry, and Kanva
Reservoir ra
had witnessed mass migration to
adjoining areas in the hot summers. A Uttara
Kodasalli Dam Kali
severe drought in 1875–76 had wiped Kannada
through renewable sources. The

Dam/Reserv
River Location state is committed for solar power
oir
(District) generation by establishing a 2000
Vani Vilasa Vedavath Chitradurg MW Solar Park and 20 MW each
Sagara i a solar projects in 60 taluks with net
capacity of 1200 MW.
Karnataka and Power are associated
with each other for more than a Thermal Power plants
century. Presently about 2 crore
Bellary thermal power plant
installations are connected with the
state grid. karnataka have achieved The power station is located at
more than 95% electrification of Kudatini in Bellary district of
households and a balance of about Karnataka state, India. The first 500
39 remote villages are to be MW unit was commissioned in
electrified. The power demand of the 2007,[1] and the second 500 MW unit
state is constantly increasing along was commissioned on March 23,
with high expectation of consumers. 2012. A third unit of 700 MW is
To increase the capacity addition for under construction, originally
emphasizing power availability, planned for commissioning in 2014,
separate generating company, KPCL and then pushed to December 2015.
was formed during 1970. Unit 3 was commissioned in January
The installed capacity, which was 2016.
746 MW during 1970, has presently Raichur Thermal Power Plant
increased to 6508 MW. The state‟s
The plant consists of eight units,
total installed capacity including all
commissioned between 1985 and
sources is at 15,052 MW during
2010. It was the first thermal coal
2014-15. Peak demand of 9549 MW
plant built in Karnataka. The most
has been met by the grid. Demand –
recent unit added to the plant is Unit
Supply gap is still prevailing.
8 (250 MW), which was
The state is mainly dependent on commissioned in June 2010. there is
hydel sources for power generation. a proposal for two more units at the
No fossil fuels are available for plant (Units 9 and 10) of 500MW
setting up of Thermal Plants. All each.
efforts are being made to increase
power generation through renewable
and solar sources. More than 5000
MW capacity has been installed
Yeramarus Thermal Power station was in development for years

Station as part of the Upper Krishna
multipurpose project. The 1,500m
Yeramarus power station is a
long dam was built by Gammon
1,600-megawatt (MW) coal plant
from 1991-1998, but operation of a
near Yedlapur village, Riachur
hydro project necessitted increase
district. Unit 1 was commissioned in
water storage. It has a capacity of
March 2016. Unit 2 was
180 MW.
synchronized in July 2016,and is
planned for commercial operation in Ghatprabha
January 2017.
This dam across the Mahi River, a
major tributary of the Krishna River,
was completed for irrigation
Hydropower
purposes in 1979. The powerhouse
Sir sheshadri Iyer hydroelectric is located on the right bank of the
plant dam headworks. it has a capacity of
32 MW.
Build in 1902 on Cauvery river
known to be as first Hydroelectric Varahi
plant of south Asia .It has a installed
In Dec 2006, a consortium of VA
capacity of 42 MW.
TECH companies won a turnkey
Shravathi generating Station contract to install two 115-MW
Pelton T/G sets at Varahiat
The River Kabini is one of the major Hosangadi. This was originally
tributaries of the River Cauvery and
designed for four units and the first
the backwaters area about 200km
stage of 2 x 115 MW units was
from Bangalore is a noted wildlife commissioned in 1989/90. The
refuge. A 29m dam across the extension cost Rs291cr and the units
Kabini was built for irrigation near
commissioned in Jan 2009. Varahi
Bidarahalli and Beechanahalli
has the first underground
villages in Heggadevana Kote powerhouse in the state.
Taluk, Mysore Dist.
Kodasalli
Almatti Dam
The Kallada Dam is on the Kalinadi
power house was built on the toe of
River in Uttara Kannada district. It
an existing dam on the Krishna
has a installed capacity of 80 MW.
River in Bagalkot Dist. The power
Mahatma Ghandi Tail Race technology cluster in Karnataka ranks as

the fourth largest in the world. The state
Development and construcio of has 47 IT and ITeS SEZs, several regions
dedicated to IT investment, and three
MGHETRS was managed by Soahm software technology parks.
Reneweable Energy. The project is
near Jog Falls, Shimoga, and Apart from the IT industry, the state also
has sector-specific SEZs dedicated for
features a 25m diversion dam and a other major industries. Karnataka‟s flora
3.2km, 4.5m dia headrace tunnel. It and fauna along with a natural coastline of
was one of the first Indian projects 320 km provide its tourism industry a
major boost.
commissioned under the Indian
Electricity Act 2003 to be classified GDP Contribution of Karnataka Industry
as a "Captive Power Project" by
Karnataka occupies its position among
Praxair India (P) Ltd and also one of the high economic growth states of
the first registered as a CDM India. In the year 2015-16, Karnataka
project. Capacity of 22 MW. contributed 7.54% to GSDP of India.
The state’s GSDP was 156.23 billion US
Kabini Dam dollars. During the period between
2004 and 2016, the state’s GSDP
The River Kabini is one of the major increased at a rate of 13.93% and
reached 156.23 US dollars. The NSDP
tributaries of the River Cauvery and increased at a compound annual
the backwaters area about 200km growth rate of 14.19% and reached
142.9 billion US dollars. The
from Bangalore is a noted wildlife per capita GSDP grew at rate of 12.91%
refuge. A 29m dam across the and reached 2557 US dollars. The
Kabini was built for irrigation near growth rates indicated are compound
annual growth rate.
Bidarahalli and Beechanahalli
villages in Heggadevana Kote Karnataka industry: An Ideal Choice for
Taluk, Mysore Dist. Capacity of 20 Investment
MW. Karnataka is a land rich in natural

resources. Its policy incentives and
infrastructure play a significant role in
attracting investments for the various
Karnataka industrial sectors in the state. As per
the data released by the Department of
Industrial Industrial Policy and Promotion

(DIPP), Karnataka has attracted FDI
equity inflows amounting to 20.24
development billion US dollars during the time
frame of April 2000 to March 2016.
Karnataka is a leading state in terms of Karnataka is an ideal choice for
industrial growth in India. It is the hub of investment due to a number of
the IT industry in the country. The
reasons. Some of the reasons are as  Under the Karnataka Industrial

follows: Policy, 2014-19, the state has come
up with a number of fiscal and
 Superior manpower: Karnataka policy incentives for businesses.
boasts of trained human resource  The state has planned to develop
in the streams of basic science, 12 biotechnology schools under the
engineering, and management. Millennium Biotech Policy
 Research and development  The state government has
facilities: The state has a number sanctioned an amount of 551.32
of Central Government research million US dollars in the 2016-17
institutions and laboratories that budget for the betterment of the
provide high-quality research and state’s rural roads
development facilities  A SEZ around 300 acre has been
 Favourable climate: The climate formed in Belgaum in order to
of Karnataka is favourable for the create a precision engineering and
growth of certain industries manufacturing supply chain
 Good communication ecosystem. This will be
facilities: The communication quite beneficial for the
facilities in the state are of the manufacturing industries.
first-rate. The state is connected
through airports, national Organization to
highways, broad gauge railway, Provide Infrastructure Support
and sea ports. to Karnataka industries
Initiatives Adopted by the State The State Government has created

Government to Strengthen Karnataka several organizations and Institutions
Industry to provide infrastructural support to
the private sector enterprises.
The state government is making huge
investments to strengthen industrial  The Directorate of Industries and
segment and its infrastructure with the Commerce co-ordinates all
objective to further promote industrial activities required for industrial
development in the state. By creating development. It allots to the
industrial clusters, public-private entrepreneur, power, land and
partnership (PPP) projects and SEZs, water besides sanction of fiscal
incentives.
the government is trying to give a  Karnataka Industrial Area
boost to the industrial infrastructure Development Board (kiadb.com is
scenario existing in the state. not active anymore) acquires tracts
According to the Start-up Policy 2016, of land for development into
Karnataka aims to: industrial sites.
 The Technical Consultancy
 Stimulate the growth of its Services Organisation of Karnataka
technology start-ups offers expert consultancy services
 Create around 6,000 start-ups that to small entrepreneurs
focuses on products at moderate rates.
 Mobilize funds worth about INR  The Karnataka State Finance
2,000 crores. Corporation, Industrial Investment
Development Corporation, Small
A few of the important initiatives by Scale Industries Development
the Government to promote the state Corporation and Karnataka
as an industrial destination are: Electronics Corporation provide
them finance, equity participation,
factory sheds and raw material Karnataka Industrial Policy

supplies. Objectives
Associations  To establish brand Karnataka

in the global market
Karnataka has got 123 associations  To make Karnataka one of
representing various trade, banking
the top 3 investment
and industrial organisations.
Prominent among the manufacturers destinations in the country
association are Karnataka State Small  To create a business friendly
Scale Industries Association, environment in the state in
Confederation of Electronic Industries order to project Karnataka as
of Karnataka and Peenya Industries a state that promotes and
Association. encourages entrepreneurship
 To maintain an industrial
All the 123 associations are affiliated to growth rate of 12 % per
a parent : Federation of annum
Karnataka Chambers of Commerce  To increase the
and Industries manufacturing
sector’s contribution to the
Foreign Investments
State GDP to 20% by 2019
Foreign investment approved in
 To attract minimum
Karnataka is brought about 169 foreign investments worth Rs 5 lakh
investors from Germany, Japan, USA, crore by 2019
UK, Switzerland and Sweden. They  To create additional
have invested in computer software, employment for 15 lakhs
telecommunications equipment, people by 2019
electronics and electrical, machine
tools and engineering products, Karnataka Industry Policy
medical and laboratory equipment, Highlights
minerals, ceramics, chemicals, leather
products, food processing and tourism. Promote Karnataka as a hub
for entrepreneurs: The State
Government wants to promote
Karnataka as a hub for
The Government of Karnataka
entrepreneurs. To fulfil this
launched the New Industrial Policy for
2014-2019 with the intention to revive objective it has plans for
the state’s financial growth and establishment of new industrial
improve employment prospects. areas through KIADB (Karnataka
Industrial Areas Development
Let us take a look at the salient Board). The policy highlights the
features of Karnataka Industrial government’s plan to make
Policy for 2014-2019. sufficient land readily available for
business. It plans to make
arrangements for
adequate availability of power,
water and transportation for
industrial areas.
Upgrade existing industrial Various languages and their dialects

areas: The government also has are
plans to upgrade existing industrial
areas and estates by providing Kannada
monetary assistance to improve
their infrastructure. Kannada is the State Language of
Karnataka. Kannada - aptly
Establish new industrial
corridors: The policy proposes the described as 'sirigannada' (known to
establishment of new industrial few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest
corridors within the state to boost Dravidian languages and is spoken
industrial growth. These intra-state
in its various dialects by roughly 45
industrial corridors will be:
million people worldwide.
 Bangalore-Mandya-Mysore-
The Kannada language has been
Chamrajnagar
 Chitradurga-Bellary- spoken for about 2500 years, with
Gulbarga-Bidar the Kannada writing system being in
 Dharwad-Koppal-Raichur use for about the last 1900 years.
 Bangalore-Hassan-Mysore
The initial development of the
 Tumkur-Shimoga-Honnavar
 RaichurBagalkot-Belgaum Kannada language is similar to that
of other Dravidian languages,
notably Tamil and Telugu. During
later centuries, Kannada, along with
Telugu, has been highly influenced
Karnataka language and dialects by Sanskrit vocabulary and literary
Karnataka has a rich linguistic styles. Kannada is a highly inflected
heritage. There are various language with three genders
languages and dialect spoken in the (masculine, feminine, neutral or
state. The variation is so much that common) and two numbers
at every 40-50 kms one could find a (singular, plural). It is inflected for
different dialect. Languages of gender, number and tense, among
Karnataka are of Dravidian Family. other things.
Kannada is the language spoken by Kannada is one of the 22 official
majority of Karnataka people. languages of India and is the official
Kannada has a large number of language of the state of Karnataka.
dialects. Apart from Kannada Tulu Kannada has now received the
is also spoken in some regions while Classical Language status effective
Hindi and English are quite popular November 1, 2008.
in Urban Centres.
Dialects of Kannada
There is also a sharp distinction Kundagannada - Spoken

