COLUMN

ANALYSIS
The following data are used and specified in solving for the design of column:

Area of Steel, Ast :

П
Ast = 4 (D2 )

Compressive strength of concrete, fc’

F’c = 20.7 MPa

Yield strength of steel , fy

Fy = 420 MPa

Spacing of tie wires:

Use the smallest of the following for the main bar spacing:

1. Not more than 16 bar diameter

2. Not more than 48 tie diameter

3. Least dimension of column

Interaction Diagram:
 DESIGN FOR SECOND FLOOR COLUMN

Maximum Reaction at Columns A and C of Sections 1 and 3

WDL = 7.44741 kN/m

WLL = 3.402 kN/m

A B C
MDL = 7.60256 kN-m 3.50m 3.50m MDL = 7.60256 kN-m
MLL = 3.47288 kN-m MLL = 3.47288 kN-m

RDL = 13.03297 kN RDL = 26.06594 kN RDL = 13.03297 kN

RLL = 5.9535 kN RLL = 11.907 kN RLL = 5.9535 kN

W = DL + LL

W = 13.03297 kN + 5.9535 kN

W = 18.98647 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (13.03297) kN + 1.6 (5.9535 Kn)

WU = 25.16516 kN

Maximum Reaction at Columns 1 and 3 of Sections A and C

WDL = 3.95054 kN/m

WLL = 1.4307 kN/m

MDL = 8.23029 kN-m 5.00m 5.00m MDL = 8.23029 kN-m

MLL = 2.98063 kN-m MLL = 2.98063 kN-m

RDL = 9.87635 kN RDL = 19.7527 kN RDL = 9.87635 kN

RLL = 3.57675 kN RLL = 7.1535 kN RLL = 3.57675 kN
 W = DL + LL

W = 9.87635 kN + 3.57675 kN

W = 13.4531 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (9.87635 kN) + 1.6 (3.57675 kN)

WU = 17.57442 kN

Total Reaction:

Unfactored:

WT = 18.98465 + 13.4531 kN

WT = 32.43775 kN

Mn = 12.49927 kNm

Mu = 0.9Mn = 0.9 (12.49927 kNm) = 11.24934 kNm

Factored:

WT = 25.16516 kN + 17.57442 kN

WT = 42.73958 kN

Axial Load:

Pu = 42.73958 kN
Pu 42.73958
Pn = 0.7 = = 61.05654 kN
0.7
Eccentricity (e):
Mu
Е= Pn

11.24934 kNm
Е= (1000)
61.05654 kN

E = 184.24464 mm

Solve for KN:

Pn
KN = f′ c Ag

61.056540 kNm (1000)

KN = 20.7 MPa (300 mm) (300 mm)

KN = 0.03277

Solve for RN:

Pne
RN = f′ c Ag h

61.05654 kNm (184.24464) (1000)

RN = (20.7 MPa) (300 mm) (300 mm) (300 mm)

RN = 0.02013 m

In designing columns, Steel ratio (𝜌g) ranges from 0.01 to 0.08

Use 𝜌g = 0.01 (see interaction diagram)

Steel Area Required, As

As = 𝜌g Ag

As = (0.01) (300) (300)

As = 900 mm2
Solve for number of bars, n

Use 16mm Ø bar

П
As = D2 n
4

П
900 mm2 = 4 162 n

n = 4.476 ≈ 6 pcs

Solve for Spacing of tie wires, S

Using 10 mm Ø tie wires

1. 16 (16) = 256

2. 48 (10) = 480mm

3. 300mm

Use 10 mm Ø tie wires spaced @ 250 mm O.C.

Maximum Reaction at Column B of Sections 1 and 3

WDL = 7.44741 kN/m

WLL = 3.402 kN/m

A B C
MDL = 7.60256 kN-m 3.50m 3.50m MDL = 7.60256 kN-m
MLL = 3.47288 kN-m MLL = 3.47288 kN-m

RDL = 13.03297 kN RDL = 26.06594 kN RDL = 13.03297 kN

RLL = 5.9535 kN RLL = 11.907 kN RLL = 5.9535 kN

W = DL + LL

W = 26.06594 kN + 11.907 kN

W = 37.97294 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (26.06594) kN + 1.6 (11.907 kN

WU = 50.33033 kN

Maximum Reaction at Columns 1 and 3 of Section B

WDL = 3.95054 kN/m

WLL = 1.4307 kN/m

MDL = 8.23029 kN-m 5.00m 5.00m MDL = 8.23029 kN-m

MLL = 2.98063 kN-m MLL = 2.98063 kN-m

RDL = 9.87635 kN RDL = 19.7527 kN RDL = 9.87635 kN

RLL = 3.57675 kN RLL = 7.1535 kN RLL = 3.57675 kN
 W = DL + LL

W = 9.87635 kN + 3.57675 kN

W = 13.45310 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (9.87635 kN) + 1.6 (3.57675kN)

