INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS PARK

@ BANGALORE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

RAJANAGESWARI. S .V

2601131AR176

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B.ARCH)

in

ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HOSUR

(Autonomous)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2018
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS PARK” is

the bonafide work of “RAJANAGESWARI.S.V” who carried out the project
work under my supervision.

Prof. Ar. R.Seetha, M.Arch. Ar. Kruthika, B.Arch.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Department of Architecture Department of Architecture
Adhiyamaan College of Engg. Adhiyamaan College of Engg.
Dr. M.G.R. Nagar Dr. M.G.R. Nagar
Hosur – 635 109. Hosur – 635 109.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 DECLARATION

RAJANAGESWARI.S.V. (Reg no: 2601131AR176) a bonafide student of the

Department of Architecture, Adhiyamaan college of Engineering (autonomous),
Hosur, hereby declares that this thesis report entitled ”INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS PARK @ BANGALORE” for the award of the degree, Bachelor of
Architecture, is my original work and has not formed the basis or submitted to
any other universities or institution for the award of a degree or diploma.

DATE :
PLACE: HOSUR (RAJANAGESWARI.S.V)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I first thank lord almighty, whose graceful blessings enabled me to complete this
thesis project for the fulfilment of my B.Arch. degree course.

I convey my heartfelt thanks to the college, especially to our Principal Dr. G.

Ranganath, M.E, Ph.D., M.I.S.T.E., M.I.E., C.Eng. (I), for providing the
wonderful environment and their support.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to our beloved H.O.D, Prof. Ar.
R. Seetha, M.Arch, for rendering her valuable guidance, support, encouragement
and advice to make my efforts and the project successful.

I specially thank my Guide, Ar. Kruthika, B.Arch., for her timely guidance and
encouragement. I thank all other faculty of the architecture department for their
help and guidance.

I am grateful to My parents and My family members who offered great support

and encouragement during the thesis.

(RAJANAGESWARI.S.V.)
 Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1

SYNOPSIS 1

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT 2

1.1 AIMS 2

1.2 OBJECTIVE 2

1.3 NEED OF THE PROJECT 2

1.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT 2

1.5 FOCUS 3

1.6 WORK PRODUCTIVE 3

1.7 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 4

1.8 BUILDING SERVICES 4

1.9 METHODOLOGY 5

1.10 SITE SELECTION 6

PART 2

LITERATURE STUDY

2. BUISNESS PARK 8
2.1 IMPACT ON DESIGN 8
2.2 OFFICE 11
2.3 TYPES OF OFFICE SHELL 11
2.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 12
2.5 TYPES OF OFFICES 14
2.6 CORE LOCATION 16
2.7 OFFICE BUILDING 19
2.8 OFFICE SPACES 20
2.9 INTERIOR DESIGN CONSIDERATION 24
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2.10 CONFERENCE 26
2.11 ACOUSTICS 39
2.12 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FEATURES 40
2.13 BUILDING SAFETY 43
2.14 SERVICES 45
2.15 CIRCULATION SYSTEM 52
2.16 FOOD COURT 59
2.17 BUISNESS CLASS HOTEL 62
2.18 CONVENTION CENTER 74
2.19 AUDITORIUM 76

PART 3

3. CASE STUDY
3.1 INTERNATIONAL TECH PARK,BANGALORE 83
3.2 INFOTECH ,BANGALORE 96
3.3 TCS SIRUSERI,CHENNAI 105

4. SPECIAL STUDY
4.1 PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE 112

5. INTERNET CASE STUDY

5.1 WORLD TRADE CENTER,PUNE 138

6. CASE STUDY MATRIX 144

PART 3

7. SITE DETAILS 146

8. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROGRAMME 156
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 161

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 Table of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no Discription Page no

Fig.2 Corridor Office 14

Fig.3 Open office 15

Fig.4 Landscape Office 15

Fig.5 Core location 16

Fig.6 Core in center & Exterior 17

Fig.7 Core in off-center & Split 18

Fig.8 Data office space 20

Fig.9 Private workstation 22

Fig.10 Minimum Dimension for Two person Office 22

Fig.11 Open plan space 23

Fig.12 Cellural plan 24

Fig.13 Office shelf 25

Fig.14 Office Desk 26

Fig.15 Office Wardrobe & cabinets 26

Fig.16 Aisels 27

Fig.17 Atrium location 29

Fig.18 Air flow in Atrium 29

Fig.19 Toilet section 32

Fig.20 Minimum Toilet dimension 33

Fig.21 Car dimension & Turning Radius 34

Fig.22 Parking Dimension 35

Fig.23 Parking patterns 35

Fig.24 OAT layout 37

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Fig.25 Theater in Petra 38

Fig.26 Sound travel 40

Fig.27 Height & Azimuth Angle of variation 42

Fig.28 Solar radiation on glazing panel 43

Fig.29 Vertical opening 44

Fig.30 Exits 45

Fig.31 Fire escape 47

Fig.32 Office Server room 48

Fig.33 Air conditioning system 49

Fig.34 Cooling Tower 50

Fig.35 Ducts 51

Fig.36 Service Duct 52

Fig.37 Dimension of Escalator 54

Fig.38 Escalator space 55

Fig.39 Elevator Dimension 56

Fig.40 Elevator shaft dimension 57

Fig.41 Ramp Approach dimension 58

Fig.42 Types of Ramp 59

Fig.43 Food court Layout 60

Fig.44 Restaurant layout 61

Fig.45 Dinning Furniture 62

Fig.46 Dinning Table 67

Fig.47 Anthropometry kitchen space 69

Fig.48 Dimensions of counter and shelf units 71

Fig.49 Dinning layout 72

Fig.50 Functional diagram of kitchen 73

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Fig.51 Anthropometry of Counter 73

Fig.52 Section of Auditorium 81

Fig.53 ITPL 84

Fig.54 Google map of ITPL 85

Fig.55 View of all blocks 86

Fig.56 Master Plan of ITPL 87

Fig.57 Discoverer Block 88

Fig.58 Creator Block 89

Fig.59 Innovator Block 89

Fig.60 Side view 89

Fig.61 Explorer Block 90

Fig. 62 View of all three Blocks of ITPL 91

Fig.63 Power Plant 92

Fig.64 Services and Amenities 94

Fig. 65 TCS 97

Fig.66 Google map of TCS 97

Fig.67 View of Entrance 98

Fig.68 Master Plan of TCS 99

Fig.69 Air movement in the Central spine of TCS 99

Fig.70 Block arrangement in TCS 100

Fig.71 Plantation between wings 101

Fig.72 landscape at TCS 101

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Fig.73 Basement Parking 102

Fig.74 Interior Office Space 103

Fig.75 View of Floor with double glazed glass 104

Fig.76 Google map of ITC 106

Fig.77 ITC Admin block 106

Fig.78 Master Plan with circulation 107

Fig.79 View of Road layout 108

Fig.80 Block placement in ITC 109

Fig.81 Power plan 110

Fig.82 Landscaping 110

Fig.83 Cairo Expo city, Designed by ZHA 113

Fig.84 Olaya Metro Station, Designed by 113

Gerber Architekten

Fig.85 Twisted Structure 114

Fig.86 B.V. Doshi’s Sangarth in Ahmadabad 118

Fig.87 Zany Beko, Downtown in Belgrade, 119

Designed by ZHA

Fig.88 Olaya metro station, Designed by 120

Gerber Architeckton

Fig.89 Kartal Pendik Master Plan, Istanbul, 120

Turkey, Designed by Partrik Schumacher

Fig.90 Geometry Fluidity House Villa Design 121

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Concept, Designed by Jurgen

Mayer H Architects

Fig.91 Dongdaemum Design park and Plaza, 121

Seoul, Designed by Zaha Hadid

Fig.92 Fluid Structure 122

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Description Page No

Table.1 Details about Devanahalli 134

Table.2 Industries 137

Table.3 Educational Institute 138

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IT - Information Technology

FAR - Floor Area Ratio

NBC - National Building Code of India

OAT - Open Air Theater

HVAC - Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning

SEZ - Social Economic Zone

ITPL - International Tech Park.Ltd

TCS - Tata Consultancy Services

ITC – Info Tech Park

MEVR - Minimum Efficiency Reporting valves

ACP - Aluminum Composite Panel

LEDs - light-emitting diode

CFL - Compact fluorescent lamp

APFC - Automatic Power factor correction Panels

STP - Sewage treatment plants

CAD - Computer aided design

WTC – World Trade Center

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1. SYNOPSIS
 SYNOPSIS

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

WHAT IS AN INTERNATIONAL BUISNESS PARK?

 A business park or office park is an area of land in which many office

buildings are grouped together. All of the work that goes on is
commercial, not large-scale industrial nor-residential.
 These are popular in many suburban locations, where development is
cheaper because of the lower land costs and the lower building costs for
building wider, not necessarily higher. Some businesses prefer the larger
floorplates as more efficient, reducing time lost moving between floors.
 They are also often located near motorways or main roads for easy
access.
1.1. AIM

 To design a business park in the city of Bangalore. The silicon Valley of

India.
 To create and design spaces that evoke the productivity of the employee
working in the business park.
1.2. OBJECTIVE
 To improve and develop lands and construct buildings and related
facilities based on a more technology advance construction techniques.
 Organize and maintain residential areas, restaurants and other amenities
for its members, their guests and non –members visited by the park.

1.3. NEED OF THE PROJECT

 The need is to provide a space for the business people, a well-designed
space to develop the communication, Technology and a platform to share
knowledge.

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 SYNOPSIS

 Different areas with well-designed spaces for a standard atmosphere.

Provision of accommodation facilities with all required services, other
space for relaxation like OAT, indoor and outdoor sport zones to create a
sportive and an energetic environmental space.

1.4. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

 The scope of the project consists of variety of function like office space,
convention hall, food court, guest facilities, and club facilities for the
members.
 The park has all the facilities to sustain all the events and functions at the
campus with conference hall, seminar hall, library and resource Centre,
guest room, food court, health facilities, exhibition, auditorium,etc.,

1.5. FOCUS
 Design of the business park with all the good functionality and
incorporating the best master plan possible after considering climate, and
existing site features. Services of the building on site and the masterplan
should be indicate and well justified. Design should be sustainable and
energy efficient. Should qualify for a SEZ.

1.6. WORK PRODUCTIVITY

 Earlier, designers and organization leaders often privileged aesthetics
over function and built fixed physical boundaries between industries,
organizations and individual workers.
 Today research shows that the most successful innovation spaces
prioritize flexibility and pro-actively provide opportunities for
collaboration.

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 SYNOPSIS

 Designers must recognize the importance of innovation spaces and

intentionally design them into functional catalysts for innovation.
Those spaces designed with people and collaboration in mind not only
bring innovative aesthetics, but also contribute to the modern economy
and the strength of the communities in which they reside

1.7. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

 IT/ITES units
 Conference Halls
 Restaurants
 Clubs/Health centers
 Banks/ATMs
 Oat
 Recreation and Gathering spaces
 Transportation services

1.8. BUILDING SERVICE

 Fire safety sprinkler
 Water services
 Security management
 Parking and other transportation
 Voice and data communication
 Access control

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 SYNOPSIS

1.9. METHODOLOGY

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 SYNOPSIS

1.10. SITE SELECTION

Following points should be considered

 Height and plot ratio requirements

 Ease of access
 Adequacy for parking either on ground or within the building
 Views and aspect
 Relationship to adjoining building and the neighborhood
 Levels and contours

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2. LITERATURE STUDY
 Literature Study

2. BUSINESS PARK
 An area where people work in a collaboration atmosphere. A place where
various types of duty takes place.

2.1 IMPACT ON DESIGN

 In design the productivity of all the employees should be to the
maximum.
 All the aspects of the built environment identified, studied and
analyzed should be implemented. Aim of the project should be to
enhance the productivity of the employee.

2.1.1. ASPECTS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

 Spatial Organization
 Ventilation
 Lighting
 Colors
 View to outside
 Acoustics
 Green open spaces

2.1.2. PRESENT SCENARIO

 India’s Information Technology industry growth is unparalleled in the
history. No mater industry in India has grown at such fast pace in as
the IT industry.
 India’s IT industry started blooming in the 1990s and was estimated at
159 million US Dollars in 1990-91. By 2006-2007, the industry has
grown million US Dollars ; that is a 330 fold increase in just 15 years.

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 Literature Study

 By year 2008, the industry was estimated to increase to 87 billion US

Dollars. The annual growth rate of the industry in India is estimated at
30%.
 There are many other contributing factors for the growth of IT in
India. India has the second largest technically qualified manpower, the
first being US, with skills in English language. It is estimated that
there are over 4 million technically qualified workers available for
employment in India .
 Coast of labor is perhaps one tenth of the wages prevalent in US.
Technically skilled English speaking cheap labor is a big plus for US
and others to setup and manage their units in India. Along with the
inexpensive labor coast, other expenses for running a business are also
less in India compared to other development economies.
 The Government of India has also suitably chipped in with reducing
import duties on software and hardware products to encourage growth
of the IT industry. India’s internet bandwidth and costs are comparted
with the best in the world. Many local governments have activity
participated in the growth of IT industry and setup dedicated IT parks
with all infrastructure and power for the smooth functioning of
participating companies in the IT park

2.1.3. GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BUISNESS PARK

 While identifying the location for setting up the business park, the
promoters may keep in view the following aspects:
 Business parks may be located outside an urban area.
 Sufficient land and water resource for the population envisaged in the
Business Parks should be available
 Cultivable lands should be considered only if adequate quantum of
land is not available.

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 Literature Study

 First preference should be for acquisition of waste and barren land,

followed by single crop and double crop land necessary to meet the
contiguity requirements.
 Site shall have potential for development as self-contained entity
along with environment stability.
 SEZ shall be self-contained with respect to basic facilities and
requirements.
 The developer may also strive to create facilities such as industrial
training centre is, vocal training programs and other such community
development programs for the benefit of people impacted by the
establishment of the zone in association with governmental or non-
governmental agencies.

2.1.4. DEVELOPMENT PLAN

IT/ITES

 Minimum constructed floor area 15,000 sq m

 75% of allocable area shall be allotted for IT activities & 25% area
shall be allowed for commercial use. Sub-leasing shall be allowed for
Core & Non-core area.
 Concession period will be 30 years
 Selection of Private sector Participation through transparent
competitive bidding.
 Reputed firms having financial strength shall be allowed to participate
in building.
 The project shall be awarded on Joint Venture or DBFOT model
 Single Window Clearances for state government approval.
 Broad spatial plan showing land use pattern, road and other
infrastructure.

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 Literature Study

 The plans need to be frequently backed by investment

plans/programmers for infrastructure to be implemented in a phase
manner.
 Planning of SEZ’s may adopt different kinds of development low rise
& low density development or high rise and high density urban form
depending on the availability of land requirement of operating units.
 Development authority to provide Trunk infrastructure such as power,
telecom/broadband, water, sewage, road connectivity, etc. till battery
limit of the project.

2.2. OFFICE

2.2.1. MEANING

 An office is generally a room or other area in which people work, but

may also denote a position within an organization with specific duties
attached to it (see office, office-holder, and official); office as place
originally referring to the location of one’s duty. Office may refer to a
business-related tasks.
 The increase in office work during the last decade have focused
attending on the functional need of offices. The efficiency of the work
depends on easy flow and easy communication within interference
from the physical barrier different activities, some noisy, some quite
must be related to one another, changes in number and groups are
characteristics of office organization.