between the spoken and written in Kundapura Taluk
forms of the Kannada. Spoken of Udupi district, Karnataka. It is
Kannada tends to vary from region
also called as Kota Kannada as it is
to region. The written form is more
or less constant throughout spoken by people of Kota and Kota
Karnataka, however. The ethnologue brahmins of Karnataka.
identifies about 20 dialects of
Gowda kannada- Arebhashe is
Kannada. Dialects of Kannada
proper fall into four groups a dialect of Hale Kannada and Tulu
languages. It is spoken by more than
Coastal dialects
400,000 people,
Mangalore kannada, Halakki,
Barkur, Havyaka,kundagannada , particularly Hindus in
Sirsi Kannada, Ankola Kannada. the Gowda community in the
regions
Northern Dialects of Kodagu and Sullia of Dakshina
Dharwad Kannada, Gulbarga Kannada
Kannada, Bagalkot Kannada
Banglore Kannada- Bangalore
South-eastern Kannada is a vernacular dialect of
Gowda Kannada, Tiptur, the Indian language, Kannada,
Rabakavi, Nanjangudu spoken mainly by people residing in
and around Karnataka, especially
South Karnataka South-East Karnataka
Aruvu, Bangalore (Bangalore, Mysore, Mandya, etc.).
Kannada, Soliga, Kannada
Kurumba, Gowdra Bhashe Kannada Kurumba- spoken by
the Kuruba tribe. It is often
considered a dialect of Kannada;
Havyaka- Havigannada is used only
however, Ethnologue classifies it as
by Havyakas. It uses similar verbs
a separate language. Kurumba
and words as mainstream Kannada.
speakers are situated
It is spoken in the regions
in Teni, Dindigul, Coimbatore, Dhar
of Mangalore, Sagara, Sirsi, Yellapu
mapuri, Vellore, and Salem districts
r, Siddapur, Honnavar, Kumta, Puttu
of Tamil Nadu, in addition to areas
r, Gokarna, Hosanagara, Sullia, Kasa
of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
ragod, etc. where there is a higher
density of Havyakas in relation to Badagu
other places. Badagu is the Kannada-related
language spoken by the Badaga
community in the Nilgiri and Catholics speak two variants of

region in Tamil Nadu and it is Konkani. Muslims speak a language
considered as an independent of their own that is derived from
Dravidian language.
Tulu as well as Malayalam.
Holiya
Holiya, also called Holar, Hole,
Karnataka Major
Holu, Golari-Kannada, is the
Kannada-related language spoken by
a small section of people (500) in
Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. cities and tourist
places
Tulu Language
Tulu language is one of the five Aihole

Dravidian languages of South India  It was once capital of the early
(Pancha- Bhasha, others are Tamil, Chalukyan dynasty. Aihole is a
Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam). historical town situated on the
banks of Malaprabha River in
The four major languages spoken Bagalkot district.
today are dominantly spoken in their
respective states (Tamilnadu, Badami,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and  One of the many historic towns in
Kerala), whereas Tulu is spoken in a Karnataka is located at the northern
small niche, mainly in coastal part of the State.
 Known for vesara style of
Karnataka and Northern Karala architecture
(Kasaragod district).
Banavasi
About 2.5 million people speak  It is one of the most popular tourist
Tulu and call it their mother tongue. destinations of Karnataka
state. Banavasi is one of the oldest
Tulu nadu is a region where many towns in the Karnataka.
languages are spoken. While
Kannada is the official state Belur and Halebid:
language, different ethnic  The temples of Belur and Halebid

communities in Tulu Nadu speak are best known for their south
different languages. Tulu, derived Indian architecture.
from proto-Dravidian is the

predominant language spoken by Hampi or "The City of Ruins"
Hindus of various castes and by the
 It is an ancient village situated
Jains of Tulu Nadu. Konkanasthas approximately 353 km away
from Bangalore. Hampi has been hilltop. Devarayanadurga is also famous

declared as a UNESCO World for 'Namada Chilume'.
Heritage centre.
Dharmasthala, a sacred place, as its name
Pattadakal indicates, is a place of the Truth, Faith,
Communal harmony and spiritual
 It is well-known for the group of experience in the Holy Land. Here,
the 8th century monuments.The everyone enjoyes the generous hospitality,
monuments at Pattadakal are listed irrespective of caste, creed or class
in the UNESCO's list of World whatsoever.
Heritage Sites.
Gokarna is a Hindu pilgrimage centre as
Somnathpur well as an important tourist destination.
The temple here is dedicated to Lord
 It is one of the finest examples of Mahabaleshwar, an incarnation of Lord
Stone architecture. The main Shiva.
attraction of Somnathpur is temple
dedicated to Lord Channakeshava. Guddattu Jaladhivasa Maha Ganapathi
Temple is located about 15 km from
Srirangapatnam Kundapur in Udupi district. Guddattu
Jaladhivasa Maha Ganapathi Temple is
 It takes its name from the famous very ancient temple and no body knows
Sri Ranganathaswamy temple, one when it came to existence.
of the main attractions of the town.
Hattiangadi is a village located at a
Divine Karnataka distance of 14 km from Kundapur in
Udupi district. The ancient temple at
Ambalapady is famous for 400 year old Hattiangadi is dedicated to Lord Ganesh
temples of Lord Janardhana and Goddess popularly known as Siddi Vinayaka.
Mahakali.
Horanadu is a place of enchanting natural
Anegudde is one of the popular Vinayaka landscape, ancient temple of the goddess
temples in Udupi district which attracts Annapoorneshwari here has been restored
large number of pilgrims. and renamed the Adi - Shaktyatmaka
Shree Annapoorneshwari.
Bappanadu Durga Parameshwari temple is
located at a distance of 30 km north of Idagunji: The main attraction of Idagunji
Mangalore. It is situated on the banks of is the temple dedicated to Lord Ganapati.
River Shambavi in Bappanadu village of The temple at Idagunji attracts more than 1
Mulki. million devotees per year. Idagunji is
about 14 km southeast of Honnavar.
Belavadi is a national heritage site and one
of the important attractions in Karnataka ISKCON temple at Bangalore is dedicated
tourism. The temple here is built in to lord Krishna. The ISKCON temple is
Hoysala architecture. situated on a seven-acre hillock, which is
also referred as the 'Hare Krishna Hill'.
Devarayanadurga is surrounded by
forests and several temples including the Kadiyali Mahishamardhini Temple is
Yoganarasimha temple and located at a distance of 3 km from Udupi
Bhoganarasimha temple are located at the
Sri Krishna Temple. The temple is one of beautiful temple at Kudroli id dedicated to
the oldest temples in Udupi district. Lord Gokarnanatheshwara.
Kadri Manjunatha Temple is one of Kudupu Sri Anantha Padmanabha Temple

famous and ancient temples located on is well-known for serpent worship. Main
Kadri hills in Mangalore city. deity Lord Anantha Padmanabha is facing
towards the west.
Kalasa is a small town located on the
banks of Bhadra River in Mudigere taluk Kukke Subrahmanya Temple is situated in
of Chickmagalur district in Karnataka. The the heart of the village. Kukke
Temple town, Kalasa is home to the Sri Subrahmanya temple is dedicated to lord
Kalaseshwara Temple. Subrahmanya, who had manifested with
Vasuki.
Kamalashile is surrounded by beautiful
mountains and evergreen forests with the Omkareshwara Temple is located very
river Kubja flowing by the side of it. near to the heart of the Madikeri. Madikeri
Kamalashile is famous for its ancient is situated in the beautiful Kodagu district
Brahmi Durgaparameshwari temple. in the Western Ghats.
Karinjeshwara Temple is situated at a Mangaladevi Templeis located at Bolara in

place called Karinja of Kavalamudur the city of Mangalore, Karnataka state.
village in Bantwal taluk. The Mangaladevi temple is situated just
about 3km from southwest of Mangalore
Kateel is a temple town located at a city centre.
distance of 29 km from Mangalore city in
Dakshina Kannada district. This sacred Male Mahadeshwara Hills, a sacred place
place is surrounded by panoramic scenes for Hindus is located around 140 km from
and attractive greeneries. Mysore. It is situated in the eastern parts of
Kollegal taluk in Chamarajanagar district.
Kodyadka Annapoorneshwari temple is
situated in Puttige village of Mangalore Mandarthi Durga Parameshwari temple is
Taluk. It is located at a distance of 35 km one of the important and sacred temples of
from Mangalore. Shakti worship.
Kollur Mookambika Temple, an important Melkote popular center of pilgrimage

seat of Shakti worship is located 40 km center and has two different temples.
from Kundapur Town and about 140 Melkote is one of the holy places of
kilometers from Mangalore. Karnataka.
Koodalasangama is at the confluence of Moodbidri Thousand pillar temple is a

the Krishna River and the Malaprabha large granite temple built in 1430 A.D.
River in very enchanting surroundings. The main entrance of the thousand pillar
temple, which faces the east, opens onto a
Koteshwara is a village located at a wonderful 15 meter tall monolithic pillar
distance of 4 km from Kundapur in Udupi called Mahastamba in front of the
district. Koteshwara is a place of religious doorway.
importance.
Murudeshwar is a picturesque place, and it
Kudroli Gokarnanatha Temple located just is situated between Honnavara and
3 km from heart of Mangalore city. The Bhatkal. Bounded by the Arabian Sea and
rolling hills of Western Ghats, makes Temple is popular temple in Savadatti,

Murudeshwar as a favorite picnic spot. Belgaum district.
Nanjangud Nanjundeshwara Temple is one Shankaranarayana The uniqueness of

of the ancient temples of Karnataka. Lord Shankaranarayana is that this is one of the
Nanjundeswara also referred to as Lord rare temples where we can see the
Srikanteswara, Vishakanta, Nanjunda. confluence of Shankara (Lord Shiva) and
Narayana (Lord Vishnu).
Narahari Parvatha Sadashiva Temple is
located at a distance of 28 km from Sharavu Maha Ganapathi Kshetra is one of
Mangalore in Bantwal taluk of Dakshina famous ancient temples located in the heart
Kannada district. of Mangalore city.
Nellitheertha Cave Temple is one of the Shishileshwara Temple is situated on the

sacred places in Dakshina Kannada banks of Kapila River in Shishila village
district. Inside, one can find a beautiful of Belthangady Taluk. This place is also
lake and a Shiva Linga. referred as Matsya Theertha.
Padubidri is located in coastal district, Shraravanabelagola is one of the important

Udupi on National Highway 17. Padubidri Jain pilgrim centers in Karnataka.
is also known as Padubidre or Paddedra in Shravanabelagola is popular for its scenic
Tulu language. beauty as well as for its religious sanctity.
Pajaka is birthplace of Dwaita Somanathapura Chennakeshava Temple,

philosopher Madhwacharya. The one of the finest master pieces of Hoysala
Kunjaragiri Durga temple is also a Architecture is located at Somanathapura.
charming place to visit. There is also a This temple was constructed in 1268 by
Parashurama temple nearby. Soma, a Dandanayaka under Hoysala king
Narasimha III, during the Hoysala Empire
Polali, an important seat of Shakti worship was ruling South India.
is located at a distance of 30 km from
Mangalore and situated about 200 yards Sirsi Marikamba Temple is main attraction
from the Phalguni River and it is one of the important seats of
shakti worship in Karnataka. Sirsi
Puttur Mahalingeshwara Temple is Marikamba temple is temple famous for its
dedicated to Lord Mahalingeshwara an Kavi art.
incarnation of Lord Shiva. This is an
ancient temple of said to be constructed in Southadka is a pilgrimage centre located at
12th Century. a distance of 3 km from Kokkada in
Belthangadi Taluk of Dakshina Kannada
Sahasralinga is a pilgrim place located at district.
a distance of 17 km from Sirsi in Uttara
kannada district. Sringeri is a picturesque town and pilgrim
centre located in the heart of the Malnad
Saundatti Yellamma Temple is located with rich vegetation and pleasant climate.
in Belgaum district at a distance of 70 km
from its district headquarters. Talakad was a capital of the Gangas from
350 to 999 AD. Then, it was the capital for
Savadatti Yellamma Temple or also several dynasties that ruled over
known as Savadatti Renuka Yellamma Karnataka.
Ulavi Channabasaveshwara Temple is Karnataka

located in a picturesque location of
Western Ghats in Uttara Kannada (North
Kanara) district. Ulavi is a famous
Natural Hazard
pilgrimage center for Veerashaivas. and related aspect
Udupi Krishna Temple is the first among
the seven places of pilgrimage. The
famous Krishna temple in Udupi, has a
fascinating idol of Lord Krishna, which is The history of disasters in Karnataka
richly decorated with jewels. reveals that a series of various types of
disasters that have struck the State over the
Virupaksha Temple s the most important years with devastating effects. Years 2005
center of pilgrimage in Hampi moreover is
and 2006 have seen devastating floods in
considered one of the most sacred over the
centuries. the Districts of Gulbarga, Belgaum,
Bijapur, Bidar, Bagalkot, Raichur etc., as a
Temples in South Canara List of Temples result of outflow of excess water from the
in Dakshina Kannada District. Krishna and Bhima Basins from
Maharashtra particularly from Koyna
Karnataka Beaches
Reservoir. These floods have affected 12
Gokarna is famous for its beautiful virgin lakh people, 20,000 houses (damaged), 1.6
beaches and breathtaking landscapes. Lakhs hectares crops (damaged). The
assessment of loss on account of damage
Karwar is a good starting point for the due to floods was estimated at Rs. 1565
journey to discover the thrills of the sea, Crores. Other districts namely Uttara
sand and sun. Karwar is one of the perfect Kannada, Udupi, Mangalore, Shimoga,
holiday destinations.
Kodagu, Chikkamagalur have also faced
Kaup Beach is one of the famous beaches flood damages.
of Karnataka where tourists enjoy the
beauty of the environment. Seismic observatories in Mysore,
Somwarpet Taluk, Chincholi Taluk
Kurumgad Beach is a tortoise shaped including a permanent station at Gulbarga
Island and is located about 4 km away are set up to monitor the magnitude of
from Karwar.
seismic waves in Karnataka. 11 districts in
Malpe is a located about 5 km to the west the state namely Bidar, Gulbarga, Bijapur,
of Udupi. An important port and fishing Bagalkot, Belgaum, Dharwad, Uttar
harbor along the Karnataka coast. Kannada, Shimaoga, Udupi, Dakshina
Kannada and Kodagu are falling under
Marawanthe is a beach located at a seismic zone III. A total 42.173 Lakh
distance of 12 km from Kundapur town of
hectares (22.13%) of the total geographical
Udupi district. Marawanthe beach is one of
the must visit tourist spots of Karnataka. area of Karnataka is under moderate
earthquake damage risk zone III (MSK
VII) & remaining area of the state is under
low damage risk zone.
Karnataka state has been confronting

