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A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical

circuit to one or more circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the transformer produces a
varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across any other coils
wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the (possibly many)
coils, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of
induction discovered in 1831 described the induced voltage effect in any coil due to changing
magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
Transformers are used for increasing alternating voltages at low current (Step Up Transformer)
or decreasing the alternating voltages at high current (Step Down Transformer) in electric power
applications, and for coupling the stages of signal processing circuits.
Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become
essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electric power.[2] A
wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications.
Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume, to units
weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect the power grid.
An ideal transformer is a theoretical linear transformer that is lossless and perfectly coupled.
Perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic permeability and winding inductances and
zero net magnetomotive force (i.e. ipnp - isns = 0).[5][c]

Ideal transformer connected with source VP on primary and load impedance ZL on secondary, where 0 <
ZL < ∞.
Ideal transformer and induction law

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding attempts to create a varying magnetic flux
in the transformer core, which is also encircled by the secondary winding. This varying flux at the
secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF, voltage) in the secondary
winding due to electromagnetic induction and the secondary current so produced creates a flux
equal and opposite to that produced by the primary winding, in accordance with Lenz's law.
The windings are wound around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the
magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage
source connected to the primary winding and a load connected to the secondary winding, the
transformer currents flow in the indicated directions and the core magnetomotive force cancels to
zero.

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