2.3. TYPE OF OFFICE SHELL

 Three factors determine the shape of floor of office building,

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 Literature Study

 Depth of any work place area measured between perimeter or core and
primary circulation.
 Position of primary circulation fixed it serves to single or double corridors,
position of cores placed centrally or at one end or detached.
 Major bands of office
space depths can be
identified narrow 4000
to 6000 mm suitable for
single office room or
open plan work space
medium 6000 to 8000
mm suitable for
enclosures larger than single Fig.1 Building Typology
room or for open plan work
spaces, deep 8000+

2.4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

2.4.1. LOCATION
 While offices can be built in almost any location in almost in any
building, some modern requirements for offices make this more
difficult. These requirements can be both legal (i.e. light level must be
sufficient) or technical (i.e. requirements for networking)
 An office building also known as an office block is a form of
commercial building which contain spaces mainly designed to be used
for offices.
 The primary purpose of an office is to provide a work place and
working environment primarily for administrative managerial
workers.

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 Literature Study

 These workers usually occupy set areas within in the office building,
and usually are provided with desks, PC’s and other requirement they
may need within these areas.
 An office building will be divided into sections for different
companies or may be dedicated to one company.

2.4.2. PLANNING TYPOLOGY

 Large office building ae usually multistory structure with movable

internal walls.
 Service course containing plumbing, staircases. Elevators, etc… are
generally located at the maximum distances specified by the building
regulations.
 Service code can be located at the front of the building.
 One side of the building.
 At interior corners.
 At the end of the passage.
 Between corridors next to the lift shaft.
 In order to maintain the greatest possible length and continuity in
working spaces. a simple central works of columns allows for a corridor
on one side or the other according to space requirements.
 Elevators and toilets can be located at the interior corners of the
stairwells.
 Dark rooms, strong rooms should be in dark areas.
 The area required to connect office spaces in office buildings is the
circulation area in a closed plan.

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 Literature Study

 Fire safety is primary consideration in the planning of circulation

routes, and should be considered at an early stage. The main
considerations are the width of the circulation routes, the distance to
be travelled, provision of alternative escape routes and the avoidance
of dead and corridors.

2.5. TYPES OF OFFICES

 Corridor office
 Open office plan
 Landscape office
 Closed office plan

2.5.1. CORRIDOR OFFICE

 The corridor office with its
fixed framing and secondary
traffic ways, with its flexible
room and obvious arrangements
if one has to relay on natural
light and ventilation and if one
Fig.2 Corridor Office
is limited to wall structure span.
 Traffic routes in such layout are long and in one direction only and
single rooms are easily provided privacy is available .Partition
prevents overlooking and can prevent over hearing.

2.5.2. OPEN OFFICE PLAN

 The open plan office introduced to overcome the obvious deficiencies
the corridor office advancement in air conditioning and artificial
lighting freed buildings from shallow shape.

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 Literature Study

 Unfortunately the open plan brings other problems in its worker staff
below supervisory level that do not have prestige often individual
office, dislike the noise in the open space, the long rows of ordered
desk the lack of and exposure to distraction the perimeter of the
building is taken over by
executive officers, so that the
rest of the staff is virtually
working.
 The open office make
supervision easy, alteration are
not so difficult and a limited of
Fig.3 Open office
flexibility is achieved but needs
of the users are neglected.

2.5.3. LANDSCAPED OFFICE

 The idea of the office
landscaping was developed in
West Germany during the early
sixties.
 The idea of a landscaped
offices provides a synthesis of
open planning and privacy. It
Fig.4 Landscape Office
create a flexible functional
environment suitable for complex organization of office work
executive and staff alike. There is a free of communication.
 The surrounding are pleasant a functional layout is possible people
are involved with their work and increased productivity is said to
result.

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 Literature Study

2.5.4. CLOSED OFFICE PLAN

 Full height walls divided the space into office and suppose space by
floor to ceiling partition with doors, private offices are located near
wall, and administrative support is housed in the workstation along the
corridors or in the shared rooms.
 The corridor office with its fixed framing and secondary traffic ways,
with its flexible room is and obvious arrangements if one has to relay
on natural light and ventilation and if one is limited to wall structure
span.

2.6. CORE LOCATION

2.6.1. CENTRAL
 It allows all window
space to be utilized
as rentable office
space and depending
upon the
configuration of the
building plan will
permit offices of
varying depths to receive
Fig.5 Core location
natural light.
 The central location is also extremely convenient in terms of access
and in some cases may be equidistance for all sides. This simplifies
area division and provides good flexibility of tenant distribution in the
same way, Horizontal utility runs may also be relatively equidistant
from the core.

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 Literature Study

Fig.6 Core in
center & Exterior

 Combined with a square building plan, bearing exterior, and core

walls this location permits a floor plan free of columns and thus totally
flexible for office layout. While this core location has definite
advantages, it also has some drawbacks. One disadvantage is that the
central interior location limits the depth of offices in the mid zone of
each floor, affecting the elements of flexibility in office layout.
Another floor-area consuming characteristic of this core is that it
requires an access corridor around its perimeter.

2.6.2. OFF-CENTER
 Like the central-interior core, the off-center interior core permits all
window or building perimeter space to be used for offices. However, it
presents somewhat more flexibility in maximum depth and
arrangement of spaces.
 This can be particularly desirable where large open spaces such as
secretarial or clerical pools are required. It also affords the opportunity
of developing small secluded spaces in the reality narrow portion of
the floor plan where the core is close to the exterior walls.
 This core location may present some problems of access. Because it is
off-center, it is somewhat remote and thus less convenient to the far
sides and corners of the building.

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 Literature Study

Fig.7 Core in off-

center & Split

 If there is
multiple-tenant occupancy on any given floor, a long access corridor
will be required as will be a perimeter corridor around the core itself.
The off-center location may also lessen flexibility of tenant
distribution.

2.6.3. SPLIT
 The principal advantage of a split core is that it virtually eliminates the
need for a peripheral corridor on the core. Access to this core is from
the area between its split elements and not from the area between its
split elements and not from the area around its edges.
 This permits more flexibility of floor-area division, leaving even the
area immediately adjacent to the core available for office space.
Depending on the width of the access space in the center of the core,
this space may be put to different uses on different floors.
 At the ground, or entry level this area can become a lobby, while on
floors where elevators do not stop this space can be used for additional
office space.

2.6.4. EXTERIOR
 The primary advantage of an exterior core arrangement is that it leaves
the entire floor area of the building available is achieved for tenant
use.

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 Literature Study

 With this type of arrangement, maximum flexibility is achieved with

respect to tenant distribution, office depth, and layout. Since the core
creates a “dead wall” or portion thereof, it may be used as a buffer
between the building and an adjoining property which may have
objectionable characteristics.
 Location on the outside of the building also permits the core to act as
appoint of transition between one building and another of possible
different scale.

2.7. OFFICE BUILDING

 An office building must have flexible and technologically –advanced

working environments that are safe, healthy, comfortable, durable,
aesthetically pleasing, and accessible.
 It must be able to accommodate the specific space and equipment needs
of the tenant. Special attention should be made to the selection of interior
finish and art installation, particularly in entry spaces, conference rooms
and other areas with public access.
 An office building incorporates a number of space types to meet the
needs of staff and visitors.

OFFICES
 May be private or semi-
private
 Conference rooms, meeting
rooms and visitor support
spaces Fig.8 Data office space

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 Literature Study

EMPLOYEE/VISITOR SUPPORT SPACES

 Convenience store, vending machines
 Lobby: Central location for building directory, schedules and general
information
 Atrium or common space: informal, multi-purpose recreation and social
gathering space
 Cafeteria or Dining hall
 Toilets /Restrooms
 Physical Fitness Area
 Interior or Surface Parking areas
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT SPACES
 Administrative office: May be private or semi-private acoustically or
visually
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SPACES
 General storage: for items such as stationery, equipment, and
instructional materials.
 Food preparation Areas or Kitchen
 Computer/IT closets
 Maintenance Closets

2.8. OFFICE SPACES

2.8.1. PRIVATE OFFICES

 Private office should be assigned primarily for functional reasons i.e.
nature of work, Visitor traffic, or for security reasons.
 When private offices are provided, they should be only large enough
for the occupant to conduct his normal business with a reasonable
degree of dignity.

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 Literature Study

 The following are some of the factors required consideration prior to

making the assignment:

2.8.1.1. Classification grade

 The necessity for a private office cannot be directly related to the
classification grade of the employee. Supervisors in open spaces
supervisors who are working with their employees, rather than
planning for them, should generally be in the same room or open
space with them

2.8.1.2. Prestige
 A frequent justification for a private office is to impress visiting
representatives of industry, and the general public, with the
importance or dignity of the official being contacted.
 They show many highly paid employees housed in attractive
open space. Moderately sized private offices are provided only
for upper-echelon officials.
 The offices of many top executives of large, nationally known
companies are less
than 250 sqft each.
The provision of a
private office, or too
large a private office,
for a Government
official may give the
taxpayers an adverse
impression
Fig.9 Private Workstation

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 Literature Study

2.8.1.3. Size and private offices

 It is desirable that private offices be a minimum of 100 sqft and a
maximum of 300 sqft each in size, depending upon the
requirements of the occupant.
 Only in cases where it is necessary for the occupant to meet with
delegations of 10 or more people at least once a day should the
size approach 300 sqft.

2.8.1.4. Semi private offices

 The semiprivate office is a room, ranging
in size from 150 to 400 sq ft, occupied by
two or more individuals.
 These offices can be enclosed by ceiling-
hight, three-Quarter –high, or bank – type
partitions. Beacause of the loss of flexibility
Fig.10 Minimum introduced by the use of the partitions
Dimension for Two required to enclose these offices, the same
person Office
rigid review given private offices should be
employed.

2.8.1.5. General or open space

Fig.11 Open plan space

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 “General office space” refers to an open area occupied by a

number of employees, supervisors, furnishings, equipment, and
circulation area.
 Large open areas permit flexibility and effective utilization, aid
office communications, provide better light and ventilation,
reduce space requirements, make possible better flow of
work,simplify supervision , and eliminate partition costs. In many
cases, however, open –space for more than 50 persons should be
subdivided either by use of file cabinets, shelving, railing or low
bank-type parttions.

2.8.1.6. Cellurarisation
 Not all organizations require
large number of small room
and not all can use high
proportion of space
successfully.
 In life of organization
demand for cellular and open
spaces will fluctuate.
consequently capacity of
office building shell to
provide range of room
Fig.12 Cellural plan
arrangements must be measured.
 Should be recommended that small cabins not just require for
individual office but increasingly for other functions, e.g. noisy or
confidential machines such as terminal printers and telexes.

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2.9. INTERIOR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 The amount of office space built during in the past few decades can be
measured in the hundreds of billions of square feet, within the buildings,
workers spent nearly half their waking hours and a third of their entire
lives.
 Over the life span of a typical office building, the same spaces may be
occupied by a succession of different tenants, each with their own
programmatic requirements. Consequently. Interior spaces may be
recycled and redesigned many times, simply to accommodate the change
in needs of new corporate uses. In many instants redesign may be
necessitated solely by the effect of technological change on the
methodology of transacting business.

CONSIDERATIONS

1. Trading desks
2. Elevator
computer floors
3. Built in storage
cabinets
4. Work counters
5. Wall paneling
6. Vanities
7. Reception desks
8. Conference
room elements
Fig.13 Office shelf
9. Also included our illustrations and
dimensional data pertaining to typical office furniture, equipment, and
electronic media storage.

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2.9.1. OFFICE FURNITURE

 Once simply element in work stations for clerical staff and managers
office furniture has become more specific and also means of
controlling use of space e.g.
 Screens to separate
 Linking units to allow work places to be ganged in various ways
 Services carried by furniture
 Use of vertical surfaces for storage
 Use of storage to subdivide in fine walls.

 These developments have been basic of many

proprietary furniture systems. Fig.14 Office Desk

Fig.15 Office Wardrobe & cabinets

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 Many types of layout possible but principle controlling factor

density.Densities in open office planning at 8 sq m / head, 12 sq m
and16 sq m.

2.9.2. CIRCULATION
 This is the area required to conveniently permit ingress and egress to
work stations. The size of an aisle should be governed by the amount of
traffic it bears. The following standards with regard to internal circulation
will be applied in space planning surveys:
 Aisels leading to main exits from areas which carry substantial traffic
(main aisles) should be
60in.wide.
 Aisels which carry a
moderate amount of traffic
(intermediate aisels) should be
48in. wide.
 Aisels between rows of
desks (secondary aisels) should
be approximately 36in. wide.
Fig.16 Aisels

2.10. CONFERENCE
 Conferences, meetings and assemblies are an important part of
government operations. Whenever possible, the establishments of
conference rooms should be based on need established from past records
and experience, rather than on anticipated needs.
 Unnecessary conference space is often allowed because planning is not
based on such records of demonstrated need. The space planner should
always evaluate the utilization of existing conference rooms before
recommending others.

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2.10.1. CONFERENCE SPACE IN PRIVATE OFFICES VS.

THE CONFERENCE ROOM

 Conferences are best conducted in space designed for that purpose.

Conference space should not be provided in private offices. Instead of
large offices, it is desirable to provide a conference room adjoining the
office of a top official who holds a large number of conferences and
nearby conference rooms for officials with more limited requirements.
Separate conference rooms permit maximum utilization through
scheduling at an appropriate level of management. Where feasible,
training and conference requirements should be pooled and conference
space used as auxiliary office area for visitors

2.10.2. LOCATION OF CONFERENCE ROOMS

 The conference room should be centrally located to the user’s .Interior

space, which is not the most desirable for office purposes, is well suited
for conference use. This location eliminates outside distraction and the
need for window coverings during visual presentations. Access to
conference rooms should be through corridors or through reception areas.

2.10.3. SIZE OF CONFERENCE ROOMS

 Conference rooms should be designed to accommodate average but not

maximum attendance. Extra chairs can be used to achieve additional
seating.

2.10.3. RECEPTION AREAS AND VISITOR CONTROL

 Visitors receive their impression of an organization from the décor and
layout of the reception area. An allowance of 10 sq ft for each visitor to
be served may be used for space allocation.