Major part of the state falls under severe various natural hazards. The coastal
drought. The state has declared 102 taluks districts namely Dakshina Kannada,
as drought affected and Rs.500 Crores loss Udupi, Uttara Kannada with a coastal line
was assessed in 2006. Districts of Kodagu, of 322 kms and coastal population of
Chikmagalur, Hassan, Shimoga, Dakshina 43.64 Lakhs are under the direct threat of
Kannada and Uttara Kannada are facing cyclones and severe cyclones originating
frequent landslides as these hilly regions in Arabian Sea and indirect attack of
record a very high normal rainfall of cyclones originating along the Eastern
2000mm to 4000mm. Coastal erosion is coastline. The high density of population
also causing havoc in the three coastal along the coastline of Karnataka has made
districts of Districts of Dakshina Kannada, the population highly vulnerable to the
Uttara Kannada and Udupi along 322 kms storm surge and high speed wind
of coastal length. The coastline exposes accompanied with cyclone. Any severe
the state to cyclones, storm surges and cyclone along the eastern coastline causes
coastal erosion. heavy rainfall in the interior Karnataka
region resulting in damages to crops,
As against the annual average rainfall of buildings, infrastructure services such as
830.5 mm in Bangalore Urban district, roads and often the impact would be
568.5 mm, which is 75% of the average severe disruption in the socio-economic
annual rainfall, occurred in a period of two life in these regions. It is important to note
months in September and October, 2005. that infrastructure such as rail and road
An excess of 289.2 mm rainfall is reported networks which are adjacent to the sea
in just 3 days, As per the assessment report coast are constantly threatened by the
of Bangalore Urban District, 3 persons erosion caused by giant sea waves
died, 7491 houses collapsed and 10,000 particularly during storm surges and
houses were inundated. Apart from these cyclones The state is incurring huge
effects, about 253 tanks were overflowing expenditure almost every year on
and basic infrastructure such as water prevention of coastal erosion for the 350
supply, roads, bridges, electricity, Kms of coastal line. The State has been
telephones etc., were cut off in most parts. placed under Category (II) A - Low
Vulnerability along with other states of
It became clear that the main need for the Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
state is to have a Disaster Management
Policy and Plan to guide all aspects of Out of total geographical area of 190.238
disaster management (including pre- Lakh ha, about 44.92 lakh ha area covering
disaster preparedness, post-disaster 15 districts and 50 taluks is affected by
response, short and medium-term physical winds and cyclones which is falling under
reconstruction, social rehabilitation and moderate risk zone (Vs=39m/s) and
long-term disaster mitigation). remaining area falls under low damage risk
zone (33m/s).
Cyclones, Winds and Coastal Erosion:
Apart from coastal erosion, the coastal
areas are facing disasters such as boat
capsizing due to extreme weather 20,000 damaged houses, 1.6 Lakhs

conditions in the sea. The recent boats hectares of damaged crops in 2006 and
capsize on 29th May, 2006 at Malpe Port 2005. Cities are facing floods causing
at Udupi and Oil spillages at Karwar Port severe damages to infrastructure services
are a few examples. The incident of Boat and loss of life.
capsizing on 29th May, 2006 has lead to a
loss of property of Rs. 1.34 Crores and Disaster Management authority:
death of 6 fishermen. The Oil spillage Karnataka State has the distinction of
incident near Karwar Port is a different being first in the country to establish a
experience in Karnataka as it happened for Drought Monitoring Cell (DMC) in 1988
the first time on 30th May, 2006. as an institutional mechanism affiliated to
These coastal areas are surrounded by Department of Science and Technology,
western Ghats, west flowing rivers, high Govt. of Karnataka. Subsequently in 2007,
rain fall, Konkan railway running close to the DMC was renamed as Karnataka State
sea, land bars between sea and rivers with Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre
minimum road link between land bars and (KSNDMC) and the activities were
main land, higher coastal population broadened to also include monitoring of
density with most of the coastal area at the other natural disasters viz., Floods,
mean sea level. Hailstorms, Gale-Winds, Storm-surges,
Earthquakes, Landslides, Tsunamis etc
Floods:
Almost all the districts in Karnataka are

facing the brunt of moderate to severe Karnataka has a well-developed
floods. Floods are associated with cloud transport system. Bengaluru city has
bursts, cyclones or depressions in the Bay one of the busiest airport in india
of Bengal and Arabian sea. Belgaum, and well connected with domestic
Bijapur, Bagalkote, Raichur, Gulbarga,
and international flights. It is also
Shimaoga, Chikkamagalur, Udupi, Coorg,
Bellary, Dakshina Kannada, Dharwad,
the headquarters of the airlines Air
Davanagere, Gadag, Hassan, Uttara Deccan and Kingfisher Airlines.
Kannada, Koppal, Bidar, Bangalore ( R ), Roads are the arteries of Karnataka
Bangalore(U), Kolar, Mandya, Mysore, State and many state and National
Chamarajanagar. In the North Karnataka Highways pass through the State.
region covering the Krishna and Godavari
Basins, even when the state was suffering In case of Rail transport The
under drought like conditions, heavy headquarters of the South-Western
discharges from Maharashtra caused Railway division of Indian
floods. The floods in the Districts of
Railways is located
Gulbarga, Belgaum, Bijapur, Bidar,
Bagalkot, Raichur etc., as a result of at Hubballi .Konkan Railway
outflow of excess water from the Krishna considerd as engineering marvel and
and Bhima Basins from Maharashtra have one of the toughest engineering
affected 12 lakh people leaving behind
projects passé through the a long-standing demand of the

State. Buses, cars and trains are the state. Several parts of the state
means of transport for moving now come under this zone
across distant places in Karnataka. with the remaining being
under Southern Railways.
Air Transport
 Coastal Karnataka is covered
Karnataka is the leading state in the under the Konkan
aerospace infrastructure. The State Railway network, a project
has five operational airports. that is regarded as one of the
Bangalore and Mangalore are the feats of Indian engineering.
International Airports in the state.  PPP-based projects for
International Airports -2 expansion of railway
Defence Airports -2 connectivity planned such as
Domestic Airports -3 Bijapur-Shahbad, Hubli-
Network of regional/ minor airports, Ankola and Dharwad-
airstrips and helipads fuel industrial Belgaum
growth, connectivity amongst tourist  Proposed Rail coach factory at
areas, and provide backup for Kolar
emergency services. Kalaburagi  Udupi-Mangalore Mass Rapid
Airport, Bijapur Airport and System
Shivamogga Airport, built under the  High speed train to Bangalore
Public Private Partnership (PPP) International Airport
model, was opened for commercial
use by July 2013. Port
Land Acquisition is under progress  New Mangalore Port: 9th
for Hassan and Bellary Airports. major port in India, with the
Airports Authority of India deepest inner harbor on the
expanding airports in Hubli and west coast
Belgaum with investments of US$  10 minor ports; Karwar,
31-million (INR 155 crore) each. Belekeri,
Tadri, Honnavara, Bhatkal, K
Railways undapur,
 the total length of rail track in Hangarkatta, Malpe, Padubidr
Karnataka is 3089 km . i and Old Mangaluru.
 The South Western Zone,  Karnataka has a coastline of
headquartered at Hubballi was 320 KM between Karwar (at
created in 2003 thus fulfilling the North) and Mangalore (at
the South) flanked by Uttara models such as Build-

Kannada, Udupi and Dakshina Operate-Transfer„ (Tumkur-
Kannada districts, with Nelmangala, Elevated
favorable and strategic port Expressway to Electronic
locations City) and annuity projects
 Adjacent districts are rich (Bengaluru-Maddur)
with mineral and natural  Government of India has
resources and well connected provided US$ 34.4-million
by National Highways and the (INR 165 crore) in Viability
Konkan Railway broad-gauge Gap Funding grant.
line, both running parallel to  Government of Karnataka has
the coastline planned 5 other projects with
 Scope for development of the total cost of US$ 19.2-
additional ports in next 5 million (INR 92 crore) for
years PPPbased projects on
development of roads
Road  National Highway
 Karnataka is well connected connectivity: US$39.6-million
with all the six neighboring (INR 190 crore) for 83-km
states and other parts of India road from NH-63 near
through 14 NHs, accounting Ginigere – Gangavathi.
for 6% NH network of India
 Karnataka State Highways Logistics
Improvement Project (KSHIP)  has nine transshipment
has developed 2,394 Km of centers catering to the imports
road with an expenditure of and exports of the state. Four
of these centers are located in
US$ 474 million
Bangalore
 Road length in Karnataka  Development in Karnataka‟s
increased by 43% in the last logistic infrastructure targeted
10 years at paralleling growth of
 Karnataka Road Development national logistic in rastructure
Corporation Ltd. has to harness increasing
undertaken construction of opportunities in sector
 Imports / exports from
853 bridges, of which 613
Karnataka mainly take place
bridges have been completed through the through the four
 Road development centers – NMPT, Karwar,
implemented through PPP
BIAL and the dry port grand elephant to the magnificent tiger.
Banglore. The forests of Karnataka are home to 25%
 9 transhipment centres of the elephant population and 10% of the
 container Depot Bangalore tiger population found in India.
 2 Container Freight Stations,
Mammals: The mountain ranges of
Bangalore
Western Ghats are among the
 New Mangalore Port,
34 biodiversityhotspots in the world. They
Mangalore
serve as significant wildlife corridors in the
 Karwar Port
state. They are home to unique animal
 Belekeri Port
species such as the Indian giant squirrel,
 Container Freight Station,
the Malabar large spotted civet, the
Mangalore
Indian flying fox, the lion tailed macaque,
 Container Freight Station,
and innumerable other species of animals.
Belgaum
Karnataka has several species of striking
mammals including the sloth bears, Indian
Karnataka elephant, Asiatic elephant, Bengal tiger,

