Notes of Ch 1 Crop Production and Management| Class 8th Science « Study Rankers Page 1 of 6

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Study Material and Notes of Ch 1 Crop Production and
Management Class 8th Science

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Types of crops
• Agricultural practices
→ Preparation of soil
→ Sowing
→ Addition of manure and fertiliser
→ Irrigation
→ Harvesting
→ Storage
• Animal husbandry

Introduction

→ Human requires food for their survival as the energy obtained

Class 8th NCERT Solutions from the food is used for the various metabolic activities as
Respiration, Excretion etc. We get our food from plants by
Honeydew NCERT Solutions (English) Agricultural practices and animals too by the process of Animal
husbandry (the branch of agriculture which deals with the rearing
It so Happened NCERT Solutions (English) of animals-livestock). In order to provide food for a large
population, regular production, proper management and
Vasant NCERT Solutions (Hindi) distribution of food is necessary.
→ When plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated at one
Bharat ki Khoj NCERT Solutions (Hindi)
place on a large scale, it is called a crop. For example- wheat,
rice, cereals, vegetables, fruits. These are classified on the basis
Durva NCERT Solutions (Hindi)
of season in which they grow.
Maths NCERT Solutions → India is the India is a vast country. The climatic conditions like
temperature, humidity and rainfall vary from one region to
Science NCERT Solutions another. Accordingly, there is a rich variety of crops grown in
different parts of the country.

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Page 2 of 6
Types of crops
→ Kharif Crops: The crops which are sown in the rainy season
are called kharif crop. The rainy season in India is from June to
September. For Example- Paddy, maize, soybean, groundnut,
cotton etc.
→ Rabi Crops: The crops grown in the winter season are Rabi
crops. Their time Period is generally from October to March. For
Example- Wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed.
(Paddy is not cultivated in summer season because it requires
lot of water. Therefore, it is cultivated in rainy season)
Cultivation of crops include various Agricultural practice
• Preparation of soil: The preparation of soil is the first step
before growing a crop. One of the most important tasks in
agricultural is to turn the soil and loosen it. This allows the roots
to penetrate deep into the soil. The loose soil allows the roots to
breathe easily even when they go deep into the soil. The
loosened soil helps in the growth of earthworm and microbes
present in the soil. These organisms are friends of the farmer
since they further turn and loose the soil and add humus to it.
only a few centimetres of the top layer of soil supports plant
growth, turning and loosening of soil brings the nutrient-rich soil
to the top so that plants can use these nutrients. Thus, turning
and loosening of soil is very important for cultivation of crops.
→ The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called
tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a plough. Ploughs
are made of wood or iron. The ploughed field may have big
pieces of soil called crumbs. Field is levelled for Sowing.
Agricultural Implements
(i) Plough: This is being used since ancient times for tilling the
soil, adding fertilisers to the crop, removing the weeds, scraping
of soil, etc. It contains a strong triangular iron strip called
ploughshare. The main part of the plough is a long log of wood
which is called a plough shaft.
The indigenous wooden plough is increasingly being replaced by
iron ploughs nowadays.
• Hoe: It is a simple tool which is used for removing weeds and
for loosening the soil. It has a long rod of wood or iron. A strong,
broad and bent plate of iron is fixed to one of its ends and works
like a blade. It is pulled by animals.
• Cultivator: Nowadays ploughing is done by tractor driven
cultivator. The use of cultivator saves labour and time.
(ii) Sowing: Sowing is the most important part of crop
production. Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected.
Farmers prefer to use seeds which give a high yield.
• Traditional tool: The tool used traditionally for sowing seeds is
shaped like a funnel. The seeds are filled into the funnel, passed
down through two or three pipes having sharp ends. These ends
pierce into the soil and place seeds there.
• Seed drill: the seed drill is used for sowing with the help of
tractors. This tool sows the seeds uniformly at proper distances
and depths. It ensures that seeds get covered by the soil after
sowing. This prevents damage caused by birds. Sowing by using
a seed drill saves time and labour.
It is important to maintain the distance to avoid overcrowding of
plants to ensure proper nutrients, sufficient sunlight and water.
(iii) Adding Manures and Fertilizers: The substances which
are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy
growth of plants are called manure and fertilisers. Continuous
growing of crops makes the soil poorer in certain nutrients.
Therefore, farmers have to add manure to the fields to replenish
the soil with nutrients. This process is called Manuring. Improper
or insufficient Manuring results in weak plants.
• Farmers dump plant and animal waste in pits at open places
Notes of Ch 1 Crop Production and Management| Class 8th Science « Study Rankers Page 3 of 6

and allow it to decompose. The decomposition is caused by

some microorganisms. The decomposed matter is used as
organic manure.