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2.10.4. CONVENIENCE STORE

 A Convenience store is a small retail business that stocks a range of
everyday items such as groceries, snack foods, confectionery, soft drinks,
tobacco products, over –the-counter drugs, toiletries, newspapers and
magazines. The average convenience store has a sales area of 2,768 sq
ft(257.2 sqm)

2.10.5. ATRIUM
 Office towers have their energy consumption mainly on electric lighting
through lighting efficiency has risen up gradually. In fact, illumination
level on a working plane in an office should be of 300 to 500 max, where
large amount of artificial lighting might be required. To save energy as
well as providing visual comfort, atrium is an effective way where the
transparent enclosure with high transmittance can easily introduce
daylight into the internal areas.
 Integration of daylight
and artificial lighting is
believed the most
efficient way to meet the
requirement of the
illuminance needed for
the work place and
energy saving.
Fig.17 Atrium location
Configurations of atrium
can be classified as four types including centralized, semi-enclosed,
attached and linear.
 Atrium located inside the buildings, such as centralized and linear ones
would give a more steady
temperature. The principle of Fig.18 Air flow in Atrium

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providing thermal comfort through atrium had been studied. It was found
that heat loss of the
adjacent buildings could
be reduced by glass
canopies roofing the top
in between building.
 In winter, solar heat was
stored on the external
walls of the buildings and
the pavement, and lost
gradually to the covered walkway when the temperature at the walkway
was lowered, say at night. The delay of heat loss to the surrounding was
termed “buffer effect”.
 In this respect, the application of glazed materials at the atrium would
make the temperature of the atrium higher than the ambient throughout
the year. By increasing the glazing areas in the internal surface of the
atrium, air temperature in atrium would be slightly increased in winter
whilst that in adjacent building would be increased in summer. This
phenomenon occurs due to heat and mass transfer induced by temperature
differential between cooler atrium and warmer building in winter and
warmer atrium and cooler building in summer.
 Excessive area of glass would trap the heat once it passed through glass
panes because it is transparent to short-wave solar radiation while opaque
to long wave radiation. In summer, atrium temperature would be
increased due to this phenomenon. Mechanical air-conditioning system is
therefore relied on to maintain the internal thermal comfort.
 Air temperature in atrium would be decreased in winter as outside
temperature is lower than that of inside. The optimum amount of glazing
for passive solar heating and impediment on heat loss. Atrium can be

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acted as a solar collector & distributor, when spaces placed round it.it is
also able to give shade and store heat with appropriate orientations.
 To get the maximum daylight, atrium open to the sky on to the top is the
most effective design. It is recommended a roof-light shaded from high-
angle solar radiation and certain amount of reflecting is suitable for
premises in warmer climate. Equator-facing glazed wall can be used to
collect low angle solar radiation in cool temperature climate

2.10.6. CAFETERIA OR DINING HALL

 SERVICE AREAS: Service areas typically include the tay service lines,
counters, packaged goods displays, beverage dispensing, check out, and
service war dispensing.
 RECEIVING AND STORAGE AREAS: These areas typically include
dedicated food service docks, general dry goods storage, ventilated
storage, and refrigerator and freezer storage.

2.10.7. PHYSICAL FITNESS AREA

The physical fitness (exercise room) space type is a space specifically
designated for exercise, fitness training, and physical wellness activities. The
physical fitness space type provide a comprehensive, varied program of physical
activities to meet the individual training regimens of its occupants. Indoor
fitness programs can typically be divided into four categories of exercise:

 Warm-up/cool down,
 Free weight,
 Circuit training,
 Cardiovascular.

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2.10.8. TOILETS OR REST ROOMS

 A public toilet is a room or small building containing one or more toilets
which is available for use by
the general public, or by
customers or employees of
certain businesses.
 Public toilets are commonly
separated into male and
female facilities,
increasingly, public toilets
are accessible to people with
disabilities. Public toilets may either be Fig.19 Toilet section
used free of charge or the user may be
charged a fee. In the latter case they are also called pay toilets and
sometimes have of a coin-operated turnstile. Public toilets may be
provided by the local authority or by a commercial business. They may
be unattended or be staffed by a janitor or attendant. Wall and floor tiles
of large surface areas are encouraged for easy maintenance. The tile size
should be at least 100 mm by 200 mm.
 Walls within 610mm of urinals and water closets should have a smooth,
hard, nonabsorbent surface to a height of 1219mm above the floor, the
type of materials used in such walls should be resistant to moisture. The
most common type of ceiling finishes includes calcium silicate board and
suspended ceiling tiles. Individually wall-hung urinal units shall be at
least 300mm wide and the lip of the collection area shall project from the
wall by at least 300mm. a WC should not be set closer than 450mm from
its center to any side wall, partition, vanity or other obstruction. There
should be at least a 900mm clearance in front of the WC to any wall,

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fixture or door. The basins should have a minimum size of 500mm in

length and 400mm in width.
 Urinals, if
provided, should
have elongated
bowls with the
opening of the
basin located at
19” a. f. f. or
less, or mounted
Fig.20 Minimum Toilet dimension
level with the
main floor. Many state standards specify maximum mounting heights of
15”-16” a. f. f. the toilet room itself provide a clear floor area with
minimum dimensions of 60” X 60” to facilitate maneuvering wheelchairs.
Additionally, provide a minimum of 3’6” clearance in front of accessible
toilet stalls to facilitate entry. Similarly, adequate clearances must be
provide at entrances.
 A clearance of 18” or more on the strike side of a door is more effective.
In vestibules having doors in series, there must be space for a wheelchair
to clear one door prior to opening another.

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2.10.9. PARKING LOTS:

Fig.21 Car dimension & Turning Radius

 Stalls should be built to accommodate the larger cars frequently used,

although not necessarily the very largest.
 Planning in hopes of just medium and small size cars invites difficulties.
The larger cars have an over-all length of 19ft, overall width 6ft 8 in, with
a wide opening door projecting 3ft 4 in. beyond the over-all width. The
ramp angle must not exceed 7 deg. The limit of the front approach angle
is 14deg, while the corresponding angle at the rear is limited to 9deg.
 When parked at right angles to a curb or buffer, the front overhangs
generally does not exceed 2ft 10 in, and the rear overhangs seldom
exceeds 4ft 6 in. these dimensions need consideration when planning

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widths of sidewalks affected by the overhangs. A 5ft sidewalk would

have its usable reduced almost to zero by the rear overhang.
 The front overhang may be taken at 1ft 6 in. when figuring closing the
minimum feasible spacing between
buffers for a minimum width parking
lot. When a central driveway is used
with 90deg parking on both sides, the
space required is 62ft wide, but the
space between buffers need be only
Fig.22 Parking Dimension 59ft because of the overhang.
 A single stripe, 4 to 6 in
wide, may be used to mark the
parking stalls. Better results in
centering the car are obtained
by using two 5-in stripes,
separated by 1ft 6 in, to mark
the stalls. The stripes, about
18ft long, are joined by a
semicircular arc at the
incoming end to form an
elongated U.
 Parking stalls should be at
least 9ft wide, 10ft wide if
space is not too restricted.

Fig.23 Parking patterns Parking stalls 8ft 6 in. wide are

unsatisfactory because with the
car 6ft 8 in. wide, there is only 1ft 10in between cars. If an adjacent car is
only 6 in off center and the car door is 4 in. thick, only 1ft remains
through which to squeeze, if possible.

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 In accordance with the regulations applicable to garage:

 Small garages are defined as those with _100 m2 effective area;
 Medium garages are those with 100_1000 m2 effective area;
 Large garages are those with> 1000 m2 effective area.
 Underground garages are defined as those with the floor level on average
of 1.30m below the surface of the ground. Separate entrance and exit
must be provided for large garages. These garages are normally located
close to points of major traffic congestion such as railway stations,
airports, shopping theaters, cinemas, office and administration blocks and
large residential buildings.
 Medium and large garages must be located in easily accessible areas,
have a clear bedroom of 2.00m, even below the main beams, ventilation
ducts and other structural components. On the ground floor, this clear
bedroom is normally larger, as the space is often used for other purposes.
To accommodate small transport vehicles, this height should be 2.50m.
floor loadings must be in accordance with local standards.
 Open garages have openings which cannot be closed (equal in size to one
third of the total area of the outside walls) leading directly into the open
air and divided in such a way that there is continuous through-ventilation,
even in the presence of weather screening.

Fig.24 OAT layout

2.10.10. OPEN
AIR THEATRE
 The definition
of the rows on the
curve horizontal
reflections between

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curve and proscenium. The sound in this case will bounce back and forth
between the vertical seat rises and the proscenium wall. These reflections
will arrive at a listener position with a large delay and attenuation but will
nevertheless contribute to a long reverberation time. When the cavea of
the theatre is modeled as sloped surfaces the theatre will resemble the
shape of an inverse cone. This shape will tend to direct most of the
reflections towards the open sky and therefore the energy will dissipate
quickly leaving few late reflections.
 The diffraction and scattering effect from the empty spaces is not usually
considered important in computer stimulations of roofed theaters. Many
strong reflecting from the roof and side walls mask the much lower
energy coming from scattering and diffracting. But in the case of the open
air theaters fewer strong reflections are present and the gaps between
strong reflections in the impulse response have to be filled in with
scattered energy in order to get a smother decay curve.

2.10.11. DESIGN DETAILS

 Selection of site is a critical point topographical, meteorological and
acoustical properties should be taken into consideration.
 Slope of seating should not be less than 12 degrees, for better audibility
and visibility.
 Noise level should not exceed 40 decibel.
Long term acoustic studies conducted in outdoor spaces have shown that the
basic principles of design include:

 Minimization of external noise (noise protection)

 Harmonic development of the functional elements of the theatrical space
within the limits of human vocal and acoustical scale,

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 Sufficient emergence of directly propagated sound and its reinforcement

through early positive sound reflections (from the amphitheater gradient
and natural loudspeaker response of the space)
 Control of late sound reflections(limitations of the reverberation time,
elimination of echoes)

2.10.12. REFLECTION PATHS OF SOUND

 The sound well in the case of the cavea

horizontal reflections between cavea Fig.25 Theater in Petra
proscenium bounce back and forth
between the vertical seat rises and the proscenium wall. These reflections
will arrive at a listener position with a large delay and attenuation but will
nevertheless contribute to a long reverberation time. When the cavea of
the theater is modeled as sloped surfaces the theater will resemble the
shape of an inverse cone. This shape will tend to direct most of the
reflections towards the open sky and therefore the energy will dissipate
quickly leaving few late reflections.

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 Many strong reflections from the roof and side walls mask the much
lower energy coming from scattering and diffraction. But in the case of
the open-air theaters fewer strong reflections are present and the gaps
between strong reflections in the impulse response have to be filled in
with scattered energy order to get a smoother decay curve. The function
of an open air theater must fulfill the dual goal of maximizing the
advantages of acoustic design and minimizing the effects of noise
pollution on the environment.

2.10.13. VISIBLE TRANSMITTANCE

 The percent of the visible spectrum striking the glazing that passes
through the glazing mentioned as visible transmittance. This value
changes with angle of incidence.
 Lower transmittance glazing will also typically result in better
distribution of daylight at a more appropriate illumination level.

2.10.14. SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT (SHGC)

 SHGC ratio of total transmitted solar heat to incident solar energy. A
value of 1.0 indicates that 100% of the solar gain enters the building. A
value of 0.0 indicates no solar gain is entering the space.
 Windows shaded by overhangs on the south façade have high SHGC
(0.70 or greater).
 North-facing windows can typically have high SHGC values.

2.10.15. SHADING COEFFICIENT (SC)

 Shading coefficient ratio of solar gain of a particular glazing compared to
the solar gain of clear single and double pane glazing and many timed
single pane glazing windows.

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2.10.16. MAINTAIN THERMAL COMFORT:

 Window and shading design are strongly linked to perimeter zone
comfort, regardless or air temperature. Hot or cold glass behaves comfort
independent of air temperature.
 Consider the effect of the window’s mean radiant temperature on thermal
comfort, poorly insulated window (high U value) decrease the surface
temperature in winter.
 Sufficient daylight.

2.11. ACOUSTICS

OFFICE BUILDINGS:
 Modern office buildings
are often noisier than
older buildings .Due to
use of thinner and rigid
forms of construction,
harder finished more
auster finishes and use of
Fig.26 Sound travel
business machines.

SOURCE OF NOISE
INDOOR NOISE
 Noise from machines like typewriter, calculating and tabulating machines
, punching machines, telephone conversation, floor steps , noises and
shamming of doors in circulation spaces ,lift doors and gates .Handling of
utensils crockery in kitchen etc., ventilation plant and lift machinery.
OUTDOOR NOISE:

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 This is mainly traffic noise from industry of any located nearby or from
any other source depending upon the location of office building.
ORGANISATION:
 Reception : entrance ,booking hall foyer,cloacks ,Auditorium, Main stage
, Wings , Back to stage store , workshops , dressings.
SITE PLANNING:
 RMS demanding quiet conditions should be placed on the quiet side of
site. They should also not be planned on enclosed yards used for parking
of scooter, cars etc. Hence provision of double windows may be
necessary.
EXHIBITION FACILITIES:
 The use of exhibition facilities either alone or combine with meetings is
tending to increase and represents a major component of congress center
operation. The halls should have about 5 to 6 % of space for display, the
remaining space can be taken up by aisles, emergency fire escapes and
support services for visitors.

2.12. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FEATURES:

2.12.1. GLARE CONTROL

 Limit or protect the views of extremely bright exterior surfaces, such as
parked cars and large paving or sand areas. The reflected glare from these
surfaces can be visually uncomfortable.
 When using an interior shade, select a light-color shade to minimize heat
gain.

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 To maintain an exterior view while shading the window, consider fine

screens that reduce illumination and glare while allowing contact with the
view. Another option is to use screens or louvers that operate upward
from the window still.

2.12.2. GLAZING SELECTION

 Select insulated low glazing units to reduce thermal. In general, spaces
dominated by cooling loads should loads and provide better comfort in
perimeter zones.
 Have glass with a low solar heat gain coefficient low-emissivity (low-e)
coatings & argon between the (SHGC), possibly with a reflective outer
surface.
 Size all
windows to
provide the
best
daylighting.
 Add
additional Fig.27 Height & Azimuth Angle of variation
windows for view glass.
 Frame views without over glazing the space.

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 Specify glazing properties to

minimize heating and cooling
loads, and maximize visual
comfort.
 Place external overhangs on
south-facing windows to
prevent glare and summer
solar gains. Depending on
simulation results, some south
facing windows may be
unshaded to allow for good
day lighting.
 Use interior shade devices to

Fig.28 Solar radiation on glazing provide user control of glare.

panel  Insulation also extends the life of
the roof system.
 Insulation of walls is important for reducing conduction losses especially
where significant difference between inside and outside temperature.
Many tyres of insulation are available, some that prevent air movement
and moisture movement into and out of the conditioned space.
 Infiltration and exfiltration is the unwanted air movement through a
building and is caused by a pressure difference (air move from high
pressure to a lower pressure). Limiting air infiltration and exfiltration is
key to improving energy efficiency.
 Optimize insulation by applying it to the outside of the wall components
to minimize thermal bridging.

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2.13. BUILDING SAFETY

2.13.1. OPENINGS IN WALLS AND FLOORS

 A doorway or open in a separating wall on any floor shall be limited to
5.6 sqm in area with a maximum height /width of 2.75 m. Every wall
opening shall be protected with fire-resisting doors having the fire
rating of not less than 2 hr. All openings in the floors shall be
protected by vertical enclosures extending above and below such
openings, the wall of such enclosures having a fire resistance of not
less than 2hr.
 Openings in walls or floors which are necessary to be provided to
allow passages of all building services like cables, electrical wirings,
telephone cables, plumbing pipes, etc shall be protected by enclosure
in the form of ducts/shafts having a fire resistance not less than 2 h..

2.13.2. VERTICAL OPENING

 Reasonable safety to the
occupants while using
the means of egress by
preventing spread of
fire,smoke, or fumes
through vertical
openings from effective
daylighting strategies
should include Effective
daylighting strategies
should include a
combination of the
following strategies: Fig.29 Vertical opening

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 Exterior shading: Overhangs and vertical fins blocks direct sun and
can bounce reflected light into interior spaces.
 Interior light distribution: Light shelves, diffusers, or reflective
surfaces move the light further back into the space.
 Daylighting controls: automatic or manual controls dim or turn-off
electric lathering.

2.13.3. ENCLOSURE OF OPENINGS

 Where openings are permitted ,they shall not exceed three-fourths the
area of the wall in the case of an external wall and they shall be
protected with fire resisting assemblies or enclosures having a fire
resistance equal to that of the wall or floor in which these are situated.