wild boars, gaurs, black panthers, big
Wildlife and eco- Indian cats, Asiatic wild dogs, Indian
leopard, small Indian civet, Indian flying
tourism fox, Indian giant squirrel, spotted deer,
Indian pangolin, golden jackal, four
Karnataka is a land of diverse flora and horned Antelope, Ruddy mongoose,
fauna. About 22.61% of Karnataka’s common langur, striped hyena, common
geographical area is covered under palm civet and sambar.
forests. The state is home to a large
variety of fauna. Many of the fauna
species found in the state are recognized Birds: The state is a paradise for bird
as endangered species. lovers and bird watchers. It has several
natural habitats and bird
The mesmerising wildlife of Karnataka is sanctuaries where numerous species of
one of the main attractions for tourists birds can be spotted. A large number of
visiting the state. spectacular migratory birds also visit the
Diversity of fauna in Karnataka state every year.
Karnataka has a wide variety of habitats The colourful and exotic species of birds
that abound with different species of found in Karnataka include the Malabar
mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, parakeet, Grey francolin, Little grebe,
fishes and insects. It is one of the richest Painted stork, Cattle egrets, Storm petrels,
states in India in terms of wildlife. The Malabar grey horn bill, Black Kite, Spot
exotic fauna of Karnataka varies from the billed pelican, Red necked falcon, Brown
crake, Ruddy breasted crake, Indian roller, flying frog are found in the forests of the
Great Indian bustard, Yellow wattled Western Ghats. The Malabar gliding frog,
lapwing, and many other species. the golden frog and the Indian bull frog
are among the diverse species of
Reptiles: Karnataka has a remarkable
amphibians existing in the state.
diversity of reptiles. Among the reptiles
found in the dense forests of the state are Insects: Karnataka is a hotspot for insects.
various species of dangerous snakes like The state has a rich diversity of beautiful
the Indian python, the King cobra, the butterflies and many unique varieties of
trinket snake, the Indian cobra, the insects. The Western Ghats and the
common krait, the large eyed bronze back forests of Karnataka are habitats of
and the common rat snake. different species of insects
like aquaticinsects, day flying insects,
The common Indian monitor lizard, the
night flying insects, etc.
Malabar flying lizard, the dwarf gecko, the
striped lizard, southern green calotes and Endangered fauna of Karnataka
the Indian chameleon also exist in
The Forest Department of Karnataka has
Karnataka. The marsh crocodile and other
declared 40 animals as endangered
crocodile species inhabit the wetlands of
species in the state. Some of the
Karnataka. The beaches of coastal
endangered fauna of Karnataka include
Karnataka serve as the nesting grounds
the following:
for the rare leatherback turtle and the
olive ridley turtle. Lion tailed macau
Fishes: The numerous streams and rivers Tiger
flowing through Karnataka are abundant
with an impressive variety of fishes. The Elephants
various water bodies in the Western
Sloth bear
Ghats are full of exotic species of
freshwater fishes. Some of the common Black buck
freshwater fishes of Karnataka are the
Indian brown mongoose
eels, carps, barbs, minnows, danios,
mahseers, barils, osteobramas, chelas, Wild dog
garras and catfish. The long coastline of
Karnataka is also a great habitat for Kolar-leaf nosed bat
marine fishes like sardines, rays, soles, Travancore flying squirrel
mackerals, tuna, herrings, sharks, cods,
ponyfish and several other species. Spotted eagle
Amphibians: Karnataka is rich in its Olive ridley turtle

amphibian diversity. The Western Ghats is
Leatherback turtle
home to a large species of amphibians.
The endangered purple frog and Malabar
National parks in Karnataka and Russell’s viper. The park is inhabited

by more than 200 species of birds.
Karnataka has five national parks and
several wildlife sanctuaries. These Kudremukh National Park:
habitats are home to a varied population The Kudremukh National Park is
of wild animals, birds, reptiles, insects, recognised as a bio-diversity hotspot. The
etc. The five national parks of Karnataka park falls under the Global Tiger
are: Conservation Priority-I, as per the format
established by the Wildlife Conservation
Bandipur National Park: The Bandipur
Society (WCS) and World Wide Fund-USA.
National Park is the habitat of a large
A large variety of mammals such as
population of wild animals, reptiles, birds,
leopard, wild pig, tiger, sambar, wild dog,
butterflies, insects, etc. A number of
common langur, gaur and lion tailed
endangered species like the tigers, Indian
macaque exist within the Kudremukh
elephants, sloth bears, gaurs, Indian rock
National Park.
pythons, jackals, muggers and four-
horned antelopes can be spotted in this Nagerhole National Park: The Nagerhole
national park. National Park is part of the Nilgiri
Biosphere Reserve. A diverse assembly of
Bannerghatta National Park:
predators and carnivores such as the
The Bannerghatta National Park is known
Indian leopard, sloth bear, Bengal tiger
to support numerous animals and more
and striped hyena are found in the
than one hundred species of birds. It has a
national park. Herbivorous species like the
fenced forested elephant sanctuary. The
barking deer, the four-horned antelope,
butterfly park at Bannerghatta supports
Indian elephant, gaur, sambar,
over twenty species of lovely butterflies.
wild boar and chital populate the park.
Species like leopard, wild boar, jackal,
More than 270 species of birds and
gaur, chital, hare, hippopotamus, barking
various kinds of reptiles are also part of
deer, porcupine, common langur,
the Nagerhole National
pangolin, cobras, python, etc. are
Park’s biodiversity.
commonly seen at Bannerghatta National
Park. Conservation of fauna in Karnataka
Anshi National Park: The Anshi National Wildlife conservation is a matter of

Park is known for its population of large concern for the whole country, including
animals like the Bengal tigers, Indian Karnataka. An unnatural decrease in the
elephants and black panthers. Other number of wildlife species can cause
distinctive fauna species of the park tremendous harm to the natural
include Indian wild boar, Indian bison, ecological balance. Deforestation and
bonnet macaque, grey slender loris, over-exploitation of forest resources are
barking deer, Indian grey mongoose, serious threats to the diverse fauna of the
jackal, king cobra, bamboo pit viper, rat state. The state government is taking
snake, monitor lizards, Indian rock python measures to preserve the impressive
fauna of the state. It is implementing Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Gulbarga,

various conservation models to protect Koppal and Raichur. This area is an arid
and conserve the wildlife of Karnataka. zone. North Interior Karnataka receives the
least amount of rainfall in the state and the
average annual rainfall is just 731 mm.
South Interior Karnataka: This region

spreads over the districts of Bangalore
Karnataka - Rural, Bangalore Urban, Chitradurga,
Chamrajnagar, Chikmagalur, Hassan,
Climate Kodagu, Kolar, Mysore, Shimoga and
Tumkur. This zone experiences semi-arid
type of climate. South Interior Karnataka
receives an annual average of 1286 mm
Karnataka witnesses three types of climate. rainfall.
The state has a dynamic and erratic Seasons in Karnataka
weather that changes from place to place
within its territory. Due to its varying Karnataka experiences the following four
geographic and physio-graphic conditions, seasons in a year:
Karnataka experiences climatic variations
Summer: The summer season starts from
that range from arid to semi-arid in the
March and extends till May. April and
plateau region, sub-humid to humid
May are the hottest months in Karnataka.
tropical in the Western Ghats and humid
During these two months the weather turns
tropical monsoon in the coastalplains.
very dry and uncomfortable in the state.
More than 75 percent of the entire
Monsoon: The monsoon season begins in
geographical area of Karnataka, including
June and lasts until September. During the
interior Karnataka, witnesses arid or semi-
month of June humidity and temperature
arid climate. Karnataka has about 15
soars in the state. It is also the month when
percent of the total semi-arid or 3 percent
the South West monsoon winds bring
of the total arid areas marked in India
rainfall to the southern part of the state.
Coastal Karnataka: This region stretches From July to September the heat reduces
over the districts of Udupi, Uttara Kannada to an extent due to the rainfall but the
and Dakshina Kannada. The humidity stays high. The district of Udupi
entire coastal belt and the adjoining areas receives the highest average rainfall while
have tropical monsoon. The area receives the districts of Chitradurga, Bijapur and
heavy rainfall. The average annual rainfall Koppal receive the lowest average rainfall.
in Coastal Karnataka is about 3456 mm,
Post-Monsoon: The post-monsoon season
which is much more than the rainfall
begins from October and continues until
received in the other parts of the state.
December. This period brings about a
North Interior Karnataka: This region pleasant change in the weather. The state
extends over the districts of Bagalkot, receives a few spells of rain associated
Belgaum, Bijapur, Bidar, Bellary, with the north-eastern monsoon which
affects the south-eastern parts of Department, and many other states, at

Karnataka. The humidity reduces later years, followed the example of
considerably during this period of the year. Karnataka . Because of this, the state
could achieve remarkable progress in
Winter: The winter season extends from
January to February. These are the coldest many fronts of Horticulture, whether
months in most parts of Karnataka and the Fruits or Vegetables or Flowers or
temperature dips low. The weather remains Plantation crops.
pleasant as the humidity reduces
Horticulture sector has been considered
considerably.
as a sunrise sector in Karnataka.
Temperature in Karnataka Karnataka State is considered as
Horticulture State in the country owing to
Karnataka experiences lowest temperature
its excellent soil and climatic conditions
during the month of January and then the
and multifaceted expertise in the sector.
temperature gradually increases. The
Horticulture produces worth of about Rs.
temperature begins to soar rapidly during
the month of March. The southern parts of 8500 crores are exported from Karnataka
the state generally experience the highest every year. Karnataka is considered as
temperature during the month of April seed production hub of horticulture crops.
while in the coastal plains the temperature The required seeds of different crops are
reaches its maximum during the month of produced by many multi-national
May. Post monsoon, during the months of companies which are supplied to different
October and November the temperature districts in the Karnataka and also
decreases in the state and comes down exported to several foreign countries.
further during the month of December.
The average high temperature during

summer is 34 degrees Celsius across the I) State Horticulture leadership:
state. The average day temperature is
i) Comprehensive Horticulture
29 degrees Celsius in the monsoon season.
Development (CHD):
During winter temperatures range from
32 degrees Celsius to below The Department of Horticulture is a
20 degrees Celsius. pioneer in introducing CHD scheme in the
year 2012-13, which is first of its kind in
the country where end to end solutions are
provided to the farmer. Under this scheme,
Karnataka- 2-3 villages in each sub block are selected
Horticulture
and Farmer Interest Groups (FIGS) are
formed which are then provided with all
latest technologies including quality
seedlings, water harvesting structure,
mulching, high density planting with
Karnataka is the first state in the entire canopy management, training and
country to have a separate Horticulture exposure visit, Post Harvest Management
(PHM) and market linkages to farming post harvest losses, several post harvest
community through formation of each crop management activities are taken up under
clusters. Annually, about Rs. 100 crores is RKVY, NHM, CHD and Sujala Ill
set apart for this scheme, where in 11,000 schemes. In these schemes, steps have
farmers are benefited in terms of been taken for better harvesting practices,
productivity enhancement, Post Harvest setting up of pre-cooling units, pack
Management (PHM) and better marketing houses, primary processing facilities, value
interventions resulting increase in addition units and marketing linkages. The
productivity and income. State provides additional funding by 25%.
In view of the systematic planning and
ii) Precision farming technologies: effective implementation of schemes, post
The State is promoting precision farming harvest losses of horticulture crops in the
of vegetables and fruits in a big way. State have been reduced by 6 – 8%.
Adoption of precision farming technology v) Quality planting materials:
has resulted in increased area under banana
to an extent of 2100 ha with an increased The Department has taken up production
production of 1.04 lakh tons in last 3 and supply of quality planting material in
years. the departmental farms and nurseries.
Annually about 50 lakh seedlings/grafts
iii) Protected cultivation: are produced in the department‟s farms
Major focus in the state is on protected and nurseries. These planting materials are
cultivation as horizontal expansion takes supplied at reasonable cost to the farming
away required land where food crops are community. In tissue culture laboratories,
cultivated. In the last 5 years nearly 10,000 the department is producing about 1.5
poly houses (2000 ha) have been million TC plantlets, mainly banana and
established. The production of vegetables flowers, which has contributed remarkable
mainly capsicum, European cucumber difference in increase in yield and
have increased by almost 5 times. Further, reduction in the pest and disease
different flower crops such as gerbera, incidences.
carnation and roses etc., are also grown vi) Bio-centres:
resulting in higher productivity and supply
of flowers throughout the year. The state is The Department has established bio-
promoting this under Rashtriya Krishi centres in different parts of the State with
Vikasa Yojane (RKVY), National main objective of production of tissue
Horticulture Mission (NHM) and Krishi culture plantlets and through integrated
bhagya schemes. A sum of about Rs. 300 approach, organic inputs such as
crores is provided as subsidy to farmers vermicompost, microbial consortium,
during past 5 years. Azospirillum, Azatobacter, Phosphate
Solubilising Bacteria (PSB), VAM and bio
iv) Post Harvest Management: control agents. Annually, about 300 tons
Horticulture crops being perishable in of organic inputs are produced in these
nature, nearly 25-30% of post harvest centres and supplied to farmers. The bio-
losses are reported. ln order to reduce the centres have been provided with facilities
for soil testing, pesticide residue analysis Water is an important natural resources
and training. required in Agriculture and Horticulture
crop cultivation. Minimal use of water and
vii) Krishi Bhagya: maximising the crop productivity can be
It is a flagship project of Karnataka State, achieved by use of drip irrigation. The
where in the main object is to improve Government of Karnataka is supporting
rainfed agriculture scenario through the drip irrigation programme from 1991-
efficient management of rain water and 92. Under Central Sector Scheme for
enhancing farm productivity. The scheme micro irrigation programme from 2005-06
has different components such 4.62 lakhs hectares area of horticulture
as insitu moisture conservation, crops was brought under drip irrigation by
construction of water harvesting structures covering 3.57 lakhs beneficiaries with an
and providing micro irrigation system. financial assistance of Rs.1317.83 crores.
Under horticulture component, poly house During the last 3 years 1.49,095 hectares
construction and cultivation of crops in area was brought under drip irrigation by
open field are taken up. During the year covering nearly 1,31,000 beneficiaries
2014-15, 433 poly houses were with an financial assistance of Rs.865.00
constructed and during 2015-16, 1290 poly crores. In all the 30 districts of Karnataka
houses are taken up. The total annual an assistance of 90% subsidy is provided
outlay for the Krishi bhagya is Rs 500 to all the beneficiaries for adoption of drip
crores of which Rs. 150 crores is provided and sprinkler. Emphasis is given by the
for Horticulture Department. This scheme State for women and SC/ST farmers
has helped in conservation of natural during selection of beneficiaries. 22,462
resources and enhancing the productivity women beneficiaries and 20,270 SC/ST
of horticulture crops and income of beneficiaries have been provided with
farmers. subsidies. The State has also established
Antharaganga Micro lrrigation
viii) Sujala III : Corporation for giving more focus for
Micro Irrigation System.
This programme is under World Bank
project, where in, the horticulture 2) Policy initiatives:
component is introduced in micro
watersheds where soil and water a) Farmer producer Organizations
conservation works and crop planning are (FPOs):
based on the land resource inventory, data The horticulture department, having
generated by the project is stored in DSS developed the required infrastructure
for planners and academicians have been mandatory for horticulture development
taken up by Water Shed Department. This and having created the favourable opinion
programme is being implemented in 11 about horticulture has now embarked upon
districts of the State with a total outlay empowering farmers to take care of their
of Rs. 40 crores for a period of five years. needs of backward and forward linkages,
ix)Micro Irrigation: the department is facilitating creation of 58
FPOs with the management support from
small farmers Agri business consortium participate in promoting production

