First off

1. -We want to talk about definition of a cation?

A cation is an ionic species with a positive charge. The word "cation" comes from the Greek word
"kato," which means "down." A cation has more protons than electrons, giving it a net positive
charge.

Cations with multiple charges may be given special names. For example, a cation with a +2 charge is
a dication. One with a +3 charge is a trication. A zwitterion has both positive and negative charges at
different regions of the molecule, yet an overall neutral charge.

The symbol for a cation is the element symbol or molecular formula, followed by a superscript of the
charge. The number of the charge is given first, followed by a plus symbol. If the charge is one, the
numeral is omitted>
2. how the classification of cations originated?

3. -what Is the scientific bases of it?

-Cations are usually classified into six groups. Each group has a common reagent that can
be used to separate them from the solution. Because cationic analysis is based on the
solubility products of the ions, meaningful results can be obtained only if separation is
performed in a specified sequence. This is due to the fact that some ions of one group may
also react with the reagent of another group. For example, both Ba2+ and Sr2+ will react with
the SO42- ion to form a solid. Therefore, mathematical calculations should be done before
choosing the SO42- ion for selective precipitation in a solution that may contain both Ba2+ and
S2+
Lead
Lead is a bluish-white lustrous metal. It is very soft, highly malleable, ductile, and a relatively
poor conductor of electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion but tarnishes upon exposure to air.
Lead isotopes are the end products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive
element

Lead(II) compounds are characteristic of the inorganic chemistry of lead. Even strong oxidizing
agents like fluorine and chlorine react with lead to give only PbF2 and PbCl2.[49] Lead(II) ions are
usually colorless in solution,[57] and partially hydrolyze to form Pb(OH)+ and finally [Pb4(OH)4]4+ (in
which the hydroxyl ions act as bridging ligands),[58][59] but are not reducing agents as tin(II) ions
are. Techniques for identifying the presence of the Pb2+ ion in water generally rely on the
precipitation of lead(II) chloride using dilute hydrochloric acid. As the chloride salt is sparingly
soluble in water, in very dilute solutions the precipitation of lead(II) sulfide is achieved by bubbling
hydrogen sulfide through the solution
Silver

Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-
Indo-European h₂erǵ: "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition
metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any
metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an
alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is
produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

Mercury

A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard
conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these
conditions is the halogen bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just
above room temperature.

Unlike its lighter neighbors, cadmium and zinc, mercury usually forms simple stable compounds with
metal-metal bonds. Most mercury(I) compounds are diamagnetic and feature the dimeric cation,
Hg2+

2. Stable derivatives include the chloride and nitrate. Treatment of Hg(I) compounds complexation
with strong ligands such as sulfide, cyanide, etc. induces disproportionation to Hg2+

and elemental mercury.[41] Mercury(I) chloride, a colorless solid also known as calomel, is really the
compound with the formula Hg2Cl2, with the connectivity Cl-Hg-Hg-Cl. It is a standard in
electrochemistry. It reacts with chlorine to give mercuric chloride, which resists further oxidation.
Mercury(I) hydride, a colorless gas, has the formula HgH, containing no Hg-Hg bond.
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