2.13.4. AIR-CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION

 Air-conditioning and ventilation system shall be so installed and
maintained as to minimize the danger of spread of fire, smoke or
fumes from one
floor to other or
from outside to
any occupied
building.
 Air-
conditioning
and ventilating
systems
circulating air Fig.30 Exits

to more than
one floor or fire

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area shall be provided with dampers designed to close automatically in

case of fire.

2.13.5. EXITS
 All buildings,which are 15m in height or above,and all builbings with any
of the occupancies, having area more than 500 sqm on each floor shall
have a minimum of two staircase. They shall be of enclosed type:at least
one of them shall be on external walls of buildings and shall open directly
to the exterior, interior open space or to an open place of safety.
 Building shall have staircase width 1.5 m. the exit sign with arrow
indicating the way to the escape route shall be provided at a suitable
height from the floor level on the wall and shall be illuminated by
electrical light connected to corridor circuits.

2.13.6. REFUGE AREA

 For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15sq mor an area
equivalent to 0.3 sqm per person to accommodate the occupants of two
consecutive floors,whichever is higher,shall be provided as under:
 The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or
preferably on acantilever projection and open to air at least on one side
protected with suitable railings. For floors above 24m and up to 39m- one
refuge area on the floor immediately above 24m.
 For floors above 39m –One refuge area on the floor immediately above
39m and so on after every 15m . Refuge area provided in excess of the
requirements shall be counted towards FAR.

2.14. SERVICES

2.14.1. MEANS OF ESCAPE

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 Means of escape is
important in office
building shell. In
buildings over 2
story travel distance
from any point on
office floor to
escape stair
regulated 30 m.
alternative method
of escape on each floor is usually Fig.31 Fire escape

demanded.
 Design of access from building to street controlled. Each space must
have direct access to escape

2.14.2. OFFICE SERVICING

 Demand for services in office is increasing. Each work place must be next
to outlets for power and telephone.
 Coaxial cable access to terminals frequently required.
 With increasing automation and telecommunication will become
common with work station with 6 or even 8 wires of various kinds.

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 Already some
organizations
provide II terminal
for every 2 work
stations. Precise
need for
connections
cannot be
predicted.
 Essential grid to
provide easy
access within
dangerous, trailing
Fig.32 Office Server room
wires.

2.14.3. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

 The term air conditioning refers to the cooling and dehumidification of
indoor air for thermal comfort. In a broader sense, the term can refer
to any form of cooling, heating, ventilation or disinfection that
modifies the condition of air.
PRINCIPLES OF CONDITINING
REHEATING
 The process by which air, which has been cooled down in order to
condense out part of moisture it contains it heated again in order to
raise its temperature to a suitable level.
EVAPORATIVE AIR COOLING
 The removable of sensible heat from air by the adiabatic exchange of
heat between air and water spary or a wetted surface.

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AIR CONDITION CYCLE Fig.33 Air conditioning system

 The air conditioning cycle begins when the fans forces air into duct
work leading to openings are called outlets and terminals. The air is
directed from the duct work through these outlets or terminals . The
air is directed from the ductwork through these outlets and into the
room where the air either heats or cools the rooms needed. Dust
particles are removed from the air by a filter installed in the ductwork.
After the air is cleaned, it is either heated or cooled depending on the
requirements of the room.
 If Cooling is required the air is passed over a surface of cooling coil. If
heat is required the air is passed through the combustion chamber or
over the surface of heating coil. Finally the air is returned to the fan
and the cycle is completed.
WINTER OPERATION
 During winter operation the air conditioning cycle adds heat to the air.
The return air from the room is passed over the surface of heating coil
or over the surface of the combustion chamber. The air is heated to the
required temperature. It is then delivered to the room through the
supply duct. The air loosed its heat to the room and passes to the
return chamber to the coil or chamber. The cycle is repeated as long as
the heated air is required.
SUMMER OPERATION

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 For summer operation the air conditioning cycle cools the air. The
return air from the room passed over the surface of the cooling coil.
The air is cooled to the required temperature. If there is too much
moisture in the room air (high humidity) it is removed automatically
as the air is cooled by the coil. If the room is too cool is balanced by
the heat and moisture that is constantly entering the room from a
variety of source such as the body, light, motors ,cooking and outside
sir.
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 Air distribution system direct the air from the air conditioning
equipment to the space to be conditioned and return the air to the
equipment the best system is usually the simplest combination of fans,
ductwork and outlets.
AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM TRACED
 Totally there are two
types of air-
conditioning systems
 Unitary system
 Central station type
2.14.4. COOLING
TOWER OR
CHILLER PLANT
 It is often necessary to
make provision for
mechanical draft cooling Fig.34 Cooling Tower
tower on the roof.
 The cooling tower should not be located in the ground as a part from the
adverse effects on its efficiency, it is also a source of objectionable

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noise, if it has to be located in the ground floor means it has to be zoned

away in an open spaces to avoided reverberations from tall structures.

2.14.5. NATURAL VENTILATION

 Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air
without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It can be achieved
with operable windows when the spaces to ventilate are small and the
architecture permits.
2.14.6. DUCTS
 Ducts are used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) to
deliver and remove air. These needed airflows include for example,
supply air, return sir, and exhaust air. Ducts also deliver most commonly
as part of the supply air, ventilation air. As such , air ducts are one
method of ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal
comfort.
A duct system is often
called ductwork.
Planning (‘laying out’),
sizing, optimizing,
detailing and findings
and the pressure loosed
through a duct system is
Fig.35 Ducts
called Duct design.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF DUCTS:

Fig.36 Service Duct

 Air duct system shall be made substantially air-
tight throughout, and shall have no openings other than those required for
proper operation and maintenance of the system.
 Access opening shall provide where debris paper or other combustible
material may accumulate in plenums and ducts.
 Removable grilles required only the loosing of catched or screws for
removal may be considered as access openings.
 Fastening on walk-in access door may be readily opened from the inside
without the use of keys.
 Ducts shall not be built into a buildings in such a way as to impair the
effectiveness of fire proofing around steel or iron structural members ,
such as placing ducts between the fire proofing and the members
protected ,except in the case of beams or joists protected by a fire
resisting ceiling.
 Underground ducts shall be constructed to provide interior drainage and
shall not be connected directly to a server.
 Joints and Seam of all ducts shall be mechanically secure and make
subsequently air-tight. Slip joints shall have a lap of at least 25mm and
shall be individually.

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DUCT SYSTEM COMPONENTS

 Besides the duct themselves, complete ducting system contain many

other components
 Air terminals
 Terminal units
 Smoke/fire dampers
 Volume control dampers
 Vibration isolators

TYPES OF DUCT SYSTEMS

 Totally there are three types of ducting system
 Perimeter radical system
 Extended plenum system
 Perimeter loop system

2.15. PARKING
 Parking is the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied foe
more than a brief time.
 Parking on one or both sides of a road is commonly permitted, though
often with restrictions.
 Parking facilities are constructed in combination with most buildings, to
facilitate the coming and going of the buildings users.

MODES OF PARKING:

1. Parallel parking
2. Perpendicular parking
3. Angle parking
4. Anderson parking

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TYPES OF PARKING:

1. Surface parking
2. Basement parking
3. Multilevel parking

2.15. CIRCULATION SYSTEM

2.15.1. ESCALATORS

Fig.37 Dimension of Escalator

 An escalator is a moving staircase conveyer transport device for
carrying people betrween floors of a building. The device consists of a
motor driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on
tracks , allowing the steps treads to remain horizontal.
 They are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places
where elevators would be impractical. Principal areas of usage Include
shopping malls, airports , transit systems , conventions centres , hotels
and public buildings.
 These are powered stairs .They are used when it is necessary to move
largr number of people from floor to floor . These stairs have
continuous operation without the need for operators.

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They have large

capacity with low
power consumption.
These escalators are in
the form of an inclined
bridge spanning
between floors.
The components of an
escalator consists of
steel trussed frame
work, hand rails and an
endless belt with steps.
At the upper ends of
an escalator there is a
Fig.38 Escalator space pair of motor driven
sprocket

ESCALATOR STEP WIDTHS ENERGY USAGE

 Size width (Between Balustrade Panels), in millimetres width( Between

Balustraude Panels) , in inches single step capacity applications energy
consumption , in kilowatts energy consumption, in horsepower .
 Very small mm in one passenger , with feet together a rare historic
design , especially in older department stores 3.75 KW 5HP . Small
600mm 24 in one passenger low-volume sites,uppermost levels of
department stores , when space is imited 3.75 KW 4 HP Medium 800
mm 32 in one passenger + one package or one piece of luggage .
Shopping malls, department stores , large 1000mm 40 in two passengers
– one may walk past another mainstay of metro systems, larger airports,
train stations , some retail usage 7.5 KW 10HP.

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2.15.2. ELEVATOR
 An elevator or lift is a vertical transport vehicle that effectively moves
people or goods between floors of a building.
 They are powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables
and counterweights a pulley, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a
cylindrical piston.

ELEVATOR TYPES

HYDRAULIC
 Ideal for use in buildings up to six
floors .Supported and raised by a
powerful hydraulic plunger , the
oildraulic is renowned for smooth
performance , quiet operation and
accurate floor levelling. And since its
supported from below , no vertical load
is placed on the building . That means
hoist ways can be of lighter
construction and no penthouse is
needed. The machine room can be
located nearly anywhere to let you
maintain a flat roof line and
save money on construction for Fig.39 Elevator Dimension
low rise buildings speed ip to 20/min is ideal design .limitation preclude
overhead support and machine rooms, economical to install and
maintenance, load bearing walls required.
RACTION ELEVTORS

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 For use in buildings over six floors .They can serve up to 27 landings and
can be used in office n travel up to 1000 ft/min and are ideal for high-rise
buildings for all kinds.
GEARED TRACTION
 For low or medium rise buildings speed up to 400/min is recommended
for all types of buildings where higher speeds are not essential.

GEARLESS TRACTION

Fig.40 Elevator shaft dimension  Recommended for high rise

application , requiring the
ultimate in service speeds of 500/min and up.

ELEVETOR PLANNING
 Passenger elevators should be wide & shallow with center-opening or
single slide doors . Service elevtors should be narrow and deep with two-
speed doors. Combination passanger / service elevators should be almost
square with either center opening or two speed center opening doors.
 Passenager elevator should be wide shall be with center opening or single
slide doors . service elevators are to , be narrow and depth with two speed
doors. Combination of passsanger service elevator should be square with
either center opening or two speed center doors.

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2.15.3. RAMPS
HANDRAIL :
 A protective handrail at least 0.40m high must be placed along the full
length of ramps. For ramps more than 3.00m wide, an intermediate
handrail could be installed. The distance between handrails when both
sides are used for gripping should be between 0.90m and 1.40m.
TACTILE MARKING:
 A colored textural indication at the top and bottom of the ramp should be
placed to alert sightless people as to the location of the ramp. The
marking strip width should not be less than 0.60m . Drainage n adequate
drainage should be provided to avoid accumulation of water.
MECHANICAL RAMPS:
 Mechanical ramps can be used in large public buildings but are not
recommended for use by persons with physical impairments.
 If the ramps
is to be used
by a
wheelchair-
confined
person, the
slope should
not exceed 1:
12. The
maximum
Fig.41 Ramp Approach dimension
width should be 1.00 m to
avoid slipping.

CONSIDERATION FOR PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED:

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PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION:
 Inaccessible building entrances due to difference between indoor and
outdoor levels. Inaccessible routes due to differences in the level. Lack of
or improper design of ramps .Very steep and /or long.
PLANNING PRINCIPLE:
 To provide ramps wherever stairs obstruct the free passage of pedestrians,
mainly wheelchair users and people with mobility problems.
GENERAL DESIGN:
 Ramps with no resting landings.
CONSIDERATIONS OF RAMP:
 An exterior location is preferred for ramps .Indoor ramps are not
recommended because they take up a great deal of space. Ideally, the
entrance to a ramp should be immediately adjacent to the stairs.
SURFACE:
 The ramp surface should be hard and non-slip carpets should be avoided.
RAMP CONFIGURATION:
 Ramps can have one of the following configurations:
 Straight run
 90 turn
 Switch back or 180 turn

SLOPE:
Fig.42 Types of Ramp

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 The max recommended slope of ramps is 1.20, steeper slopes may be

allowed in special cases depending on the length to be covered.
WIDTH:
 Width varies according to use, configuration and slope. The minimum
width should be 0.90m.
LANDINGS:
 Ramps should be provided with landings for resting, maneuvering and
avoiding excessive speed
 Landings should be provided every 10.00m, at every of direction and at
the top and bottom of every ramp. The landing should have a min length
of 1.20 and a min width equal to that of the ramp.

2.16. FOOD COURT

 A Food court prepares and serves food
and drink to customers. Meals are
generally served and eaten on
premises
 Food court are simple in appearance
and offerings, including a wide variety
of cuisines and service models at
office .Restaurants may include wait
staff. Others provide counter service .
PLANNING OF
RESTURANTS:
 It should be planned so that variety of
seating arrangements can be achieved,
e.g. tables for 2 and 4 and placing
Fig.43 Food court Layout
together of tables provide 6, 8 and 10
places.

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 Consider also banquette or booth seating 3 6, but these should be

supplemented by normal tables to give flexibility.

SPACE ALLOWANCES (EXCLUDING COOKING AREA)

SNACK BAR SERVICE

 Usually
restricted to light
meals, served at
counter or taken by
customer to table
.Food normally
cooked within
counter area but back
up preparation, wash and started
Fig.44 Restaurant layout
required.
 1.50 – 2.20 sq.m per person including counter and cooking.
CAFÉ SERVICE
 0.83 sq,m per person , limited menu, usually family type of business,
designed on traditional lines with kitchen separate from dining room,
food may be collected by waitress from small service counter or hatch to
kitchen.
SELF SERVICE CAFTERIA
 1.4 – 1.7 sq.m per person , long self-service counter, provide goof
circulation space for clearing trolleys required.
COFFEE SHOP SERVICE
 102 – 1.4 sq.m usually waitress service, often from forward cooking area
with counter which may be decoratively screened, main preparation and
wash up at rear, counter service sometimes included.
CAVING TABLE

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 1.6 sq.m per

person
including
space for
carving table.
Display table
with hot and
cold positions

Fig.45 Dinning Furniture

for self-service of joints, vegetables and sweets. Preparation, cooking and
wash-up done in main kitchen.
FOOD COURT AND DINING ROOM SEATING
 Dispersed seating suitable for guests with restricted mobility should be
available in Food court, coffee shops, and dining facilities.
 Minimum of 5 percent of seating to be accessible. Accessible aisles
should connect the entrance to these seating locations, public restrooms
and self-service areas such as salad bars, condiment stands, or buffet
tables. Comfortable seating for waiting should be available to customers
near the entrance.

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2.17. BUISNESS CLASS HOTEL

DIFFERENT SPACES
 Registration
 Reservation
 Lobby
 Administration
 Banqueting rooms
 Recreation
 Mail and Keys
 Conference halls
 Restaurant
 Housekeeping department
 Laundry
 Food and beverages facilities
 Mechanical facilities
 Steward room
 Locker room
 Staff room
 Services

LOBBY:
 A lobby is a hall at the entrance of a building where people gather or wait
before reaching their respective places. The interiors must be designed in
an interesting way as it is a place where guests first arrive.
 The necessities in lobby are

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 House & Public telephone. Clocks & Calendar News tele printer
Information Desk Travel Agents Airline & Car hire decks Kiosks &
Shops Lounge & Waiting area Guest Secretarial Business services Public
toilets
 The standards for a 5 star resort type is 0.5 — 1.0 sq.m/room

RECEPTION:
 It’s a gathering space where guests are welcomed and provided secure
quarters. The reception area should be near & visible from the entrance
and should have worktop and countertop for guests’ registration.
CASHIERS DESK:

 The cashier’s desk should be separate from the main reception area. It
must have a cash register, bill tray, and lockable lockers. Guests’ safe
deposits have to be done here.
ADMIN BLOCK:

 Offering quick services to the customers is the goal of the administration

department of the resort. Quick services given by the resort to its
customers leaves them with a pleasant experience.
 This can only be achieved if the circulation of all the activities in the
resort are efficiently connected with one another. Accessibility is the
most important factor to be considered for design.
 The offices included in this area are:
• Accounting and book keeping offices
• Reservation offices
• Offices for management (which includes reception, manager’s
office & assistant manager’s office)
• Food and beverage department
• Mail sorting room.