(SFAC). technologies, marketing network with buy-
back arrangement. When once FPO are
Critical policy initiatives to support FPOs established in full length, PPP-IHD will be
have also been put in place, in place to create a link with farmers and
i)Soon after registration of FPOs corporators resulting in better and assured
returns to the farming community. The
Mandatory grant of Agriculture produce Government will also chip in for providing
market committee (APMC) commission required input subsidies and infrastructure
agent licence and trader licence. facilities. This approach will result in
overall improvement of Horticulture sector
Priority in providing godowns space in
in the State.
APMCs
c) Wine Board:
Grant of licence for seed, fertilizer and
pesticides to store and sell to the member Wine policy is enforced in the State in
farmers. order to encourage wine production,
marketing and to establish wine park.
ii)90% subsidy support for establishing
Nearly 1500 ha of grapes are grown which
infrastructure like procurement centre,
are suited for wine production. In the last 3
refer vans and trucks etc
years wine production has raised from 60
iii) 90% support for procurement of lakh to 90 lakh litres.
mechanization tools to run custom hire
d) Mango Board:
service center for members.
Mango, being king of fruits, is cultivated
iv)Connecting to corporate buyers through
on 1.75 lakh ha in Karnataka and the
the frame work of PPP – IAD scheme of
productivity enhancement activities,
Gol.
marketing linkages, processing and export
v)Grant of oversight mechanise of works promotion are being taken up by Mango
taken up in FPO areas Board. In order to help the farmers,
Marketing melas are organised to supply
vi)Selection of beneficiaries left to FPOs quality mangoes directly to consumers by
for grant of Government benefits the producers. In this activity, both
producers and consumers are benefited.
vii. To allow FPOs to work as
This activity is been a big hit in the State
procurement agency for minimum support
where Mango is cultivated on large scale.
prize (MSP) operations.
e) Karnataka State Spices Development
b) Public private partnership –
Board:
Integrated Horticulture Development
Karnataka is a major contributor in India
(PPP- IHD): The department has decided
for Production of spices in the country.
to establish PPP-IHD project for first time
The major spice crops grown in the state
in Karnataka, where in farmers.
are, Chilli, pepper, cardamom, turmeric,
Government and corporate sector will
ginger, coriander etc. Karnataka has set up
an independent Board at the State level to 3) Centres of Excellence (CoE):

promote and streamline the production,
processing, marketing and export of Spice The Department of Horticulture has
crops in the state. The “Karnataka State established 6 CoE‟s – under Indo-Israel
Spices Development Board” has been work plan (3), Indo-Dutch work plan (1)
established during the year 2013-14. A and RKVY (2). These centres are expected
budget of Rs.8.00 crores has been provided to provide Hi-tech horticulture
for processing and development of market technologies, through protected cultivation
and export promotion of spice crops. to famers, besides, organising
demonstration and capacity building
f) International flower auction Bangalore programmes.
centre (IFAB):
4) Oil Palm:
The IFAB was established
during 2002 with the main objective of Concerted efforts are made in introduction,
providing a platform for floriculture cultivation and processing of oil palm in
farmers, traders and exporters, this is a the State. The State has taken a pioneering
novel effort of the State Government to step in importing quality seedlings from
benefit the farmers. The annual turnover is Malaysia and providing training to the
about Rs. 15 Crores in which roses, farmers. The crop is grown on nearly
gerbera, carnation, anthurium and bird of 10,000 ha in the State and 5 processing
paradise. The flowers are exported mainly units also established. A new high yielding
to Holland, Dubai and Singapore. variety of oil palm-Taraka was identified
which is now being cultivated throughout
g) HOPCOMS: the country.
A co-operative organisation established

by GOK under Department of
Horticulture. This organization provides
direct marketing linkages to the farmers
Karnataka-
and consumers in order to reduce handling
losses which otherwise would have gone
Mineral
up to 25-30%. HOPCOMS is operating
10,000 MT of fruits and vegetables
annually amounting to Rs. 100 crores.
The state of Karnataka is abundant
h) Karnataka Horticulture Federation in mineral resources. It is said to be one of
(KHF): In order to monitor and supervise the most mineral rich states of India.
the activities of HOPCOMS both at The mineral belt covers an area of 1.92
Bangalore and in different Districts KHF lakh sq.km including 29 districts of the
has been established. This organization state. Karnataka is also endowed with the
works on the co-operative lines supports green stone belt with
HOPCOMS in efficient functioning for valuable mineral resources such as gold,
realizing benefits for both farmers and silver, copper, iron-ore, manganese,
consumers.
limestone, dolomite, asbestos, bauxite, scenario. The district of Mysore is famous

chromite, kaolin and granite rock. . for its black granite and the Bellary
and Raichur is famous for its pink version.
Gold: The Kolar Gold Fields in Kolar used
Pink granite is also quarried at Uduvagere
to be one of the major producers of gold
and Managalli in Magadi taluk of
in India, before it shut down. Presently
Bangalore district, Deodurg, Mundargi,
the gold mines of Hutti and Raichur
Masarkal, Savanthagal in Deodurg taluk
produce almost 84 per cent of the
and in Bijapur.
country’s gold. The other major centers
of gold Felsite: Karnataka is the only Indian state
mining are Dharwad and Chitradurga. The where felsite is produced. Large
gold mines produce about 3,000 kg’s of occurrences of Felsite rocks are reported
gold per annum. The district of Raichur is to have been found in Kirangur, Hosahalli
also famous for its silver deposits. and Srirangapatanam and Mysore. These
rocks display either grey or pink colour as
Iron ore: Karnataka has over 9,000 million
well a combination of both theses colours.
tonnes of iron ore resources, of which the
bulk is in the magnetite form. The Manganese ore: Karnataka has the largest
production during the year 2007-08 recoverable reserves of manganese ore in
crossed 47 million tons. The districts the country. It is mostly found in the
of Bellary and Hospet are the main Chitradurga district. Shimoga and North
districts, whereas Kanara district as well as the Bellary and
Chitradurga, Bagalkot and Tumkur district Mysore districts are other places where
s are also produce significant amounts manganese ore is found.
of iron ore. The chunk of the iron ore is
Other Minerals in Karnataka
exported to be used in steel manufacture
and pig iron and sponge iron plants. Other minerals found scattered across the
state are Chromite, Dolomite, and
Limestone: It is another
Bauxite. Chromite is found in altered
important mineral with
ultrabasic rocks in the districts of
an estimated 51,000 million tons.
Chikmagalur, Chitradurga, Hassan, Mysore
Karnataka has the largest limestone
and Shimoga. Dolomite’s presence has
reserve in India. The districts of Gulbarga,
been recorded at a number of places.
Bagalkot, Belgaum, Shimoga and other
There is a possibility of a reserve of 1112
Uttara Kannada districts are endowed
million tonnes of Dolomite deposits in the
with extensive high grade limestone. The
regions of Belgaum and Bijapur districts.
present and consistent production of
Bauxite is found in the Chikmagalure
approximately 14 million tonnes provides
district.
for the cement plants in these districts.
Karnataka is among the very few Indian
Granite: Karnataka has vast resources of
states to formulate a
granite deposits. These deposits have
progressive mineral policy as early as the
brought the state into the international
year 2000. Features such as transparency  Alluvio-Colluvial Soils: Non-saline,

in granting mineral concessions, adoption saline and sodic
of modern techniques in mining and  Forest soils: Brown forest soil
emphasis on value addition and  Coastal soils: Coastal laterite soil,
sustainability make this policy so Coastal alluvial soil
progressive.
These have been further divided into 11
sub groups. Red soils have 4 subgroups,
Laterite soils have 2 subgroups, Black soils
have 3 subgroups and alluvial soils have 2
subgroups (ICAR, 1980).
 Coastal laterite soils, alluvial soils

