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CHAPTER 2
Structure Of Atoms
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Particulate Nature of Matter
1. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
2. The particle theory of matter states that matter is made up of a large number of tiny and
discrete particles.
Particle Theory of Matter: Matter is made up of a large number of tiny and discrete particles.
Types of Particles
2
What is Diffusion?
Symbol of Element
Symbol of Elements
A symbol of element is the chemical symbol written in short form to represent a particular element. Some
elements are represented by the first letter of its name.
Examples:
Element Symbol
Fluorine F
Hydrogen H
Iodine I
Nitrogen N
Oxygen O
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Phosphorus P
Sulphur S
Carbon C
Vanadium V
If there are two or more elements that have mane start with the same alphabet letter, a second letter is
added to differentiate between these elements. The second letter used is always lowercase.
Examples:
Elements Symbol
Bromine Br
Calcium Ca
Chlorine Cl
Chromium Cr
Magnesium Mg
Manganese Mn
Neon Ne
Nickel Ni
Silicon Si
Helium He
Argon Ar
Aluminium Al
Zinc Zn
Platinum Pt
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Some elements are represented by their Latin names.
Example:
Copper Cuprum Cu
Iron Ferrum Fe
Lead Plumbum Pb
Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg
Potassium Kalium K
Silver Argentum Ag
Sodium Natrium Na
Tin Stannum Sn
(Notes: You MUST Memorise the symbol for all these 31 elements)
Elements
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(Both the iron and oxygen are element because they consist of only one type of atoms)
Compounds
(Both the sodium chloride and carbon dioxide are compound because they consist of more than one type
of atoms)
3 States of Matter
Matter exists in 3 states of matter, namely, solid state, liquid state and gaseous state.
Arrangement of Particles
Solid
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Particles are arranged in an orderly manner and close to one another.
Liquid
Particles are not arranged in order. The space between particles is moderately large.
Gas
Movement of Particles
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Liquid Particles move randomly and slowly and sometimes will collide against each other.
Ability to be compressed
Solid Very difficult to be compressed because the particles are packed closely.
Liquid Not easily compressed because the particles are packed quite closely.
Gas Easily compressed because the particles are very far apart.
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Liquid Moderate energy content.
Highest
Gas
energy content
Volume Shape
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reactions such as nuclear fusion and nuclear fission..
Atoms of the same element can have different physical
properties, for example, isotopes of hydrogen.
J.J. Thomson
Neils Bohr
Chadwick
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1. The central nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. It containing almost all the mass of the atom.
2. the nucleus of an atom is very small compared to the size of the atom
3. the electrons are orbiting outside the nucleus in the electron shells
4. the electrons are moving in electron shells at a very high speed and we cannot determine the
position of the electrons at a particular time
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Particle Symbol Relative charge Relative mass
Proton p +1 1
Neutron n 0 1
Electron e -1 1/1840
3 3 0
5 2 +3
9 10 -1
11 10 +3
16 18 -2
17 18 -1
20 18 +3
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Proton Number and Nucleon Number
1. Proton number = the number of protons
2. Nucleon number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
Proton Number
1. The proton number (Z) represent the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
2. Proton number = the number of protons
3. The proton number is also known as the atomic number.
4. In an atom of neutral charge, the number of electrons also equals the atomic number.
5. Hence, the proton number of an atom can also represent the number of electrons.
Nucleon Number
1. The nucleon number (A), also called atomic mass number or mass number, is the number of protons
plus the number of neutrons in an atomic nucleus. (Nucleon number = Number of protons + Number
of neutrons)
2. The nucleon number of an atom is about the same as the mass of the atom because the mass of an
electron is very small and can be ignored.
Helium 2 4 2 2 2
Oxygen 8 16 8 8 8
Sodium 11 23 11 11 12
Chlorine 17 35 17 17 18
[Notes: In ion, the amount of protons IS NOT equal to the amount of electrons]
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of certain elements which have the same number of protons but different number of
neutrons in the nucleus of the atoms.
It can also be defined as atoms of certain elements with the same proton numbers but with different
nucleon numbers.
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Properties of Isotope
Example:
1
Hydrogen Hydrogen 1H 1 1 1 0
2
Deuterium 1H 1 12 1 1
3
Tritium 1H 1 23 1 2
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Oxygen Oxygen-16 8O 8 16 8 8
17
Oxygen-17 8O 8 17 8 9
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Oxygen-18 8O 8 18 8 10
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Carbon Carbon-12 6C 6 12 6 6
14
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Carbon-13 6C 6 13 6 7
14
Carbon-14 6C 6 14 6 8
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Chlorine Chlorine- 17Cl 17 35 17 18
35
37
Chlorine- 17Cl 17 37 17 20
37
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Sodium Sodium- 11Na 11 23 11 12
23
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Sodium- 11Na 11 24 11 13
24
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7. However, with the third shell, when eight electrons are present, extra stability is gained. The
additional electrons go into the fourth shell before the third shell is completely filled.
8. The way in which the electrons are distributed in the shells of an atom is called the electron
arrangement of the atom
2.9. The examples below show the electron arrangement of some elements:
10.
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Table below shows the arrangement of electrons of the first 20 elements in the periodic table. We shall
learn periodic table in chapter 4.
Hydrogen 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
Helium 2 2 2 0 0 0 2
Lithium 3 3 2 1 0 0 2.1
Beryllium 4 4 2 2 0 0 2.2
Boron 5 5 2 3 0 0 2.3
Carbon 6 6 2 4 0 0 2.4
Nitrogen 7 7 2 5 0 0 2.5
Oxygen 8 8 2 6 0 0 2.6
Fluorine 9 9 2 7 0 0 2.7
Neon 10 10 2 8 0 0 2.8
Sodium 11 11 2 8 1 0 2.8.1
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Magnesium 12 12 2 8 2 0 2.8.2
Aluminium 13 13 2 8 3 0 2.8.3
Silicon 14 14 2 8 4 0 2.8.4
Phosphorus 15 15 2 8 5 0 2.8.5
Sulphur 16 16 2 8 6 0 2.8.6
Chlorine 17 17 2 8 7 0 2.8.7
Argon 18 18 2 8 8 0 2.8.8
Potassium 19 19 2 8 8 1 2.8.8.1
Calcium 20 20 2 8 8 2 2.8.8.2
Valence Electron
Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell.
1. The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are called valence electrons.
2. The valence electrons have great significance in determining the chemical properties of an atom.
3. Elements with the same number of valence electron have the same chemical properties.
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Example: Given that a sodium atom has 11 protons 12 neutrons. Find the number of valence electron in
a sodium atom.
Answer:
For an atom,
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