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GUEST ROOMS:
 The main business of a resort is essentially directed towards the letting of
guest rooms.
 Generally the guest bedrooms are scattered in the site as cottages for
creating the informal atmosphere of a holiday retreat. Resort guestrooms
are 30% larger when compared to rooms of a hotel.
Various Zones in a guest room
 Lounging or Reading Zone
 Working or Dining Zone
 Sleeping Zone
 Dressing Zone
 Bathroom Zone
Furniture in guest room:
 Bed
 Table
 TV(or)radio
 Shelf space
 Chair
 Telephone
 Dressing table
 Luggage rack

BASIC MINIMUM ROOM SIZES EXCLUDING LOBBY & BATH

ROOM

CATEGORY BED SIZE ROOM SIZE

Single bed 1000 X 2000 8.75M2

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Double bed 1500 X 2000 12.50M2

Twin bed 1000 X 2000 13.50M2

ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE OF PRODUCTION SPACE ALLOWED

FOR FUNCTIONAL AREAS:

Receiving 5%

Food storage 20%

Preparation 14%

Cooking 8%

Baking 10%

Ware washing 5%

Traffic storage 10%

Trash storage 5%

Employee Facilities 15%

Miscellanies 2%

SERVING AREA:

Rate of people leaving serving area = Number of seats in dining area

Average eating time

RESTAURANT:

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 The following table gives some basic guidelines in sizing restaurants on

the basis of people per square meter:

HOTEL SIZE(Rooms) COFFEE SHOP MAIN ETHNIC

50 50-75 - -

150 80 60 -

250 100 60 50

Space provision/seat 1.6m2 2.0m2 2.0m2

 Main gangway width

should not be less than-
0.8M
 The floor area/person-
0.93M – 1.67M2 /seat
 In dining rooms vary
9.11M2/seat (Inclusive of
passages)

DINING AREAS:

 Space for dining area

is usually based on the
number of square feet/
Fig.46 Dinning Table Person seated times the
number of persons seated at one
time.

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 The patron’s size & the type and quality of service should be considered
place settings for adults usually allow 24II , and for 18II to 20II.

SQUARE FEET /SEAT USED FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF FOOD

OPERATIONS:

• Cafeteria, commercial 16-18FT2/P

• Table service, hotel & club

Restaurant 15-18FT2/P

• Table service minimum eating 11-14FT2/P

• Banquet, minimum 10-11FT2/P

SERVICE AISLE:

Service aisle space between tables and chairs to include passage area and that
occupied by the person seated at the table a minimum passage area is 18 inches
between chairs & including chair area, tables should be spaced 4to 50ft part.

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Minimum
- 900mm

Maximum
- 1350mm

Service stations
may be
estimated in the
proportion of
one for every
20 seats or a
large central
one for every
50 to 60 places.
Fig.47 Anthropometry kitchen space

KITCHEN:

The kitchen is that it should be 1/3 to ½ area of the dining areas.

Ratio of service area to total area - 25%-50%

Net kitchen area - 15%- 25%

Main restaurant kitchen - 1.4m2 X no. of covers

Banquet kitchen & service area - 0.2m2 X no. of covers

Coffee shop kitchen area - 0.3m2 X no. of covers

Separate independent coffee shop - 0.45m2 X no. of covers

Service area is provided in the kitchen at least 1.82m 3 width is necessary, and
preferably 3.04m (or) 3.65m where large.

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TYPICAL SIZES & SHAPES OF DINING TABLES:

TYPE SHAPE MINI SIZE (IN) SPACIOUS

(IN)

Tables for

1’s or 2’s Square 24 X 24 30 X 30

Rectangle 24 x 30 30 X 36

Round 30 36

3’s or 4’s Square 30 X 30 42 X 42

Rectangle 30 x 42 36 X 48

Round 36 48

5’s or 6’s Rectangle 30 x 60 42 X 72

Round 48 60

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Fig.48 Dimensions of
counter and shelf units

BANQUET ROOM:

Banqueting room - 0.80-1.0M2

/person

Dancing - 0.93-1.45M2 /person

Meeting & table groups - 0.9-9.9M2/person

Banquet store - 8% of Banquet area

Kitchen (or) pantry - 20% of Banquet area

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SUPERMARKET:

Basic dimensional
guidelines give the
minimum heights
of spaces in shops
and storage
facilities as:

Up to 400m2 retail
floor space 3.00m

Over 400m2 retail

floor space 3.30m

Over 1500m2 retail

floor space 3.50m
Fig.49 Dinning layout
BAKERY

There is a basic division into store areas, production areas, sales areas, building
services areas, offices for administration and management, social rooms and
ancillary rooms.

Minimum area for stores is 15m2

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Fig.50 Functional diagram of kitchen

LAUNDRY:

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 A laundry is a
usual adjunct of
most good-sized
hotels, many
hotels avail
themselves of
city laundry
service, in which
case there is no
laundry room at
all or only a
small laundry room
Fig.51 Anthropometry of Counter
at all or only a small
laundry, which handles towels only.
 A hotel laundry that does its own uniforms and flatworks (sheets,
pillowcases, linens ect) requires a good sized space for washers, dryers,
drum ironers and various pressing machines.
 Larger resorts will maintain their own cleaning department for fry
cleaning & pressing of woollens and similar garments, and it is definitely
under the supervision of the laundry manager.

SPACE ALLOCATED FOR LAUNDRY IS 0.7M2/RM

LINEN STORE SPACE ALLOCATIONS IS 0.4M2/RM

SHELVES AT LEAST 600MM WIDE

IF NON- IRON LINEN USED SPACE CAN BE REDUCED TO 40-59M2

VENTILATION RATIO SHOULLD BE 15-20 AIR CHANGES/HOUR

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HOUSE KEEPING:

 The house keeping department, having several functions, is the province

of the chief house keeper who will usually have assistant floor house
keepers.
 The chief housekeeper controls the maids & porters. The porters will
deliver to the service area on the guest room floors all linen & soap as
facial tissue, toilet paper, pillowcases, room service menus & ashtrays.
 The housekeeper’s area is also a storage area, for here are kept the
suppliers that become a part of house keeping

2.18. CONVENTION CENTER

 A Convention, in the sense of meeting, is a gathering of individuals who

meet at arid place and time in order to discuss or engage in some common
interest.
 Modern convention centers provide a range of accommodation for both
large and small groups. Typically the building would include one or two
auditorium seating some 1000 to 3000, 2 or 3 medium size halls and
lecture theaters with 200 to 500 seats and 4 to 10 committee rooms
seating 20 to 50.
FUNCTIONING OF A CONVENTION CENTER
 Depends on the accessibility, security and location of accepts. The
efficient functioning of the building also depends on the right kind of
ambience, space allocation, service network etc…
CONFERENCE HALL DEFINITION

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 A conference hall is a room provided for singular events such as business

conferences. It is commonly found at large hotels and convention centers
through many other establishments, including even hospitals.
PLANNING DATA

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

 Table sizes and seating capacities and round conference tables offer the
advantage of intimacy, equality and compactness. On the other hand if
status is an issue, or if one wall within the space is an audio visual wall,
this table shape can be less than satisfactory.
 The same problem can arise with a square conference table. In both
instances the total seating around each table shape must be viewed in the
context of the chair size, chair spacing.

DEFINITION OF MEETING

 In a meeting, two or more people come together for the purpose of

discussing a predetermined topic such as business or community event
planning, often in a formal seating. Meeting or sometimes held around
conference tables

PURPOSE OF MEETING

 In addition to coming together to physically communication lines and

equipment can also be set up to have a discussion between people at
different locations e.g. a conference call or e meeting. In organizations,
meeting are an important vehicle for personal contact.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 Conference rooms can be windowless for security purposes. An example

of one such room is in the pentagon known as the tank. Typically the

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facility provide furniture, overhead projectors, stage lighting and sound

system.
 These are arranged for through payment to the facility provided by the
host.
 The number of people attending can be varied from a few to over a
thousand.
 Smoking is normally prohibited in conference halls even when other parts
of building permit smoking.

2.19. AUDITORIUM
 The max number of auditorium is influenced.
 The max number of audience size for which the hall should cater.
 The different purposes for which the hall may be used
 Supplementary services must be provided in the foyer such as banquets,
coffee and bar services.
 The configuration of the site.
 Access and circulation requirements
 The size of the hall
 Level or raked floor
 Need for a storage space

GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF ANY FUNCTION

 Arrival of delegates or participants

 Receiving of guests
 Accommodation for relaxing
 Registration of names and collecting data about the conference
 Waiting for the conference to start
 Participation in the conference or seminar

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 Break after sessions

 Break for lunch
 Starting of the afternoon session
 Tea break after the session
 Concluding session after the day
 Dinner with entertainment
 Back to the guest rooms

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
 Principle planning objective is to separate the conference and training
areas from the other functions in order to eliminate the destructions and
instructions during the meeting.
 Dinning, lounge, banquet and recreational scale and crate a feeling of
closeness with the environment.
 Each of the conference rooms is specially designed and equipped to
enhance the meeting purposes.
 Assembly and refreshment area should be provided throughout the
conference core
 Support facilities as rest rooms, telephones, administrations and extensive
recreational activity area should be conveniently provided.

ACTIVITY SPACES

 Parking spaces
 Reception
 Guest room or suits
 Large entrance lobby
 With registration counter and information desk
 Foyers or concourses

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 Plenary hall
 Break out rooms or out doors
 Exhibition halls
 Banquet or dinning
 Coffee shop or café
 Amphitheater or O.A.T
 Banquet halls or outdoor lawns

AUDITORIUM CAPACITY
 Auditorium capacity and type need to vary the capacity of an 800 seal
auditorium is not urgent. However when necessary, this may be
accomplished wit curtains placed in such a way, perhaps under the lip of
a balcony or at a natural break in the auditorium, that they do not appear
to change the essential proportions of the auditorium. Empty seats visible
to actors or a determinant to good performances. Experts should be
consulted as to the acoustical effect on the auditorium. A solid partition
will vary probably cause havoc in the acoustics.

SIGHT LINES
 The apron of a forestage may be excluded from view to prevent eight
lines angled sharply downwards from rear seats. In auditorium or less
capacity, when balconies are not used, a complete view of the fore stage
should be possible. Site proscenia of encircling stage do not require
perfect site lines. Balconies may help improve them. Sight lines for the
side seats in the auditorium should permit a minimum of 2/3rd of the main
acting space.

AUDITORIUM AND STAGE

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 Maximum seating distance even in the theaters of 1200 to 1500 capacity,

the last seat is preferably not over 75 to 100 ft from the stage, and much
less in smaller house. When balconies are used, the front of the balcony is
preferably within 50 ft of the stage.

STAGE AREAS
 Space is the most vital considerations. It is necessary that the stage be so
arranged that up to five seats can be set up and stacked in succession,
without being seen during the performance, and that this be done further
more open air scenes require the appearance of great height.

LIGHTING
 From lighting from slots in the auditorium ceiling serviced by cat walks is
highly desirable. Beam lights are user for backlighting.

SEATING FACILITIES
 Seat spacing preferably always exceeds the minimum of the New York
code of 32 in back-to-back; and, if possible, seats are not less than 20 in.
on centers. Use of “continental” sating, in which each seat row becomes
an aisle, should be limited too small auditorium, aisle widths and number
of aisles are generally determined by building codes.

TYPES OF SEATS
 Construction and finish upholstery variations includes p ring-edge seats
(most luxurious, more expensive), box-spring (nearly as comfortable),
pring-back; and padded-back. Veener-back seating is suitable only for
conditions subject to hard usage, as in schools. Acoustical control is more
satisfactory with upholstered types.

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SIZES
 Seats are designate by width, the depth front-to-back varying only
slightly common sizes and recommended uses are shown below. In pew
seating without individual arms, as in churches or arena, a “sitting” is
usually 18 in wide.

COMMUNICATION AND SECRETARIAL FACILITIES

 Public telephone booths, individual telephone, telex, press room
PABX(private automatic branch exchange system)
 Broadcast television
 Wired services, closed circuit television
 Public address system
 Micro phone and loudspeaker system
 Simultaneous interpretation
 Acoustic control for reverberation and assisted resonance

COMPUTERIZED SERVICES
 Having specific application in conference management, mailing lists,
printing, reservation details, organizing international meeting, computer
room.
 The central computer equipment consists of adjacent cabinets housing the
communications, processor, microphone, video display processors,
storage desks, video display unit, terminals for master antenna tv system,
telephone and storage for discs. A minimum floor space of 18 sq.m is
necessary.

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Fig.52 Section of Auditorium

TYPES OF LAYOUTS
 Rows these may be straight across entire theater, side banks may be
canted, or entire rows may be curved. Center for radii of rows and center
of screen or stage need not coincide, although this is the ideal case. When
rows are curved, a sloping auditorium floor should be a compound curve
or amphitheater type to prevent tilted side seats.

AISLES
 These may be straight or curved, parallel or radial. Aisles should run at
right angles to rows to eliminate “pockets. Combinations of row and aisle
types commonly used. Continental seating, most commonly used abroad,
involves use of rows with unlimited number of seats. Ocal codes in this
country often either prohibit is use or impose many restrictions. However
existing examples have proved safe and comfortable due to increased
back-to-back seat spacing (up to 42 in ) which is essential to scheme.
Larger than usual side aisles or foyers and many side exists are required.

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3.1 INTERNATIONAL TECH PARK

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INTRODUCTION

International tech park (ITPL) is

the icon of India’s IT success story,
and continues its contribution to the
development of Whitefield as a major
IT hub in India’s Silicon Valley. The
company focuses on providing state-
of-the-art infrastructure and
professionally managed services to Fig.53 ITPL

attract global and local investors to Bangalore.

LOCATION

The site can be accessed from the two bounded sides by road. Whitefield road
on the North serves as pedestrian entrance. Road on the west serve as direct
access road to different areas of the Tech Park and entry by vehicle is allowed.
The site lies 1 Km from the main road connected with Park Square mall and
Hotel Taj Vivanta.

 Hope Farm Jn. 1.8km

 K.R.Puram 7.9km
 Varthur 7.8km
 Vidhana Soudha 20.7km
 HAL Airport 14.4km
 Mahadevapura 7.0km

The proposed Commercial project Fig.54 Google map of ITPL

is committed to provide complete
office space with efficient services and infrastructure such as security and fire

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protection systems, seamless telecommunication networks and optical fiber

connectivity. The landscape concept of the project area has evolved a system of
open spaces, which have the potential to develop into a landscape with
distinctive visual qualities, fulfilling the required ecological functions.