Karnataka soil and forest soils have no
subgroups. The alluvial soils
possess great natural fertility.
These soils are suitable for the
cultivation of a wide range of
Eleven groups of soil orders are found in
crops such as wheat, rice,
Karnataka sugarcane etc; nevertheless, at
some places, gram, barley, maize
Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Spodosols,
etc are found to be the most
Alfisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Aridisols, Vertisol common crops cultivated.
s, Andisols and Histosols.  The sandy soil consists of Aeolian
sand (90-95%) and clay (5-10%).
 Depending on the agricultural These soils are very light and
capability of the soil, the soil types comprise about 8.46% of the
are divided into six types viz., country's soil cover. These are
Red, lateritic (lateritic soil is found suitable for high salt tolerant
in bidar and kolar district), black, crops, such as barley, rape and
cotton, and also medium salt
alluvio-colluvial, forest and coastal
tolerant crops, such as wheat,
soils.
millets, maize and pulses.
 The black soils vary in depth from
The common types of soil groups found in
shallow to deep. The typical soil
Karnataka are
derived from the Deccan Trap is
 Red soils: Red gravelly loam soil, the regur or black soil. Many black
soil areas have a high degree of
Red loam soil, Red gravelly clay
fertility, but some, especially in
soil, Red clay soil the uplands are poor. Black soils
 Lateritic soils: Lateritic gravelly soil, are highly argillaceous, very fine
Lateritic soil grained and dark and contain a
 Black soils: Deep black soil, high proportion of calcium and
Medium deep black soil, Shallow magnesium carbonates. They are
exceedingly sticky, when wet. On
black soil
drying, they contract forming
large and deep cracks. These soils They support tea, coffee, rubber and
contain abundant iron, and fairly coconut plantations. The traditional soil
high quantities of lime, magnesia groups of Karnataka and the soils of the
and alumina. They are deficient in major landforms of Karnataka are given
potash, nitrogen and organic below.
matter.
 The black soils of Karnataka are
fine-textured with varying salt
concentration. The soils are South Deccan plateau-soil:
generally rich in lime and
magnesia. The intensively The soils of south Deccan Plateau are
cultivated tracts where adequate classified into two moisture regimes -
rainfall occurs are most suitable ustic (deficient in water, but most of the
for cotton, wheat and jowar. But water available comes from the cropping
where irrigation facilities have season) and aridic (highly water deficient).
been made available rice and Ustic moisture regime covers major areas
sugarcane crops are also in the State except in parts of Bellary,
cultivated. Raichur, Chitradurga and Bijapur districts,
which has an aridic moisture regime. The
Red soil of Karnataka: granite/gneiss landform covering an area
of 8.1 Mha in Bangalore, Kolar, Tumkur,
The predominant soil in the eastern tract Mandya, Mysore, Hassan, Chikmagalur,
of Karnataka is the red soil overlying the Shimoga, Chitradurga, Raichur, Bellary and
granite from which it is derived. In the Gulbarga district is mostly covered with
districts of Bangalore, Kolar, Mysore, soils that are shallow to moderately
Tumkur and Mandya, this soil is found in shallow, excessively drained, gravely
varying depths. They occur as shades of sandy clay in nature. The rolling lands
red and pass on to yellow. Loamy red soils have shallow to deep, somewhat
are predominant in the plantation districts excessively to well drained, red gravely
of Shimoga and Hassan. They are rich in P loamy to clay soils. The soils of the valley
2 O 5 (0.05-0.3%) and their lime content are dominantly very deep, moderately
varies from 0.1-0.8%. Nitrogen is below well to poorly drained, fine textured and
0.1%. Iron and alumina is high, being 30- at places stratified. The major crops
40%. A broad strip of area running cultivated in these soils are rice and
between the eastern and western parts of sugarcane.
Coorg is covered by red loam. A large
variety of crops, such as paddy, jowar, The soils of the basalt landform cover an
ragi, and cotton, are grown under area of about 2.7 Mha in the districts of
irrigation but crops such as millets, pulses Bidar, Gulbarga, Bijapur and Belgaum.
and even gram are raised under rain-fed These soils are moderately to very
conditions. strongly alkaline, slightly to moderately
calcareous and have organic carbon of
Laterite soil: 0.33 to 0.63%.
Laterite soils occur in the western parts in Soils of laterite landform cover an area of
the districts of Uttara Kannada, Dakshina 1.5 Mha in the districts of Bangalore,
Kannada, Shimoga, Hassan and Mysore. Kolar, Bidar, Gulbarga, Belgaum, Dharwad,
Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Kodagu, Hassan The south Indian State of Karnataka, once
and Uttara Kannada. part of several kingdoms and princely
states of repute in the Deccan peninsula, is
Soils of metamorphic landform cover an rich in its historic, cultural and
area of 2.7Mha running Northwest to anthropological heritage. The State is the
Southeast within the granite and gneiss
home to 42,48,987 tribal people, of whom
landforms in Tumkur, Chikmagalur,
50,870 belong to the primitive group.
Chitradurga, Kolar, Mysore, Belgaum,
Bellary and Raichur districts. The landform Although these people represent only 6.95
includes ridges, rolling lands and valleys. per cent of the population of the State,
The ridges and the rolling lands have there are as many as 50 different tribes
gravely loam to clay soils. Valleys have notified by the Government of India, living
deep, poorly drained, calcareous, cracking in Karnataka, of which 14 tribes including
clay soils. Soils of sedimentary landform two primitive ones, are primarily natives
cover an area of 0.8Mha in the districts of of this State. Extreme poverty and neglect
Gulbarga, Bijapur and Bidar (Soils of over generations have left them in poor
Karnataka, 1998-NBSS). state of health and nutrition.
Unfortunately, despite efforts from the
Western ghat-soil
Government and non-Governmental
Soils of the Western Ghats covers an area organizations alike, literature that is
available to assess the state of health of
of 2Mha in the districts of Belgaum,
these tribes of the region remains scanty. It
Uttara Kannada, Dharwad, Dakshina
is however, interesting to note that most of
Kannada, Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Hassan,
these tribes who had been original natives
Kodagu and Mysore. These soils are
of the forests of the Western Ghats have
generally dark brown to dark reddish been privy to an enormous amount of
brown and black in colour due to the knowledge about various medicinal plants
accumulation of high organic matter and their use in traditional/folklore
under the forest cover. The Eastern medicine and these practices have been the
Ghats covers an area of 0.4 ha in the subject matter of various scientific studies.
districts of Mysore and Bangalore
bordering Tamil Nadu. The soils are very
shallow, somewhat excessively drained, Tribes of Karnataka:
gravely loam to clay soils. Soils of the
West Coast cover an area of 0.7 Mha in Members of the Adiyan tribe live mostly
in Mysore and districts bordering Kerala
the districts of Uttara Kannada and and speak Kannada. They are only 758 in
Dakshina Kannada. number and are mostly agricultural
labourers. They remain poor and have a
low literacy rate. Marriages among cousins
are common. There are a few members
Karnataka-Tribe (266) of the Barda tribe of Gujarat and
Maharashtra found in the State, mostly in
the northern districts. They speak Barda
language which is similar to Marathi and
Gujarati. They are agricultural labourers,
and are mostly endogamous. agriculture as primary occupation. They

The Bavacha/Bamcha are Hindu tribes are also very few in number (264) and are
who speak the Bavchi dialect3. They are mostly scattered in distribution over the
960 in number and are mostly inhabitants
State.
of Ramanagar district.
Bhils are adivasis of Central Indian origin. The Gamit tribe (also known
The Bhil tribes are divided into a number as Gamit, Gavit, Mavchi and Pandvi)
of endogamous territorial divisions, which people speak in Gamit. They are about 516
in turn have a number of clans and of them who are now inhabitants of
lineages. Most Bhils now speak the Karnataka, mostly found in Koppal and
language of the region they reside in.
scattered over several other districts.
Originally hunters and soldiers, they are
mostly agricultural workers with hunting The Gond tribe is the largest of Dravidian
and gathering remaining a significant
people of central India, spread over
subsidiary occupation. The Bhil population
in Karnataka is 6,204 and are scattered in various States including the North-Western
most districts of the State, more so in districts of Karnataka. They are the second
Uttara Kannada and Belgaum districts. largest tribal group found in the State.
Gondi language is related to Telugu and
The Chenchus are an aboriginal tribe who
other Dravidian languages.
speak the Chenchu or Chenchwar
language, a branch of Telugu, and live Gowdalu are 8,617 in number according to
mostly in the forests of Andhra Pradesh. the 2011 Census data and speak Gowdalu
About 954 of them inhabit bordering language. They are mostly found in
districts of Karnataka like Yadgir and Chikmangalur and Bengaluru Urban
Kolar. The Chenchus are one of the districts in the State.
original primitive tribal groups that are
still dependent on forests and do not The Hakki-Pikki clan is a semi-nomadic
cultivate land but hunt for a living. Some group and they live near Bidadi in
however, live symbiotically with non- Karnataka. Their population in the State is
tribal communities and many collect forest 11,892 as per 2011 Census. The tribe has
products for sale to non-tribal people. taken up hunting as their occupation but
The Chodharas are a group of about 117 many are now showing more interest in
people living in Karnataka among the agriculture and floral decoration.
20,000 odd members most of whom
The Hasalaru are Hindu tribes of
inhabit Gujarat and Maharashtra. They are
Karnataka. They are 24,466 in number and
related to the Rajputs and speak Chodri.
speak Tulu and concentrated in several
Most of the Chodhari people work as small
districts including Chikkamangaluru,
farmers growing cotton, vegetables, and
Shimoga, Udupi, and Davangere. In
rice.
Karnataka, people belonging to Irular tribe
The Dublas, some of whom are also
are about 700 in number. They are more
called Talavia or Halpati, are Hindu tribes
conspicuous in the Nilgiri Hills of
originating from the Rajputs in Gujarat
neighbouring Tamil Nadu and Kerala and
and Maharashtra. Dubla society consists of
are listed under the Primitive Tribe Group.
several endogamous sub-divisions with
They are Hindus and speak Irula which is
related to the Dravidian languages Tamil 226 of them inhabit the southern tip of the
and Kannada. These people are State of Karnataka especially in Kodagu
descendants of gypsies living in caves with district. Most people of this tribe are
hunting and gathering as their ancestral traders of forest products, food cultivators
occupation. They subsequently learnt the and beekeepers. About 495 people of
art of cultivation. People from the same the Paniyan tribe reside in Karnataka
clan within the Irular tribe do not mainly in the southern districts Kodagu,
intermarry. Their literacy rate is very low Dakshin Kannada and Mysore.
at 36.27 per cent5. The Iruliga are also
primarily tribes of Karnataka with a total The Pardhis are migrant people, scattered
population of about 10,259, mostly living over a wide area of central India in the
in Ramanagar and Bengaluru Urban States of Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
districts. They are Hindus and while Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and
Kannada is their principal language, a few Karnataka. In Karnataka, their population
other languages are also spoken. is about 10,746 and are mostly found in
the districts of Dharwad, Bagalkot, Gadag,
Bijapur and Gulbarga. Their language,
Pardhi, is one of the Bhil languages.
In Karnataka, there are two communities
Among the western Indian Patelia tribe,
with the name Meda; one of these is
only 57 inhabit Karnataka, most of them in
restricted to the district of Kodagu. They
Bidar district alone.
speak Kodagu, a Dravidian language. In
other parts of Karnataka, there is another The Rathwas derived their name from the
community of basket-makers known word „rathbistar‟, which means inhabitant
as Meadar of Meda. The Meda community of a forest or hilly region. They are a
is almost exclusively present in Karnataka moderately large tribe but very few (45
with a population of about 44,160 individuals) inhabit Karnataka State. Only
scattered throughout all the districts. a few are located in Bengaluru Urban and
Bidar districts. They are endogamous, and
Nayaka, tribe as the name implies „a
consist of a number of exogamous clans.
leader‟ is mostly non-vegetarian. Nayaka,
They are at present mostly small and
popularly known
medium sized farmers.
by Palegar, Beda, Valmiki, and Ramoshi
Parivara are found all over the State but The Soliga/Sholiga and Sholigaru/Soligaru
they are concentrated in the Chitradurga, tribes inhabit the Biligirirangan (BR) Hills
Shimoga, Bellary and Tumkur districts. and associated ranges in southern
Their population is 32,96,354. Karnataka, mostly in the Chamarajanagar
and Erode districts of Tamil Nadu. Many
The Paliyan,
are also concentrated in and around the BR
or Palaiyar or Pazhaiyarare are a group of
Hills in Yelandur and Kollegal taluks of
more than 10,000 Adivasi Dravidian
Chamarajanagar District. They use the
people living in the south Western Ghats
title Gowda, which means a headman. In
mountaneous rain forests in south India,
Karnataka, they are mainly distributed in
especially in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. They
the hilly parts of Mysore district,
belong to the primitive tribal group. About
Ramanagar, and Mandya. This area is
covered with forests, and experiences low Kannada district and in Khanapur of
humidity and heavy rainfall. They are Belgaum district and Kalghatgi of
normally vegetarians, and eat mainly Dharwad district.
tubers. Toda tribe is one of the most
ancient and peculiar tribes of Nilgiri Hills
of Tamil Nadu. There are only a few (157)
of them in Karnataka in the district of Karnataka-
Udupi. The Todas have their own language
and own secretive customs and Vegetation
regulations.
The Varlis/Warlis are Adivasis, living in

mountainous as well as coastal areas of
Karnataka is spread across a geographical
Maharashtra-Gujarat border and
area of 191,791 square km (74,051 sq.
surrounding areas. There are only 58 of
mi). The recorded forest area of Karnataka
them in Karnataka, mostly in Kodagu and
Koppal districts. is 43,356.47 sq. km, as per the annual
report of the state’s Forest Department
Vitolia is an extremely small group of 23 for the year 2014-15.
people living scattered over many districts
including Koppal, Belgaum, and Karnataka’s forest area is about 22.61% of
Bengaluru. They are believed to the the state’s geographical area. It accounts
descendents from the Gambit tribe and for around 6.18% of India’s total forest
were regarded as untouchables. Vitolia is area of 701,673 sq. km.
included the primitive tribal group by the
Government of Gujarat where they are The percentage of Karnataka’s forest area
found most. A few might have migrated to in comparison to its geographical area is
Karnataka from south Gujarat and slightly lower than the all-India average of
Maharashtra earlier. Their literacy rate is around 23%. The percentage
43.8 per cent. A few recommended by the National Forest
Policy is 33%.
centuries ago the Yerava/Ravula was a
thriving, agriculture and forest-based tribe,
in Wayanad and Kodagu districts of Kerala
and Karnataka, respectively. The Karnataka is one such state where it has
population as per 2011 census2 is 30,359 magnificent forests in the India. From the
in Karnataka and found mostly in Kodagu evergreen forests of Western Ghat to
and Mysore districts. scrub or thorny forests in plain areas.
The Siddis tribe of Karnataka is an ethnic 1. Evergreen and Semi-evergreen:

group. There is a 50,000
strong Siddi population across India, of An evergreen forest is a forest
which about 10,477 are loacated around consisting entirely or mainly of
Yellapur, Haliyal, Ankola, Joida, evergreen trees that retain green
Mundgod and Sirsi taluks of Uttara foliage all year round and Semi-
evergreen forests are generally of the country between moist