• Fertilisers are chemical substances which are rich in a

particular nutrient. Fertilisers are produced in factories. Some
examples of fertilisers are urea, ammonium sulphate, super
phosphate, potash, NPK(Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium). But
excessive use of fertilisers has made the soil less fertile.
Fertilisers have also become a source of water pollution.

• Another method of replenishing the soil with nutrients is

through crop rotation.

Advantages of Manures
→ The organic manure is considered better than fertilisers.
→ It enhances the water holding capacity of the soil.
→ It makes the soil porous due to which exchange of gases
becomes easy.
→ It increases the number of friendly microbes.
→ It improves the texture of the soil.

(iv) Irrigation: The supply of water to crops at different intervals

is called irrigation. The time and frequency of irrigation varies
from crop to crop, soil to soil and season to season
→ To maintain the moisture of the soil for healthy crop growth,
fields have to be watered regularly. Water also protects the crop
from both frost and hot air currents.
→ Sources of irrigation: The sources of irrigation are wells, tube
wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams and canals.
• Traditional system: These methods are cheaper, but less
efficient. The various traditional ways are:
→ Moat (pulley-system)
→ Chain pump
→ Dhekli, and
→ Rahat (Lever system)

• Modern method of Irrigation: Modern methods of irrigation

help us to use water economically. The main methods used are
as follows
→ Sprinkler System
→ Drip system

(v) Protection from weed

→ In a field many other undesirable plants may grow naturally
along with the crop. These undesirable plants are called weeds.
→ The removal of weeds is called weeding. Weeding is
necessary since weeds compete with the crop plants for water,
nutrients, space and light. The best time for the removal of
weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds. Weeds are
also controlled by using certain chemicals, called weedicides,
like 2,4-D. These are sprayed in the fields to kill the weeds. They
do not damage the crops. The weedicides are diluted with water
to the extent required and sprayed in the fields with a sprayer.

(vi) Harvesting
→ The cutting of crop after it is mature is called harvesting. In
harvesting, crops are pulled out or cut close to the ground. It
usually takes 3 to 4 months for a cereal crop to mature.
Harvesting in our country is either done manually by sickle or by
a machine called harvester.

→ In the harvested crop, the grain seeds need to be separated

from the chaff. This process is called threshing. This is carried
out with the help of a machine called ‘combine’ which is in fact a
combined harvester and thresher. Farmers with small holdings of
land do the separation of grain and chaff by winnowing.

(vii) Storage: Storage of produce is an important task. Before

storing them, the grains are properly dried in the sun to reduce
the moisture in them. This prevents the attack by insect pests,
bacteria and fungi. Farmers store grains in jute bags or metallic
bins. However, large scale storage of grains is done in silos and
granaries to protect them from pests like rats and insects dried
neem leaves are used for storing food grains at home. For
storing large quantities of grains in big godowns, specific

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chemical treatments are required to protect them from pests and

microorganisms.

Animal Husbandry

→ Animals reared at home or in farms, have to be provided with

proper food, shelter and care. When this is done on a large
scale, it is called animal husbandry.
→ Fish is good for health. We get cod liver oil from fish which is
rich in vitamin D.

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7 Comments Sort by Top

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Navin Jha
nice
Like · Reply · 24w

Paras Phalak ·
Rustomjie International School
very good notes.made my work easy.
Like · Reply · 1 · 42w

Bharat Nagar ·
H.R.I.T GROUP OF INSTITUTE,GHAZIABAD
best photo
Like · Reply · 49w

Purushothaman Purusoth ·
Minjur
SUPER
Like · Reply · 49w

Bhupendra Trivedi ·
HOD Maths & Teacher at NEW TAIYEBIYAH HIGH SCHOOL
nice notes
Like · Reply · 49w

Somesh Kaushik ·
Works at FacebooK V.I.P █│║▌║││█║▌│║█║ AccounT
This is very easy but where are other chapters
Like · Reply · 1y

Abdul Basitwani ·
Works at Paradise Kashmir
why only one chapter's study material is here where are
others??????
Like · Reply · 1 · 1y

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