DISCRIPTION

 International Tech Park Bangalore offers a wider variety of purpose-built

office space ideal for software development and IT-related companies.
Themed on its pioneering role, buildings at ITPL are named as follows:
DISCOVERER
INNOVATOR
CREATOR
EXPLORER
INVENTOR
NAVIGATOR
 The planning and design
feature of the development Fig.55 View of all blocks
continues to serve as a bench
mark for efficient the development of work space environments in the
region.
 The layout of office floor plates offer large spans for efficient layouts of
open office work spaces.
 The concept was unique in offering multi-tenant office and production
space together with recreation and living facilities within a self-contained
community environment.
 The design expression is of clean forms with granite at the base and
reflective, unitized vision glazing and aluminium spandrel panels above.

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 The design emphasis on a precise, uncluttered arrangement of functional

elements set within a landscaped environment comprising planted zones
and paved courts that affords efficient circulation while providing human
scale at the ground plane for inhabitants of the park
 Each phase of ITPL’s growth is driven by environment friendly planning
initiatives and a sustainable approach – with green space that covers over
14 acres.
 The development contains more than 30 indigenous and exotic plant
species.
 Irrigation requirements for landscape are met by recycling grey water.
Build-to-Suit facilities like, Recreation and Hospitality, Residential space
and support infrastructure.
 The efficient planning of the park facilitates interaction between
established spaces within the park while affording privacy and
minimizing disturbances during future phases of development activity.

MISSION

Business is to develop and manage the International Tech park. Bangalore

as a comprehensive of Technology park of International standards for our
customers in India and overseas,to support India and Singapore IT and
economic development advancement this resolute mission is backed by self-
imposed quality policy which ensures exacting work at the park.

COMMITEMENT

The international Tech park ,Bangalore is commited to provided a one-stop

solution to multinational and other conglomerates for conducting hi-tech and
knowledge based business in India in an environment based on the integrated
concept of work,live and play the commitment is achieved by the latest s-test of

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art infrastructure, the most professionally-managed services, and ofcourse the

atmosphere and event at the park.

The park offers you an environment that’s commitement to a vertical growth in

productivity. The park already houses corporate majors operating in a wide rang
of business ,such as information technology,biotechnology,electronic,telecom,
r&d and other IT related services.

Fig.56 Master Plan of ITPL

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BUILDING BLOCKS

ITPL being a software developing

center is more important and has
been given to the office space

 Discoverer-Space for
office/administration
 Creator-Space for
production
 Innovator-Office
 Explorer-Office space
 Inventor-Office space
 Navigator- Office space

DISCOVERER
 The block has a ground floor area
of about 350 sqm .The lobby is very
spacious and gives an grand welcoming
entry

Fig.57 Discoverer Block

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 Total alloted space for office is 2,878.3 sqm

Services are provided at a proximity in the
corridor.
 The service core consist of AHU, lifts,
Toilets, electrical room, Data communication
and Telecommunication.
 The form of the building is
Semicircular.

CREATOR BLOCK

Fig.58 Creator Block
The area
of Each floor is 4,211.73 sqm
 This block is a production block
 AHU is not provided because its
an production block.
 Lift and stairs are provided on
both the ends of the linear block.
Fig.59 Innovator Block

INNOVATOR BLOCK
 This block is G+11 Floors.
 This block is for software
development
 Each floor area of this block is
40,372 sqm
 All floors are typical unit of 11
Fig.60 Side view floors

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 The clear height in each floor is 4m.

 The sprinkler system,A/C ducts and electrical wiring is covered by
providing False ceiling to a depth of 1m.

EXPLORER BLOCK
 The block has G+11 floors
 The space is provide for software development
 Each floor area of this block is 33,000 sqm
 All the floors are typical unit of 11 floors

Fig.61 Explorer Block

INVENTOR BLOCK
 The block has G+8 floors
 This block provides space for software development.

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 Each floor area of this block is

33,000 sqm
 All the floors are typical unit
8 floors

NAVIGATOR BLOCK
 The block has G+11 floors
 The space is provide for
software development
 Each floor area of this block is Fig. 62 View of all three
Blocks of ITPL
33,000 sqm
 All the floors are typical unit of
11 floors

BUSINESS CENTRE
 The Tech park Business destination is a global destination , the business
point for global opportunities, recognition and in short, global corporate
image.
 The business center is designed to make an office operational from the
very first day bu providing immediate facilities like telephone, fax,
photocopies, computers, Internet, Professional staff and most importantly
uninterrupted reliable power supply .The office spaces offered are the 5
well designed cabins and 2 business suits .
 A conference room with a seating capacity of 24 people at a time a
discussion room to accommodate to people these spaces are used for
conventions, training programmers and are also suited for conducting in
house events like walk-in- interviews, product launches seminars,
exhibition ,etc

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INFRASTRUCTURE AND OTHER FACILITIES

POWER
 The ITPL Bangalore has its own dedicated power plant. This
synchronized with the 220kv. Grade of the Karnataka power transmission
corporation Ltd. The synchronized power is redistributed to clients
thereby ensuring reliable clean
power supply 24 hrs. a day.
 ITPL is the only establishment of
the Karnataka to receive power
from the utility board at the highest
voltage level i.e., At 220.ooo volts.
The power supply at 220kv ensures
that it is far more dependable than
what is at lower voltage levels to other Fig.63 Power Plant
consumers in the state. The supply to the
park is through two such 220kv

TELEPHONE
 Occupants at the park can get telephone connections 48 hours of moving
in. the onsite presence of the dept.-of telecommunication digital
telephone exchange, which is connected to the central exchange with
fiber optic cables.
 The exchange is equipped 2000 lines with a provided voice connectivity
to terminal outlets on each building. The building are wired unto levels
with cat-3 cables for voice and cat-5 cables for data communication.

VOICE AND DATA COMMUNICATION

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 A vides shancher nigam Ltd( vsnl)earth station featuring a very high band
width provides direct connectivity with destinations across the world for
high speed data transfer.
 The 13m wide satellite disc support high band width requirement in
multiple of 2mbps for superior quality data transmission.

SEWAGE
 A sewage treatment that most demanding maximal pollution control
norms is in operation

AIR CONDITION
 The centrally air-conditioned office and commercial blocks ensure a
comfortable working environment for the occupants.
 For additional air conditioning requirements like maintaining of heavy
duty equipment ,server rooms, each floor comes with insulation water
lines with tapping arrangement which can be used for air-conditioning
equipment room.

WATER SUPPLY
 Bangalore water supply and sewage board provides clean and adequate
water supply through a dedicated pipelines to ITPL. This ensures that
there is never a shortage water in the park. The park is also equipped with
a tank that can meet the requirements of the entire park for 4 continuous
days.
SECURITY AND SAFETY
 A unique building automation system keeps round the clock fire, air
conditioning , power supply, elevators, and security this is at the art of a
comprehensive security cover complete worth fire alarms, fire fighting
system, door alarm contacts for fire fighting measures

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PARKING
 Unlike anywhere else in the city, the park does not face any problem in
accommodating vehicles for parking. The basement parking
accommodate 450 cars an open car park accommodate 257 4 wheelers,
and 400 two- wheelers.

SERVICES AND AMENITIES

 Property maintenance and management
 Project management team
 Transportation
 Tech park
business
centre
 Tech park
health club
 Services tech
park mall
 Banks / ATM
facilities
 F&B outlets Fig.64 Services and Amenities

 Foreign exchange services

 Travel agent
 Courier service
 Laundry service
 Stationary store
 Medical clinic
 Supermarket

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 Lifestyle store
 Salon for men & women
 Cellphone service center

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3.2 TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES

INTRODUCTION

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Tata Consultancy &

Services (TCS) India is an
IT Park in Siruseri,
Chennai. The project stands
as an iconic development in
the cyber corridor, distinct
in the style, grandeur and
aesthetics.

Fig. 65 TCS
LOCATION

The site can be accessed from four gate from placed on North, East, and
South & West. The site is bounded sides by road. The site is 4km away from the
Old Mahabaliburam Road which is
present just parallel to the east coast
road. The road on the South wing
serve as the main entrance to the
building where vehicles are allowed
and the road leads to the basement
parking as well as outdoor parking
lots for both the staffs and visitors.

 O.M.R. Padur 4.2km

 Airport, Meenambakkam,
28km
 Perumbakkam 13.1km
 Polachery 9.4km
Fig.66 Google map of TCS
 Kelambakkam 7.7km
 Tambaram 21.2km

DESCRIPTION

 Being truly an engineering and architectural marvel, the Techno Park is

unique in the way it blends both business and lifestyle statements.
It combines elements of traditional Indian architecture with modern

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design. An aerial view of the complex resembles six butterfly wings

intertwined with a central spine.
 The campus comprises a total of 12
buildings with varying height
featuring five storeys in eight
buildings and seven storeys in five
buildings.

Fig.67 View of Entrance  All of these 12 buildings will be

divided across the central spine that is
400m long and 42m high, with six on each side.
 Each block has two wings connected through bridges leading to the two
central core structures
which house the
elevator lobby.
 The two wings and
the cores structures
are covered with
expansive multiple
three-dimensional
umbrella structures.
 With water bodies,
palm trees and, landscaping,
Fig.68 Master Plan of TCS
this central spine is designed as
an area for relaxation.
 At one end of the central spine, an executive and customer briefing block
is featured, with a towering structure rising from within.

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 The central corridor

roof between the
engineering blocks
which is known as the
central spine serves as
the shelter for people
movement.
 This also houses the landscape Fig.69 Air movement in the
which consists of water body and Central spine of TCS
other facilities. The architectural
concept is such that 2 giant wasps each of 8 pairs of legs and long tails
are facing each other.
 The formation of the entire structure is by means of 3 dimensional curves.
In both the side elevations, it is symmetrical about vertical axis .
 In top plan, it is symmetrical about both vertical and horizontal axes
Intelligently-designed, eco- friendly developed, this innovative design
demonstrates environment-friendly processes, techniques and systems to
meet the requisites for energy-efficient buildings, ISO 14001
certifications, zero waist disposals, carbon footprint offset, etc.
 The complex is notable for its microclimate performance based on an
open atrium office buildings, providing a naturally-ventilated system.
 An ecological stream beneath a large overhanging canopy of 400m
provides a natural cooling system.
 Aerial view of the complex resembles six butterfly wings intertwined
with a central spine.
The central spine serves as an gathering space and as a food court for
various stalls with dinning space.

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Building and number of floors:

EB 1 =1B+G+5 Floors
EB 2 =1B+G+5 Floors
EB 3 =1B+G+5 Floors
EB 4 =1B+G+5 Floors
EB 5 =1B+G+5 Floors
EB 6 =1B+G+5 Floors
Resource center =G+7 Floors
Tower =130 m height
Fig.70 Block arrangement in
The central spine is 400m long and TCS
42m high that acts as an conopy with
proper ventilation
The building consist of 6 engineering blocks, customer care center, General
services block, Training and library block and other facilities. The Campus has
already applied for Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)
Certification for Platinum and Gold ratings from the US Green Building
Council.

LANDSCAPE FEATURES

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 Landscape has
played a major role
in reducing heat
island effect in the
campus Major
portion of the
podium is covered
with greenery thereby
Fig.71 Plantation between wings
reducing the heat transmission
to lower floors and glare on to the façade, In the ground floor both in the
central spin and in each individual blocks consist of pants and
waterbodies, creating a micro climatic effect than the surrounding space.
 The top soil that were excavated are now used for landscape in site. Care
has been taken in choosing native species of plants .
 Recycle
water from
STP is used
for

landscapewater requirement.
Fig.72 landscape at TCS
Sprinklers have been installed to
minimize wastage of water. Recycling of water in water bodies has also
helped in reducing the water consumption in landscape
 90% of the care are located under cover in basements. Care has been
taken in choosing Trees in Ground level to see to it the same takes not
more than 5 years to grow full height and give adequate cover to the open

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car parks located in the external areas, Thereby reducing the heat island
effect.

PARKING

 Basement parking as well as

surface parking is provided in
the site. 3 levels of car parking
at basement with proper car
and bike parking is allotted.

Fig.73 Basement Parking

INDOOR AIR MONITORING

 CO2 monitoring
 All densely occupied spaces
 CO@ locations between 3’ and 6’
above the floor
 Non-densely occupied spaces
 A direct outdoor air-flow Fig.74 Interior Office Space
measurement
 Increase air ventilation rates to all occupied spaces by at least 30%

SPACE ENVIRONMENT

MEVR FILTERS

MEVR- Minimum Efficiency Reporting valves . A number from 1 to 16 relative

to an air filters efficiency. The higher the MERV , the more efficient the air
filters is in capturing particles.

THERMAL COMFORT

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 Thermal comfort to be met throughout the year

 Both temperature & humidity to be met
 RH cobtrol necessary
 Thermal comfortable environment

WINTE-COOLED CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS

 With series counter-flow arrangement In spite of higher capital costs,

water cooled chillers were used to the reduced operational cost.
 100% Recycled water used for Cooling tower make up

ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES-AIR CONDITIONING

 Provide water cooled chiller with higher COP

 Water cooled chiller-energy consumption less than Aor cooler chiller
 Recycled water to coolind Tower
 Energy Efficient motors

ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES- ELECTRICAL

 Energy efficient fluorescent tube lights(T-5)shall be used

 All fluorescent light fixtures are specified to incorporate electronic
chokes which have less watt-loss compared to electro- magnetic chokes
and result in superior operating power factor. This indirectly saves
energy. Electronic chokes also improves life of the fluorescent lamps.
 Energy efficient fluorescent lamps & cfl lamps which give approx.. 30%
more light output for the same watts consumed and therefore require less
number of fixtures and corresponding lower point wiring costs

ENERGY CONSERVATION –ARCHITECTURAL

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 Hollow block for wall construction

 Energy Efficient façade
design with composite
ACP cladding
 Covered parking
 Window wall ration of
30%
 Double glazed unitized
glazing
Fig.75 View of Floor with double
 Punch windows on East and glazed glass
West
 Direction to control Heat radiation
 Strip glazing on North & South for Efficient day lighting
 Centralized Services in Utility block
 Three basement & Two stilt covered parking for the vehicles
 Providing Separate smoking provision away from building maintaining
building as nonsmoking zone.

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3.1 INFOTECH PARK

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INTRODUCTION

ITC Info Tech Park is an

architectural sustainable IT park at
Bangalore. ITC Infotech is a
specialized global full service
technology solutions provider, led
by Business and Technology
Consulting.

ITC Infotech’s Digitaligence@work

infuses technology with domain,
data, design, and differentiated
delivery to significantly enhance
experience and efficiency, enabling
the clients to differentiate and disrupt Fig.76 Google map of ITC
their business. Site conditions

The site for this Info tech park is found to be placed with in the residence
on a gentle slopping contour, in Banaswadi, Bangalore. The site is bounded by
road on the north east and south east side. Towards the north runs the railway
line. The immediate neighborhood is predominantly residential buildings.

LOCATION
The site can be accessed from the two bounded sides by road.Banswadi-
Pulikeshinagar road on the
North serves as pedestrian
entrance. Near by spots are
the chickpet,Garuda mall,
war museum, Bangalore
palace and Bangalore fort.

Fig.77 ITC Admin block

Banswadi railway station 1.2km
Bangakore east railway station .8km

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Chickpet 7.8km
Garuda mall 12.2km
Airport 35km
War Museum 8.0km

DISCRIPTION

 The building has been designed with highly efficient day lighting
systems, removing the need for artificial lighting during the day. This has
been done with the help of light shelves, narrow floor planes, and reduce
window -to- wall ratio.