considered as a transitional stage deciduous (in the east) and
between evergreen and moist tropical thorn (in the west) forests.
deciduous forests. These forests Ex: Acacias, Hardwikicia, Neem,
are characterised by ever¬green Pongamia, Somida, Santalam
trees mixed with deciduous having albam, Ficus etc.,
typical features like less dense
canopy, grew gariousness, 4. Scrub and Thorny Forest:
frequent buttressed trunks, thicker
and rougher barks, and heavy These forests are confined to areas
climbers. Ex: Dipterocarpus where the rainfall is very low. Here
indicus, Hopea parivflora,Myristica due to paucity of rainfall the trees
fauna, Gymnacranthera canarica, are stunted with large patches of
Vateria indica etc., coarse grasses. The typical
vegetation consists of widely
2. Moist Deciduous: spaced acacias, euphorbias
including the typical spiny and
Temperate deciduous forests are thorny varieties and clumps of wild
located in the areas that has palms (Phoenix Sylvester's) here
moderate rainfall and temperature and there. Ex: Acacia species,
and with cold winters. These are Balanites roxburghii, Cordia myxa,
the typical monsoon forests in Capparis spp., Prosopis spp.,
areas where the amount of annual Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula,
rainfall ranges between 100 cm Diospyros chloroxylon, Carissa
and 150 cm with mean annual carandas, and Phoenix sylvestris
temperature of 24°C to 27°C, and etc.,
humidity percentage of 60 to 80.
They mostly occur along the 5. Un-wooded:
eastern slopes of the Western
Ghats, north-eastern part of the These forests are mainly grass
Peninsula . teak (Tectona gradis) lands and waste land.
are commercially the most
significant species; occupying the Need for conservation of forests in
relatively wetter north-eastern Karnataka
parts of the Peninsula. Ex:
Terminalia, Largerstroemia, The conservation of forest is a
preterocarpus, Xylia, Tectona and major challenge for the entire country,
Anogeissus etc., including the state of Karnataka.
3. Dry Deciduous Forest: Forest is one of the major forms of natural

landscape. The forest resources form an
The tropical deciduous forests integral part of the ecosystem. Due to the
shed leaves during December (in ever-increasing population and consequent
Northern Hemisphere) as water landlessness, the encroachment of
becomes scarce. This type is a forestland is on the rise.
degraded version of the moist
deciduous. It occupies a vast area
The unchecked exploitation of forest 2. The Malnad Region

resources has become a major threat to
the conservation of forest and its resources 3. The Maidan Region.
in Karnataka. Fragmentation and
honeycombing of forest areas are causing These broad natural divisions
the loss of corridor for movement of wild naturally unfolded themselves,
animals. although several studies further
Karnataka also has patches of private
divided
forests that require protection. Smuggling
Physiographic Divisions of
of timber and poaching of wild animals are
Karnataka
posing serious threats to the forest
resources of the state. Adequate measures The Coastal Region: -
must be taken in order to halt the decline
of forest resources. There must be It is a narrow strip of land about 400
a conscious effort on part of the Km length situated between the
government as well as citizen for the
Western Ghats and Arabian Sea. It
conservation of forest.
lies between 11.4° to 14. 21°North
latitudes. It stretches from Karwar
town in the North to a little beyond
Physiography of Karnataka
Mangalore city in the South varies
Karnataka is situated on the western between 25 and 65 Kilometers. Its
edge of the Deccan Peninsular unity lies in its openness to maritime
region of India. It is located influence. It is a plain of low relief
approximately between 11.5° North built up of sands alluvium and
and 18.5° North latitudes and 74° lateritic materials. It is transitional in
East and 78.5° East longitudes. character, because it lies between the
submerging Bombay coast
Physiographically Karnataka State
(Konkana coast) in the North and
forms two well-designed macro
Emergent Kerala (Malbar) coast in
regions of Indian union, they are:
the South consequently. There are
The Deccan plateau and the coastal
no large deltas along the coast
plains or lowlands and Islands
probably due to most active South
On the basis of geographical West Monsoon. the coastal belt is
structure and relief features the state divided into three longitudinal and
can be divided into three major parallels belts. They are
physiographic regions:
Coastal Plain :- It is a low plain of
1. The Coastal Region river deposition
Coastal low plateau:-. It is the Western Ghats provide

product of marine denudation and so communication between the coastal
can bedescribed as “Marine plain and the Malnad region.
Platform”.
The Malnad with its high elevations,
Coastal Malnad: - The rest of the steep slopes, rugged relief and heavy
dissected hill with more forested and rainfall is a potential source of
less cleared for field of Agriculture hydro-electric power. The world
area famous Jog falls is and well known
Shivanasamudram falls situated
Malnad Region: -
here. It is a source of many useful
it is the mainly forested hilly area rivers. Its dark forest covers a
lying east of the Ghats edge and continuous source of fuel timber and
west of Maidan boundary. It is also other. The slope of the Western
known as „Sahyadris‟. It extends Ghats contains coffee and tea
continuous belt through the state, plantations. Its delightful natural
from Northwest to South east, beauty spots provide excellent
almost close to the Arabian Sea, centers for tourists. It has deep
finally culminating or joining in the gorges and valleys lofty ranges and
mighty Nilgiris. There are many evergreen forest.
peaks in the Western Ghats. These
Semi-malnad: - It is a long Narrow
were formed by the erosional action
zone situated between Malnad and
of rivers on the flat topped residual
Maidan and running north to south
plateau.
for the whole length of the State.
The most important peaks are
The Maidan Region: -
Mullayyanagiri (1913m) in
Bababudangiri hills which is the The Maidan which is a flat and
highest peak of the state. Kalhatgiri rolling open area situated in the east
(1893m), Kuduremukh (1872m) of the semimalnad. Its monotonous
Devirammanagudda(1817m) landscape and unvaried relief
Rudragiri (1715m), Meruti (1641m) represents a senile topography. The
Ballalarayanadurga (1500m) Maidan gently slop is towards the
Varahaparvata (1434m) Kodachadri east and its height increases from
(1323m), Puspagiri or Subramanya North to South like Bidar to
(1731m) Brahmagiri, Mertigudda Chamarajanagara. The studies divide
(1677m) etc. Charmudighat, the Maidan in to two regions. They
Agumbeghat and Kollurghat in the are:
Northern Maidan Region and erosion surface”, is relatively higher

Southern Maidan region. in elevation and more rugged in
relief than the Northern Maidan. It is
The Northern Maidan Region: -It
also termed as the “Mysore Plateau,
is also termed as “lower erosion
It extends from the Tungabhadra
surface” and the height varies from
River in the North to Mayor Trench
1200 to 1500 m. It is the land North
in the South of Chamarajanagara. It
of the Tungabadra river and to the
slopes towards the east, the average
east of the Western Ghats. It is a
height varies from 1600 to 1200
Monotonous, seemingly endless
Meters.
plateau, covered with rich block
cotton soils and large open treeless Its hard crystalline rocks have
fields. Major part of this region is greatly resisted erosion. It is drained
occupied by the Krishna river Basin. by the Cauvery, Pennar and
This is highly eroded and dissected Ponnaiyer river systems. It has many
by the Bhima, Don, Krishna, enselbargs and flat topped hills like
Tungabhadra rivers. A low Chitradurga hill, Madhugiri hill and
extension of Mahadevo range ending Nandhidurga hill. Shrirangapattana
at Bijapur, forms the watershed and Shimsha are the two important
between the Bhima and the Krishna riverine islands of this region
rivers. formed by the Cauvery River. It is a
rain shadow region, rainfall is not
In some of the Limestone areas
only scanty but also the amount of
faulting has resulted in giving
rainfall decreases and the variability
rugged appearance to the landform
increases from west to east. Red and
of the east of Sauvdatti and Badami.
red sandy soils are predominated
The most important water falls of
which are not highly fertile.
the region Gokak falls in Belgaum.
Chayabhagavati and soyala water
falls. It is known for severe drought
in the state. Relief and
Districts Structure
like Bidar, of Karnataka
Bijapur, Gulbarga, Yadgiri, Raichur,
Karnataka has representatives of all types of variations in topography - high moun
Koppal and Gadag are known for
residual hills and coastal plains. The State is enclosed by chains of mountains to it
frequent severe droughts, larger
south.
portion of the region is still under
rain fed conditions
It consists mainly of plateau which has higher elevation of 600 to 900 metres abov
TheMaidan
The Southern entire landscape
Region: is
- undulating, broken up by mountains and deep ravines.
Plain
Which is also landasof“higher
called elevation less than 300 metres above mean sea level is to be found on
the Arabian Sea. There are quite a few high peaks both inAtWestern
the southern
and Eastern
end of the craton
altitudes more than 1,500 metres. these give way to granulite suite of
rocks. The craton preserves a billion
ections drawn from west to east across the Western Ghat yeargenerally exhibit,
orogenic a from 3400
history
in followed to the east by small and short plateaus at different altitudes,
m.a. to 2400 m.a.then
Epicratonic or
to great heights.Then follows the gentle east and east-north-west sloping
intracratonic plateau. basins
sedimentary
peaks of Karnataka are the Mullayyana Giri (1,925 m), Bababudangiri
called Purana Basins occupy the
vata 1,894 m) and the Kudremukh (1,895 m) all in Chikmagalur
northerndistrict
segment and
ofthe
the craton
m) in Kodagu district. There are a dozen peaks which risewhose
abovenorthern
the height ofin turn is
part
iograpically, Karnataka State forms part of two well defined macroby
concealed regions
Deccan of basalts. Thus
Deccan Plateau and the Coastal plains and Islands. The State has four
younging of lithosequence from
ons south to north is evident.
rnataka Plateau Sargur Group

nataka Plateau
Large scale, mega enclaves of high
rnataka Plateau
grade schistose rocks, south of
oastal Region Mysore around Sargur and in its
adjacent areas were considered to be
Geology of Karnataka
a distinct stratigraphic entity and
Karnataka forming a part of the older. These litho-assemblages are
Indian Shield is constituted of rock considered to be equivalent to the
formations ranging in age from 3300 Dharwarian event by another school
m.y. to 5 m.y. Barring a narrow of workers. The important belts of
coastal strip of about 5000 sq.km of western greenstone include Sargur
Tertiary and Quaternary sediments (type area), Holenarsipur,
and another 31,250 sq.km of Deccan Nuggihalli, Aladahalli, Kalyadi,
basalts, the remaining area is Krishnarajpet, Ghattihosahalli .
dominated by Archaean-Proterozoic
Peninsular Gneissic Complex
rocks. Mysore Plateau, geologically
(PGC):
constituted of Dharwar Craton
comprises of greenstone-granite Peninsular Gneiss has a protracted
belts, gneisses and granulites. evolutionary history extending over
Greenstone belts essentially consist a period of time and therefore has no
of meta-volcanosedimentary stratigraphic significance. The
sequences, surrounded and dissected mineralogical characters of the
by Peninsular Gneiss. gneiss vary greatly and dependent
on the adjacent greenstones it has
migmatised. Therefore this rock Greenstone Belts

suite is said to be composite gneiss,
Greenstone belts of Karnataka
formed by migmatisation of
attracted the attention of geological
supracrustals in different phases at
community, both for its complex
different stratigraphic levels. Most
geological history and rich mineral
common variety of Peninsular
resources. The era of 2900 million
Gneiss-I consist of quartz,
years to 2600 million years
microcline and oligoclase with
witnessed this great event of the
traces of muscovite, apatite and
evolution of Greenstone belts in
zircon in the leucocratic part; biotite,
Karnataka. Stratigraphic level vis-à-
hornblende and epidote by and large
vis geochronological positioning of
form the melanocratic component..
different schist belts had always
Charnockite: been a point of endless yet useful
debate. Large scale, mega enclaves
These are essentially blue quartz-
of high grade schistose rocks, south
hypersthene bearing granular suite
of Mysore around Sargur and in its
of rocks now broadly referred to as
adjacent areas were considered to be
pyroxene granulite. These are
a distinct stratigraphic entity and
confined to a 30 km wide transition
older in age.
zone between the low grade gneissic
terrain in the north and high grade These litho-assemblages are also
granulite terrain to its south. They considered to be equivalent to that of
occupy Biligiri Rangan hills, Male Dharwarian event by another school
Mahadeswara hills in Mysore of workers. The entire schistose
District, southern segment of Coorg rocks of Karnataka are broadly
District, set in a regional trend of grouped into Eastern block true
northwest to southeast. These greenstone belts, Western block
isolated massifs of charnockite are schistose belts. These two blocks are
said to be the product of later separated by the Chitradurga
regional thermal metamorphism boundary fault near the western
with fluids driven from deeper part margin of Closepet Granite.
of the crust playing a vital role in its
The later is further divisible into
transformation. Charnockite with
belts of green schist facies and of
protoliths of younger age of 2600
higher grade amphibolite facies as
Ma is recorded from the greenstone-
shown under: While describing the
granulite transitional zone of
greenstone belts of Karnataka (1)
Kabbal-Kushalnagar areas.
Western block (Dharwar), (2)
Western block (Sargur), (3) Eastern  The rivers in Karnataka are a source
block (Dharwar), (4) Transitional of water for drinking and household
purposes. They are integral to
belts are dealt as per the recent agriculture, a source
classification given by of hydropower and used for
Ramakrishnan (1994). Litho- transportation in certain areas.
They are also vital for the tourism
assemblage of western greenstone industry in the state.
block of Dharwar Supergroup is  Many rivers, both east-flowing and
divided into lower Bababudan west-flowing, are found within the
boundaries of Karnataka.
Group, largely consisting of  Most of the rivers originate in the
volcanic suites with shelf/platformal Western Ghats and runs towards the
metasediments rich in iron and eastern side of the state. These are
some of the largest rivers in the state
manganese precipitates; and the and drain towards the Bay of Bengal.
upper Chitradurga Group, that is Therefore almost all the major east-
largely made up of sedimentary flowing rivers are inter-state rivers.
 The rivers in the
sequence of Western Ghats that generally flow
westward meet the Arabian Sea after
Rivers and Drainage System of a short run varying from 50
Karnataka kilometres to 300
kilometres. These rivers are very
Drainage systems steep in the upper reaches and fairly
steep in the middle reaches. Near the
Drainage systems, also known as river sea, they have relatively
systems, are the patterns formed by flat gradients and a mild flood plain.
the streams, rivers, and lakes in a
particular drainage basin. They are CAUVERY RIVER SYSTEM :
governed by the topography of the land,
 The river Cauvery is an Inter-State
whether a particular region is
river in Southern India. It is one of
dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the
the major rivers of the Peninsular
gradient of the land.
flowing east and running into the
Bay of Bengal.
Rivers in Karnataka
 The Cauvery rises at Talakaveri on
Karnataka is endowed with many the Brahmagiri Range of Hill in
riverine systems broadly classified into the Western Ghats, presently in the
two types viz., Coorg district. It is often called the
Dakshina Ganga (the Ganges of the
1. The East-flowing large rivers South) and considered one of the
Krishna and Cauvery with their sacred rivers of India.
tributaries, and  The tributaries of the Kaveri include:
2. The short, West-flowing rivers.
Sl. Name of the Catchme Origin ,Altitude
No. tributary nt area &Length
in Malaprabha, Bhima and

Sq.kms. Tungabhadra. All these rivers
1 Hemavathy 5,410 except the Malaprabha River Karnataka
Ballarayana Durga having
their catchment area both in
in Western Ghats,
1,219 metres, Karnataka
245 and Maharastra.
km  Brief description of these tributaries
2 Kabini 7,040 Western ghatsarein givenTaraka,Hebballa,
below: Karnataka,
Kerala, Nugu, Gundal Kerala
S Nam
2,140 metres, 230 Catc Orig Sub- & TamilnNam
km l. e of hm in tributa e of
Nadu
3 Harangi 717 PushpagiriNHills
theof ent ,Alti ries the
Karnataka
Western o tribu are tud stat
ghats . tary a in e
1,067 e
metres 50 km Sq.k &Le
4 Arkavathy 4351 Nandidurga ms. ngt
Kumaudavat-hy, Karnataka
1,480 meters 161 h
Manihalla & & Tamil
km 1 Ghat 882 Wes
kuttehole, Hiranya Karn
Nadu
apra 9Vrishabhava-thy
tern keshi, atak
5 Lakshmanathi 1,690 Western ghats,bha ghat
Ramathirtha Markan a&
Karnataka
rtha 1,950 metres, 131 s, deya Mah
km. 884 arsh
6 Suvarnavathy 1,787 Nasrur ghat m, atra
Karnataka
Range, Length 88 283 & Tamil
km. kms Nadu
7 Shimsha 8,469 Tumkur 2 Mala 115 Wes Benniha
Veeravaishnavi, Karn
Karnataka
district, prab 49
914 tern lla,Hire atak
kanihalla,
ha
meters, 221 km. Ghat halla,
chickkhole, a
s,
Hebbahalla, Tas nadi
792.
Mullahalla &
Kanva48m
,
306
KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM : kms
3 Bhim 706 Wes Combin Karn
 The river Krishna is an Inter-State a 14 tern ed atak
river in Southern India. It is the Ghat waters a&
second largest river in Peninsular s, of Mah
India, rises in the Western Ghats at 945 Mula & arsh
an altitude of 1337 m. near m, Mutha atra
Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra 861 Ghod,
State. kms Nira,Sin
 It flows across the whole width of a
the peninsula, from west to east, for 4 Thun 478 Wes Combin Karn
a length of about 1400 km, through gbha 66 tern ed atak
Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra dra ghat waters a&
Pradesh. The entire catchment area s at of And
of Krishna basin is 2,58,948 sq km. Gan Tunga & hra
 The principal tributaries of Krishna gam Bhadra, Prad
in Karnataka are Ghataprabha, ula, Varada, esh
119 Hagari( Sq.k

8m, vedavat ms -
531 hy) Andh
kms ra
Prad
esh
GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
 The river Godavari rises in the Nasik WEST FLOWING RIVER SYSTEM :
district of Maharastra about 80km
from the shore of Arabian sea, at an  The Western Ghats provides a
elevation of 1067m, after flowing for principal geographical barrier in the
about 1465km in a general south- path of the Arabian Sea branch of the
easterly direction, through Southwest monsoon, and is
Maharastra and Andhra Pradesh, principally responsible for the heavy
Godavari falls into the Bay of Bengal rainfall over the western coastal belt.
above Rajamundry.  The rivers in the Western Ghats
 The principal tributaries of Godavari region generally originate at an
are the Pravara, the Purna, the elevation ranging from 400 meters
Manjra, the Pranahita, the to 1,600 meters above the mean sea
Indravathy and the Sabari but level, close to the Western Ghats
Manjra River, having its partial ridge.
catchment area in the State of  The rivers generally flow westward
Karnataka. and meet the Arabian Sea after a
short run varying from 50 kms to
S Na Catc Ori Sub- Nam 300 kms. the rivers are very steep in
l. me hme gin tribut e of the upper reaches and fairly steep in
N of nt ,Alti aries the the middle reaches. It is only near
o the area tud state the sea that they have relatively flat
. trib in e gradients and some sort of flood
utar Sq.k &Le plain.
y ms. ngt  The list of west flowing rivers, their
h important tributaries and the states
1.
Man 15,66 Bala Tirina, Maha through which these are flowing are
jra 7 ghat Karanj rastr given in the following table.
Sq.k ran a, a,
ms - ge Haldi,L Karn Sl. Name of the Catchment Origin ,Altitude
Maha of endi & ataka No. tributary area in &Length
rastr hills Manna & Sq.kms.
a, , r Andh 1 Mahadayi 2032 Western ghats,
4,406 823 ra Belgaum district
Sq.k m Prad 600 meters 87 k
ms - esh 2 Kalinadi 4188 Western ghats, B
Karn village, 600 mete
ataka 153 kms.
, 3 Aghanashini 1,330 Western ghats N
10,77 (Tadri) Sirsi, 500 meter
2 84 kms.
4 Sharavathi 3,592 Westren ghats (Nor Kola ChitraKarnataka

ra
Humacha in th r, vathy Prad
Shimoga Pen 597 and esh
district, 700
nar km papag
meters, 122 kms.
Rive ni
5 Chakra Nadi 336 r)
East of Kodachadri Karnataka
in Shimoga2 district,
Sout 4370 Nan Karn
600 meters, 52h di ataka
kms. Pen hills ,
6 Varahi 759 Kavaledur-ganar in the of Tami
Karnataka
(Haladi Shimoga district, Kola l
600 meters, 66 r Nadu
kms
7 Barapole 1, 867 Brahamagiri Ghat Karnataka
(Valapattanam) Reserve Forest in
PALAR
Coorg , 900 RIVER SYSTEM :
meters,
110 kms
8 Netravathy 3222 Palar is a riverGundiahole,
Bellarayan-a of southern India. It rises
Karnataka
in
Durga in theTalagavara village in
Kumaradara Kolar, of
Dakshina Karnataka state, and flows 93
and
kilometres
Kannada, 1,000 in Karnataka,
Shisiahole 33 kilometres
meters, in Andhra
103 kms Pradesh and 222 kilometres
9 Gangavalli 3574 Western ghats Nadu before its confluence
in Tamil into
Karnataka
(Bedthi) south Ofthe Bay of Bengal at Vayalur about 100
Dharwad
700 meters, 152 south of Chennai.
kilometres
kms.
S Nam Catc Origi Sub- Nam
l. e of hme n tribu e of
N the nt ,Altit tarie the
PENNAR RIVER SYSTEM : o trib area ude s state
. utar in &Len
The Pennar rises on the hill of Nandi y Sq.k gth
Hills in Chikballapur District of ms.
Karnataka state, and runs north and east 1 Pala 2813 Talag - Karn
through the state of Andhra Pradesh to r avara ataka
empty into the Bay of Bengal. Rive villag ,
r e in Andh
S Nam Catc Ori Sub- Nam Kolar ra
l. e of hme gin , tribut e of , 900 Prad
N the nt Alti aries the mete esh
o trib area tud state rs , Tami
. utar in e 348 l
y Sq.k &Le kms. Nadu
ms. ngt
h
1 Utta 6937 Nan Jayama Karn
ra di ngali, ataka Map of Karnataka River System
Pina hills Kumad ,
kini of avathy, Andh

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Animal Husbandry of livestock in the state was estimated at

from which 70 to 75 lakh metric tonne buffaloes per household is provided.

the livestock farms located at Development Corporation distributed

To mitigate the shortage of green  National Animals Disease

disease is characterized by Amruth yojana for devdasis/ widows

incentive to producers bank account children are provided with 150 ml of

The Milk procurement, membership d. To compete with MNC’s and private

per cent of the geographical area of speed of infrastructure development.

mid-eighties conditioned the expansion

Percent share in GCA

CROP 1960 1990 2010

The State is delineated into 4 sub- are under mulberry cultivation.

Bidriware Vijayanagar kings. It was a ruler

showed a very personal interest in Total Installed Capacity (MW) 32

Basin Dam, Linganamakki Dam and Power

9. Sharavathy Valley Hydroelectric District Bellary

the Ghataprabha River in the Krishna

Krishna Raja Sagara is the name of Dam/Reserv

through renewable sources. The

Yeramarus Thermal Power station was in development for years

Mahatma Ghandi Tail Race technology cluster in Karnataka ranks as

MW. Karnataka is a land rich in natural

Industrial Industrial Policy and Promotion

reasons. Some of the reasons are as  Under the Karnataka Industrial

Initiatives Adopted by the State The State Government has created

factory sheds and raw material Karnataka Industrial Policy

Associations  To establish brand Karnataka

Upgrade existing industrial Various languages and their dialects

There is also a sharp distinction Kundagannada - Spoken

community in the Nilgiri and Catholics speak two variants of

Tulu language is one of the five Aihole

language, different ethnic  The temples of Belur and Halebid

from proto-Dravidian is the

from Bangalore. Hampi has been hilltop. Devarayanadurga is also famous

Kadri Manjunatha Temple is one of Kudupu Sri Anantha Padmanabha Temple

Karinjeshwara Temple is situated at a Mangaladevi Templeis located at Bolara in

Kollur Mookambika Temple, an important Melkote popular center of pilgrimage

Koodalasangama is at the confluence of Moodbidri Thousand pillar temple is a

rolling hills of Western Ghats, makes Temple is popular temple in Savadatti,

Nanjangud Nanjundeshwara Temple is one Shankaranarayana The uniqueness of

Nellitheertha Cave Temple is one of the Shishileshwara Temple is situated on the

Padubidri is located in coastal district, Shraravanabelagola is one of the important

Pajaka is birthplace of Dwaita Somanathapura Chennakeshava Temple,

Ulavi Channabasaveshwara Temple is Karnataka

Karnataka state has been confronting

capsizing due to extreme weather 20,000 damaged houses, 1.6 Lakhs

Almost all the districts in Karnataka are

projects passé through the a long-standing demand of the

the South) flanked by Uttara models such as Build-

Karnataka elephant, Asiatic elephant, Bengal tiger,

Amphibians: Karnataka is rich in its Olive ridley turtle

National parks in Karnataka and Russell’s viper. The park is inhabited

Anshi National Park: The Anshi National Wildlife conservation is a matter of

fauna of the state. It is implementing Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Gulbarga,

South Interior Karnataka: This region

affects the south-eastern parts of Department, and many other states, at

The average high temperature during

small farmers Agri business consortium participate in promoting production

an independent Board at the State level to 3) Centres of Excellence (CoE):

A co-operative organisation established

limestone, dolomite, asbestos, bauxite, scenario. The district of Mysore is famous

year 2000. Features such as transparency  Alluvio-Colluvial Soils: Non-saline,