 The proposed Commercial project

Fig.78 Master Plan with
provide complete office space with circulation
efficient services and infrastructure.
 Infotech is the most sustainable IT building in Bangalore and also
functions sustainable

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 The company works to reduce its per capita electricity consumption by

50 percent from 2005-2006 and to source all its electricity needs from
renewable
resources by the
end of 2017.
 The companys
per capita water
consumption
declined by 40
percent and ghg
emissions dropped by 15.3 percent, during Fig.79 View of Road
the same period. layout
 The company encourages employees to
endorse sustainable practices that reduce their daily consumption of
resources.
 Reduced our carbon intensity for scope 1 and scope 2 by 53.53% as
compared to fiscal 2008.
 Acheived a reduction by 40 % in our energy intensity
 Reduced your water intensity by 34%
 Sourced 58 million units of our electricity from renewable energy
 More than 6,000 native trees were planted last year to improve the
biodiversity of the campus.
 Building envelope efficiency
 Radiant cooling technology
 Heat pumps for water heating

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 Rain water harvesting Fig.80 Block placement in ITC

 Rain water harvesting
 Usage of solar panels
 Wireless technology
 Lighting control for green results
 Daylight panels for windows
 Light shelves to improve natural light in the working space
 Volumetric lighting in office spaces
 Replacement of sodium vapour lamps with LEDS
 Renewable resources

ENERGY CONSERVATION -ELECTRICITY

 Energy efficient fluorescent lamps & CFL lamps which give apporox. 30
% more light output for the same watts consumed and therefore require
less nos. of fixtures and corresponding lower point wiring costs.

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 Flourescent light fixtures

are specified to incorporate
electronic chocks which
have less watt-loss
compared to electro-
magnetic choks and result
an superior operating poer
factor. This indirectly saves
energy.Electronic chcks also
improves life of the
flurescent lamps.
 An automatic Power factor
correction Panels (APFC) relay
Fig.81 Power plan
based on Contactor switching is
proposed to effect the power factor correction/improvement.

ENERFY CONSERVATION-WATER EFFICIENCY

 Reduce
 Reuse
 Recharge

ENERGY CONSERVATION –WATER

RECYCLING
 STP has been designed to handle 100% Fig.82 Landscaping
waste water from the campus
 Water efficient fluch& flow fixtures have been adopted
 Water recycling using treated water for the Toilet flush,landscape balance
for the cooling tower make up, drift and evaporation losses
 Variable speed secondary/tertiary pumps which ensure that chilled water
is supplied according to demand.

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 Internet Case Study

4.1 PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE

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 Parametric
architecture is a now
an evolved style of
architecture. Its
computer and
technology aided
design which is used
as a tool for various
design projects. Fig.83 Cairo Expo city, Designed
 It is defined by parameters by ZHA
which are set by the
designer be it in form of a small scale projects or a major urban scale
design. It is a form of
computer aided design
which helps designers in
optimizing and improving
their design. Over the
years various design
interfaces have been
developed o revolutions
parametric modelling and
Fig.84 Olaya Metro Station ,Designed by
Gerber Architekten allowing freedom in
design.
 Italian architect Luigi moretti was one of the first architects to work on
parametric architecture by using mathematics to create new shapers. In
1957 he founded the institute for operations research and applied
mathematics (IRMOU)in order to find parametric modelling for new
form generation by using mathematical theories in design.

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 The design develops according to he set parameters. The final form is a

result of the parameters selected for the design process. The range of
parameters can vary from natural environment dealing with a building or
the software aiding in designing a structure.

 Parametric designing
allows easier three
dimensional modelling
and gives the freedom of
modifying the design at
any stage of design
depending on the
convenience of the
designer.

 During the process of

design, one may need to
change certain things used
in the earlier stages of the
design process. Changing
the previous steps
manually and then
Fig.85 Twisted Structure
modifying

 The design according to the changed steps can be time consuming.

Parametric modeling using algorithms can simply, and make this process
faster without compromising on the quality of the design.

 In parametric architecture, as defined by architect Patrik Schumacher,

order is not achieved by repetition but by using similar elements in

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design. This gives a building a very unique and interesting Form such
unique elements can be easily computed using parametric tools for
design. Parametric architecture is being used for form finding in many
aspects of architecture. Various parameters help the designers to find
interesting forms in architecture with the help of technology.

 In the present scenario where fast construction is a necessity, parametric

architecture has helped solved this problem by giving data required for
analysis and construction. Parametric architecture has broadened the
scope of form finding in architecture, allowing construction of
complicated structures with ease.

 The introduction of the term 'fluid' in the definition of architecture, which

still seems to be helplessly linking to an old fashioned notion of tectonics
both in functional and economic terms is new and innovative. Buildings
today no longer be viewed as being merely the visible three dimensional
result of a linear solution seeking process. In our increasingly complex
society, solutions as difficult they are to find are what we should aim at.
Method involves a consistent form to program heuristics .i.e form selects
function instead of function selects form. Development of project thus
extensively relies on post rationalization. The projects oscillate between
pay and analysis and aim at elaborating new form function relations.

 The prevalent institutions and communication patterns of society have

undergone increased changes during the last 30 years. Social
communication has become dynamic, differentiated and intensified.

 Accordingly, modernist urbanism and modernist architecture have

experienced a fatal crises. To inherit limitations of the linear models of
expansion that characterized faradism became apparent both in terms of

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the ecological, the socio economic as well as the urban crises of the
1970s. Even while the use of internet and mobile devices has increased,
and the demand for fce to fae communications-mediated by architectural
and urban spaces has increased as well.

 Hence for my research, I have decided to consider fluidity as a parameter

in the building construction in India. The main idea is to understand how
a building in simple terms behave like fluids.

 What are the elements that can be modified or manipulated to achieve a

free flowing behavior and how this behavior can affect the building
typology and built environment parametric architectural helps a designer
to manipulate spaces or forms in ways which are difficult to imagine
visually. And as it is the age of contemporary and digitalized architecture,
the change from linear models to experimental and innovative forms and
expressions is inevitable. By using a parametric approach i believe that i
can have a thorough understanding of the parameter and in the future can
implement this concept

Definition of the terms

 Parametric design: it is a tool used for designing structures and building

elements based o certain parameters chosen by the designer, with the help
of computer aided design technology.
 Fluidity- appearance of a building to be flowing or the flow of people
inside a building similar to a fluid.
 Computer aided design (CAD) - it is the technology which simplifies and
assists a designer in modifying, analyzing, optimizing or presenting a
design.

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FLUIDITY IN ARCHITECTURE

To understand what is fluidity in architecture ,we need to understand the

meaning of the term ‘fluid’. Fluids in literal terms are matter which have the
ability to flow. Through science we understand the difference between solids
and fluids and the reason why solids cant flow and fluids can. In similar words,
the molecules in solid matter are closely bound due to their strong
intermolecular forces and thus they stay rigid but fluids on the other hand have
molecules with weaker intermolecular forces and thus they are loosely bound
which allows the matter to flow.

Fluidity is simply the behavior of fluids or any other matter which depicts the
behavior of fluids.This behavior can be different and unique in different ways.
A whirlpool will have a concentric movement of all the molecules of water but
sand dunes on the other hand have a gradual linear movement of sand particles.
Both can be as fluid movements but both depict this behavior of flowing
through space which is called fluidity.

This movement of particles which happens in different matters can be observed

to be very diverse and unpredictable. We cannot say how the particles will
move by just simply looking at the particles. Though mathematians and
physicians are able to do that through multiple permutations and several
combinations, but a regular person instead of looking at how the fluid is
moving, will appreciate and notice the beauty of the matter. The amotions and
feelings which gets created due to fluids is something very vivid and amazing.
Since centuries water has been considered as an element of calmness and
soothing. There is a reason why people anjoy waterfalls, beaches,lakes and
rivers. All have water in it but all of them have their own individual and distinct
aura. The atmosphere that gets created due to the fluids is one of the reason that
this fluidity style got evolved in architecture.

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FLUIDITY AND ARCHITECTURE: FLUIDITY IN ARCHITECTURE

The concept of fluidity was present since the time architecture was born.
Although the idea wasn’t so clear and prominent but the early man when started
constructing shelter had a certain understanding of the concept which could be
defined as’fuidity and architecture’ , where the buildings and structures which
were designed and constructed had involved water somewhere or the other. If
we look back in history, the Egyptian designers while constructing their palaces
always made sure that there was a flow of water in the interiors which would
come from the river Nile so that the awter can be used for domestic chores and
also could be used from cooling the interiors. As time went by and architecture
bloomed, this concept of including the use of water in buildings took different
forms by different designers and builders all over the world. And even now,
when the world has developed to such a great extent, the original idea of using
water in the building for cooling is still retained which can be seen in projects
like B.V.Doshi’s office in Ahmadabad.

Fig.86 B.V. Doshi’s Sangarth in Ahmadabad

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FLUIDITY IN ARCHITECTURE

As architecture evolved, architects and designers were on a hunt of uniqueness

in their design. That is one of the major reasons that this concept got introduced.
The idea was simple: get inspired, be innovative and design unique. Though this
idea initiated the evolution of the concept, the derivative was to find how much
an architect can explore with the spaces. How much can a form be twisted and
manipulated by an architect. The initial approach towards design was inevitably
‘function follows form ‘instead of ‘form follows function’. So the concept
automatically becomes focused on the form experimentation and manipulation.

The main challenge with this concept was how will the design becomes
functional with the form. Traditional architectural methods involved a process
in which the functionality of the design was understood thoroughly before the
form was worked out.
That gave a clear cut
definition of the design
with different levels of
manipulations happening
at every stage of process.
But in this case, the form
gets developed first ,so
arrangement of spaces so
that the functional
requirements of building Fig.87 Zany Beko, Downtown in Belgrade,
is met becomes the fun Designed by ZHA

part. Also a critical point

should be noted that while designing, the building is considered to be an
integrated block which consists of all the spaces.

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Fig.88 Olaya metro station, Designed by

Gerber Architeckton

Fig.89 Kartal Pendik Master Plan, Istanbul,

Turkey, Designed by Partrik Schumacher

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Fig.90 Geometry Fluidity House Villa Design

Concept, Designed by Jurgen Mayer H Architects

Fig.91 Dongdaemum Design park and

Plaza,Seoul, Designed by Zaha Hadid

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Fig.92 Fluid Structure

THE FLUID ARCHITECTS

Architect Zaha Hadid

Dama Zaha Mohammad Hadid,ia an Iraq-

British architect. She received the Pritzker
Architecture Prize in 2004-the first woman
to do so-and the stiring Prize in 2010 and
2011. Her buildings are distinctively
futuristic,characterized by the
“powerful,carving forms of her elongated
structures with multiple perspective points
and fragmented geometry to evoke the chaos of modern life. Dame Zaha Hadid
has taught at prestigious universities around the world,including at the Harvard

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Graduate School of Design,where she was the kenzp Tange Professorship and
the Sulivan chair at the university of Illinois at Chicago’s school of
Architecture. She also served as guest
professor at the Hochschule for bildende
Kunste Hamburg, the Knowlton School of
Architecture at Ohino Sttte University, the
Master Studio at Columbia University, and the
Eero Saarinen Visiting Professor of Architectural Design at the Yale School of
architecture

From the year 2000 on dame zaha hadid is a guest professor at he university of
applied arts vienna,in the zaha hadid master class vertical studio.

She was named an honorary

member of the American
Academy of arts and letters
and an honorary fellow of the
American institute of
architects. She has been on
the board of trustees of the architecture foundation. She is currently professor at
the university of applied arts Vienna in Austria,(Hadid),(Zaha haldid)

Patrik schumacher

Partner at Zaha hadid architects since 1988

Education: Schumacher studied philosophy and

architecture inborn, London and Stuttgart,
where he received his diploma in architecture in
1900.In 1999 he completed his PHD at the
institute for cultural science, Kiagenfurt
University.

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Patrik schumacher joined Zaha hadid in 1988 he founded the design research
laboratory with Brett science at the architectural association school of
architecture in London and continues to serve as one of its co-directors.
Schumacher has co-taught a series of post graduate options studios with Zaha
hadid at the university of Illinois at Chicago, Columbia university and at the
graduate school of design at Harvard university. Since 2004 Patrick
Schumacher has been tenured professor at the University of Experimental
Architecture. Currently he is a guest professor at the university of applied arts in
verna. Schumachers contributions to the discourse of contemporary architecture
is also evident in his published works and interviews which can be viewed at
www.patrickschumacher.com

Patrick Schumacher played a vital role in revolutionising parametricism and

parametric architecture. He was also involved with Zaha hadid in flourishing
deconstructivsms style and has written several books and parametricism,
urbanism and free market urbanism .He won the stirling prize in 2010 for
MAXXI center of contemporary and architecture in Rome.

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Architect Santiago calatrava

Santiago Calatrava Valls (born 28 july

1951)a spanish architect sculptor and
structural engineer whose principal office is
in zurich,switzerland.He has offices in
zurich,paris,valencia and New York
City(where he now resides)

Calatravas early career was largely

dedicated to bridges and railway
stations,with designs that elevated the status
of civil engineering projects to new heights.His Moevtjuic comunications
Tower in Barceiona,spain(1991) in the heart of the 1992 olympic site as well as
the alien lambert galleria in toronto,canada(1992),were important works and
turning points in his career,leading to a wide range of commissions.The
quadracci Pavilon(2001) of the Mowaukee art museum was his first building in
the united states.Calaravas entry into high rise design began with an innovative
54 stor high twisting tower called turning torso(2005),transportation hub at the
rebuilt world trade centre in New York city.As of 2013,a modified ,somewhat
cost reduced version of his design in under construction.

Calatrava has defined his style as bridging the division between structural
engineering and architecture.In his projects,he claims to continue a tradition of
spanish modernist engineering tht included Felix Candela,Antonia Gaudi and

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Ratael Guasstvino,with a very personal style that derives from numerious

studies of the human body and the natural world.(htt1)(htt2)(santiago calatrava)

Architect Franky Gehry

Frank Gehrys buildings,including his

private residence have become tourist
attraction.His works are cited being among
the most important works of contemporary
architecture in the 2010 world architecture
survey,which led vanity fair to label him as
the most important architects of our age.

Gehrys best known works include the titanium covered Guggenheim Museum
in bilbao,spain;MIT ray and Maria stata centre in cambridge,Massachusetts;walt
disney concert hall in downtown Los Angeles;experience music projectin
seattle;weiseman art museum ART a Herfordin Germany;the art gallery of
Ontario in toronto;the cinematheque francaise in paris;and spruce street in New
York city.But it was his private residence in santa monica,California,that jump
started his career lifting it from the status of paper architecture a phenomenon

that many famous architects have experienced in their formative decades

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through experimentation almost exclusively on paper before receiving their first

major commission in later years. Gehry is also the designer of the future Dwight
D.Eisenhower memorial.

FLUIDITY IN BUILDINGS

Some of the projects that has incorporated this style. The main aim right now
would be to analyses the buildings and observe how the concept is being
applied.

Concept of airport, designed

by Thomas Buseck, Project
coordinator P.Schumacher

First of all i would like to

thank Thomas Bunseck for
sharing his portfolio on his
blog and giving his ideas and knowledge of parametricism and fluid architecture
while designing this project.

The project requirement was to design a new passenger terminal for Innsbruck
airport. Buseck had structural design in his major in that semester so he chose
airport where he believes the design context is not as important as the structure
which he justifies by not working much on the design development but
manipulating the structural engineering to create a fluid expression.

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His main work in this project is with the roof and how it can be made to form
like waves. As it can be observed that there is a variation in the densities of the
units. This clearly says that wherever the density is more, there is trough formed
and where its less, crest is created.

with the help of geometrygym and grasshopper the designer was able to create a
lattice structure which consists of small shells alternatively.

The columns are located between every two troughs making them points of
vertical loads. The density of lattice gets concentrated between every two
troughs to transfer the loads to the columns.

1. Acrylic glass 40mm thick

2. pressure plate

3. clamping rubber

4. mechanical reinforcement

5. contact pressure point

6. GRP 1.8mm cover

7. RHS 140*140*12.5

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8. panel XPS100mm

layer wise isometric view

Though this diagram the

designer explains through
layers,how the roof gets
formed.The facade follows the
crest trough arrangement and
is made of acrylic glass.The
roofing system above the platform consists of three layers shell cladding shell
structure and the glazing shell all arranged in such a way that the graps formed
due to the lattices gets retained for natural sunlight and as the site location is in
germany the designer used aluminium cladding .This not only helps in storing
thermal energy inside the building but also is a light material and substantially
reduces the dead load.It should be observed that the daylight conditions are
exellent in this design and the facade justblends with the roof.This is a very
important feature of fluid architecture,The roof and facade are two different
designs but at the end they get integrated and becomes one.

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The climate of Austria remains extremely cold most of the year.The designer
kept that in mind and thus created this pattern on the roof allowing a lot of
sunlight inside the building.This in turn increases the internal thermal
temperature of the building which is a major energy sustainable measure in that
climate and this pattern gets compatible with the roofing system and form.Thus
energy sustainable measure being taken with fluid style gets prominent here
down at the orthern side.A subtle upwards curve also features at both the eastern
and western tips of the roof to further emphasise the structures fluid design.

LONDON AQUATIC CENTRE, DESIGNED BY ZAHA HADID

ARCHITECT

The Aquatics centre hosted all swimming events for the 2012 summer games
with capacity for over 18000 spectatos during the games.After the olympics two
temporary seating stands was

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removed and reduced the capacity to 2500

 complete public and

operational coverage within
the building and immediate
exterior.
 A high density solution
capable of meeting the voice
and data demand for 2012
olympics games as generated
by the public VIP
guests(inclusive of IOC) and
key stakeholders
 Robust and dedicated coverage to all back of house areas.
 capable of suporting all current technologies for all UK mobile operators.
 high carrier counts for all mobile operators and full ICNIRP compilance
for all antennas.

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 A dedicated in building DAS solution with exellent availability on the

seating tiers and external microcells providing coverage tp spectator
holding areas.

It must be noted here that the roof of the building was designed to form a fluid
structure inspired by the notion of swimmers breaking the water but the
functionality of the design has been carefully achieved.(Aqua centre,2011).

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The build programme for this project was complex due to the tight access
window between the start on site and the test event schedule.A phased approach
was used to maintain system availability during the various build stages.

The build programme consisted of the following

 3weeks for all seating bowl anenna and

steel work installation.
 2weeks for all roof void remote until
installations.
 2weeks for bowl feeder and fibre rigging
and for internal BOHDAS installation.
 2weeks for bowl antenna optimisation
and active equipment commissioning.

THE SOLUTION

 12 seating bowl sectors

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 8 internal DAS sectors which provided coverage to athletes and officials

areas operational areas and VIP lounges
 3 microcell sectors
 2 Km of coaxial feeder cable(1/2" to 15/8")
 7.5Km of fibre cable
 98 antennas(36 within the bowl)

The structural system of the roof was a challenge firstly it should be observed
that the roof is supported on the major columns.Firstly it should be observed
that the roof is supported on the major columns.These columns take all the
vertical load coming from the trusses.The truss system is installed on the edges
of the roof to achieve the curve shape of the roof.

How the roof structure works

The whole roof structure is

supported on just three points a
wall at the south and two
concrete covers to the north.

Despite the complex shape the roof is made up from relatively simple two
dimensional elements.

The trusses run in a north-south direction and are shaped to clear the diving and
composition pools

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The trusses
incline outwards
from the centre
like a fan the two
oter trusses act as
inclined tied
arches which
creats two wings
on either side of
the building for the temporary seating.

Energy efficiency

An energy model was built early on in the design to assess in detail the building
energy loads and to assist in understanding where the predominant loads were
and which were less significant.The model evolved with the design and formed
the basis of both the oart L carbon emission calculation(as required for building
control and to demonstrate olympics delivery authority efficiency targets)

and of building energy modelling in use in accordance with the ODA

requirement.The Aquatics centre improvement on building regulations partL
2006is 49% based on the as built commissioning data but prior to the legacy

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installation (such as the building air permeability test).This is broken down into
16.5% from efficiency measures in building services systems and the remainder
from the district heating and power systems.(Smooth as water strong as steel
The undulating roof of Londons Olympic Pool)

The base thermal model was also used to prepare more detailed energy
performance modelling calculations to assess the building more closely to its
intended use outside of building regulations requirements.A carbon emission
comparison with other UK 50m swimming pool venues was carried out.This
information is from the existing buildings display Energy Certificate
results.Each venue differs in area and function for example many contains more
dry area sports facilities which will naturally reduce the energy demand(design
boom aqua centre 2011)

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5. INTERNET CASE STUDY

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5.1 WORLD TRADE CENTER

INTRODUCTION

India's fourth operational World Trade

Center - World Trade Center Pune (WTC Pune)
is a definitive address for international
businesses. A global facilitator, World Trade
Center Pune offers world-class facilities and
infrastructure and provides an opportunity to
grow and foster international business.

WTC Pune as an institution for business. The

services you enjoy are reciprocal: reflecting on
those who carry out their businesses from here,
and those who bring business here.
Fig.93 Google map of
Members can access these services at all WTC

operating WTCs around the world and belong to an elite group consisting of
750,000 international
companies.

Located in the
eastern part of Pune
in Kharadi, WTC
Pune is located
Fig.94 View of WTC strategically to foster international trade by
providing various services and facilities
designed specifically to meet the needs of participants in global commerce.

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LOCATION

The site can be accessed from the four bounded sides east lies Dholepatti
Farms road and Fountain road on west.Road on the west serve as main access
to the building. Entry by vehicle is allowed. The site lies 600m from the busy
road.

Distance from airport :7km

Distance from railway station :12km
Connecting roads : Hinjawadi - Kharadi bypass

DISCRIPTION

 The main component of this park are 7,72,254 sq m of offices of top IT .

 Retail opportunities
 Exhibit area that offers space for design and display of products.

Fig.95 Master plan Showing Circulation

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 Amphitheatre
 These spaces are supported by 2670 sqm of services and 14360 sqm of
surface parking, beside generously provided basements
 The building has 4 blocks which resembles a cuboidal shape of blocks
interlocked within each other
 The facade is constructed with glass and ACP.
 The blocks have open terrace concept included in the structure.
 Retails are provided in the block one on the east side.
 Each block is of 5500 sq m with 9 floors
 Provision of other services like gym ,ATMs, Food & beverages are well
planned .

SPECIFICATIONS

 : 1.6 million sq ft (approx.)

 No. of Towers: 4
 Typical floor plate: 55,000 sq ft
 It is enveloped around 2 centralised and well-appointed service cores.

Floor Modules:

 Tower I: 2 basement + ground + 8 floors

 Tower II: 4 basement + ground + 9 floors
 Tower III: 4 basement + ground + 9 floors (proposed)
 Tower IV: Built-To-Suit

Office Modules:
 Tower I: 858 sq ft - 10,544 sq ft

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 Tower II: 1,259 sq ft - 8,764 sq ft

 Tower III: under development
 Typical Floor Height: 3.90 metre
 Column Grid: 8.4 metre

Response to site

The buildings are intricate steel and glass constructions that seem to
exist outside time. The volumes open and rise up from the highway. The
terrace space is provided as a gathering space .
The building is ideally located in the IT crowd company for an easy
access and for a better environment.
Facades on the outer edge are blank with transparent view for the
employees to give an open office plan atmosphere.

Fig.96 Ground Floor plan

Spatial Organization

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The lower floor is primarily dedicated to public functions, while

upper floor house offices, thus achieving vertical zoning.

Fig.97 2nd to 9th Floor

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Fig.98 Floor plan of Tower 2,3 & 4

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CASE STUDY MATRIX

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6.SITE DETAILS
 Site details

6.1 LOCATION: DEVANAHALLI , Bangalore.

WHY BANGALORE ?

 The establishment and success of high technology firms in Bangalore has

led to the growth of Information Technology (IT) in India.
 Bangalore is nicknamed
the Silicon Valley of India. The
name signifies status of
Bangalore as a hub
for information technology (IT)
companies in India and is a
comparative reference to the
original Silicon Valley, based
around Santa Clara
Valley, California, a major hub for
Fig.99 Bangalore the Silicon
IT companies in the United States. Valley

 Bangalore, however, is
located on a plateau and not Fig.100 Map of Rural Bangalore
in a valley.

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 Site details

Fig.101 Devanahalli map

Table.1 Details about
Devanahalli

CONNECTIVITY
LEISURE

 Devanahalli Fort, built in 1501 by the Avati clan. This fort was captured
by Haider Ali in 1791, and renovated and converted into a stone fort.
 Sivagange: This destination’s spring water is considered to be very
sacred, while the hillock is populated with a few temples.
 Ghati Subramanya Temple, one of the popular pilgrim centers located
near Doddaballapur of the Bangalore Rural district.

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 Site details

CLIMATE

Fig.102 Rainfall

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 Site details

PROJECT BRIEF

One of the biggest project, to be constructed adjacent to the Bangalore

International Airport. One of the largest upcoming SEZ in Bangalore. It consist
of various Government bodies as well as private sectors.
The Bisness Park consist of
IT Park
Aero Park
Hardware Park

A multi-billion-dollar Devanahalli
Business Park with two IT Parks are being established on nearly 400 acres
(1.6 km2) adjoining the airport. An Aerospace Park, Science Park and a 1000
crore-rupee Financial City are also coming up.

SITE JUSTIFICATION

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 Site details

SITE ACCESS

Table.2 Industries

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 Site details

SITE SURROUNDING
Educational Institution No.
Secondary PU and Government Colleges 55
Education
Engineering Colleges 5
Medical Colleges 1
ITI 10
Technical
Education Polytechnic Colleges 2
Indian System Of Medicine 1
College
Dental College 1

The prominent educational institutions are:

Table.3 Educational
Institute
 Rai Technology University
 M.V.J. Medical College, Hoskote.
 R.L.J.I.T, Doddaballapur.
 SSS Institute of Technology, Byranayakanahalli, Nelamangala Taluk.
 JCS Industrial training Institute, Nelamangala.
 Govt. ITI, Hoskote and Devanahalli.
 SJM Polytechnic Nelamangala.
 Canara Bank Rural Development Self

Transport Access

 The Bengaluru International Airport is situated in the district

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 Site details

 There are 5 Railway

stations with a total
railway route length
of 204.39 kms
 Bengaluru-Guntkal
railway line
connecting
Mumbai, Port
Airport
Ahmedabad, Jaipur, 564Km
Delhi, Hyderabad
passes through
Port
Doddballapur. 52 Km
 Bengaluru-Chennai
railway line passes Port
through Hoskote Airport
352Km
Taluk.
 Bengaluru-
Hubballi-Pune
railway line
passes through
Nelamangala Taluk
 Yelahanka-
Bangarpet-KGF
railway line passes through Devanahalli
 NH 7 - UP to TN via Karnataka passes through Dobaspette
 NH 48 - Bangalore Hassan, Mangalore passes through
Devanahalli
 NH 4 Thane to Chennai via Karnataka passes through Hoskote
 NH 7 – Bangalore – Tumkur passes through Dobassapette

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 Site details

PROPOSED SITE

SITE AREA-140 ACRES(570606.756 SQ.M)

ROAD WIDTH-34 METERS
SITE FAR-1.5

GROUND COVERAGE-45%
LAND USE CATEGORY-SEZ(SOCIAL ECONOMIC ZONE)

SITE TOPOLOGY

Bangalore ,the silicon valley located in the Indian state of Karnataka.

Geographically the city is located in the northern part of the Nandhi hills. The
Bangalore is spread over an area of 250 sq mi , the dominant topography of the
city is sloping terrain with most of the place found to be clay soil. Some
locations with higher altitude are scattered throughout , giving rise to the
appearancevof several small hills.

SITE TOPOGRAPHY

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 Site details

Clay terrain with abundant of stone. Low vegetation, mostly flat surface with
medium upheavals, thus making it easy for construction of large Business park
and Aero space

SITE ANALYSIS

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7. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROGRAMME
 Design requirements and Programme

7.1 REQUIREMENTS

COMPONENT SPACES AREA IN SQM

ADMINISTRATION Management of park 640
Manager room 30
Assistant manager 20
Finance officer 30
Visitors area 40
Conference room 80
Meeting room 40
Secretary 16
Directors cabin 40
Staff support 40
pantry 24
Toilet 30
Circulation & services 800
TOTAL 2840
RECEPTION Entrance foyer 100
Lobby/waiting hall 300
Reception desk 100
Toilets 15
Circulation & services 200
TOTAL 715
CONVENTION Foyer 600
CENTER
Conference room(large) 200
Conference room 100
(small)

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 Design requirements and Programme

Seminar room 450

Meeting room 60
Convention hall 1200
Banquet hall 600
Pantry 800
Toilets 70
Circulation & services 1600
TOTAL 5680
FOOD COURT Interior seating 400
Open seating 400
Counter 50
Kitchen 200
Store 60
Toilets 20
Circulation & services 360
TOTAL 1490
BUSINESS CENTER Reception 60
Manager room 40
General manager 30
Work station 40
Suit 200
Conference room 120
Discussion room 60
Visitors area 60
Storage room 50
Pantry 15
Toilets 20
Circulation & services 254

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 Design requirements and Programme

TOTAL 949
OFFICE Large office modules 26,400
Medium office modules 30,000
Small office modules 30,000
Pantry 30
Discussion room 60
Toilets 20
Circulations & services 32,000
Crèche 400
TOTAL 1,18,895
BUSINESS CLASS Regular room 2,080
HOTEL
Special suites 2,640
Lobby 200
Reception 40
Lounge 150
Restaurant 200
Kitchen 260
Maintenance 60
Laundry 70
Staff room 100
Toilets 40
Circulations & services 2,100
TOTAL 7,940
SUPPORT Bank/ATM 100
FACILITIES
Telephone exchange 150
Car parking 60,000

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 Design requirements and Programme

Two wheeler parking 6000

Loading/unloading bay 220
TOTAL 66,470

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8.BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Design requirements and Programme

YOUTUBE LINKS:

KMD Architects Sustainable Design-Public utilities Commision Building-

hhtps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uy2gp312hjY&t=s

Paul Woolford,HOK|Office Buliding Design-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ahW9Ek Lm4

KGD Architecture:NAIOP Office Building of the Future Design Competition-

Hickok Cole Architects' NAIOP Office Building of the Future-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V88qI3poquM

Scandinavian Office Building-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TyAZWptZig

2-Fundamentals of HVAC-Basics of HVAC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqvo7bSr6t8&list=PLUD19wn57jm3eppK0
2LiW1Q_7NeSaJ6_h

Plumbing-High-Rise Condominium Project-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpVTxYk3508

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BOOKS

A guide book for office building desing

Development control rules and regulation

Inspiring office space

The buisness district

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Building planning and massing by john keung

The tips for daylighting by Jennifer Schumann

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