WU = 17.57442 kN

Total Reaction:

Unfactored:

WT = 37.97294 + 13.45310 kN

WT = 51.42604 kN

Mn = 24.99854 kNm

Mu = 0.9Mn = 0.9 (24.99854kNm) = 22.49869 kNm

Factored:

WT = 50.33033 kN + 17.57442 kN

WT = 67.90475 kN

Axial Load:

Pu = 67.90475 kN
Pu 67.90478
Pn = 0.7 = = 97.00678 kN
0.7
Eccentricity (e):
Mu
Е= Pn

22.49869 kNm
Е= (1000)
97.00678 kN

E = 231.929 mm

Solve for KN:

Pn
KN = f′ c Ag

97.00678 kNm (1000)

KN = 20.7 MPa (300 mm) (300 mm)

KN = 0.05207

Solve for RN:

Pne
RN = f′ c Ag h

97.00678 kNm (231.929) (1000)

RN = (20.7 MPa) (300 mm) (300 mm) (300 mm)

RN = 0.04026 m

In designing columns, Steel ratio (𝜌g) ranges from 0.01 to 0.08

Use 𝜌g = 0.01 (see interaction diagram)

Steel Area Required, As

As = 𝜌g Ag

As = (0.01) (300) (300)

As = 900 mm2

Solve for number of bars, n

 Use 16mm Ø bar
П
As = D2 n
4

П
900 mm2 = 4 162 n

n = 4.476 ≈ 6 pcs

Solve for Spacing of tie wires, S

Using 10 mm Ø tie wires

1. 16 (16) = 256

2. 48 (10) = 480mm

3. 300mm

Use 10 mm Ø tie wires spaced @ 250 mm O.C.

Maximum Reaction at Column 2 of Sections A and C

WDL = 3.95054 kN/m

WLL = 1.4307 kN/m

MDL = 8.23029 kN-m 5.00m 5.00m MDL = 8.23029 kN-m

MLL = 2.98063 kN-m MLL = 2.98063 kN-m

RDL = 9.87635 kN RDL = 19.7527 kN RDL = 9.87635 kN

RLL = 3.57675 kN RLL = 7.1535 kN RLL = 3.57675 kN

W = DL + LL

W = 19.7527 kN + 7.1535 kN

W = 26.90620 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (19.7527) kN + 1.6 (7.1535 kN)

WU = 35.14884 kN

Maximum Reaction at Columns A and C of Section 2

WDL = 13.48218 kN/m

WLL = 6.804 kN/m

A
MDL = 13.76306 kN-m B C
MDL = 13.76306 kN-m
MLL = 6.94575 kN-m 3.50m 3.50m MLL = 6.94575 kN-m

RDL = 23.59382 kN RDL = 42.18764 kN RDL = 23.59382 kN

RLL = 11.907 kN RLL = 23.814 kN RLL = 11.907 kN
 W = DL + LL

W = 23.59382 kN + 11.907 kN

W = 35.50082 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (23.59382 kN) + 1.6 (11.907 kN)

WU = 47.36378 kN

Total Reaction:

Unfactored:

WT = 35.50082 + 13.45310 kN

WT = 48.95392 kN

Mn = 37.49781 kNm

Mu = 0.9Mn = 0.9 (37.49781 kN) = 33.74803 kNm

Factored:

WT = 47.36378 kN + 17.57442 kN

WT = 64.93820 kN

Axial Load:

Pu = 67.93820 kN
Pu 67.93820
Pn = 0.7 = = 92.76886 kN
0.7
Eccentricity (e):
Mu
Е= Pn

33.74803 kNm
Е= (1000)
92.76886 kN

E = 363.78617 mm

Solve for KN:

Pn
KN = f′ c Ag

92.76886 kNm (1000)

KN = 20.7 MPa (300 mm) (300 mm)

KN = 0.0498

Solve for RN:

Pne
RN = f′ c Ag h

92.76886 kNm (363.78617) (1000)

RN = (20.7 MPa) (300 mm) (300 mm) (300 mm)

RN = 0.06038m

In designing columns, Steel ratio (𝜌g) ranges from 0.01 to 0.08

Use 𝜌g = 0.01 (see interaction diagram)

Steel Area Required, As

As = 𝜌g Ag

As = (0.01) (300) (300)

As = 900 mm2

Solve for number of bars, n

 Use 16mm Ø bar
П
As = D2 n
4

П
900 mm2 = 4 162 n

n = 4.476 ≈ 6 pcs

Solve for Spacing of tie wires, S

Using 10 mm Ø tie wires

4. 16 (16) = 256

5. 48 (10) = 480mm

6. 300mm

Use 10 mm Ø tie wires spaced @ 250 mm O.C.

Maximum Reaction at Column 2 of Section B

WDL = 6.49115 kN/m

WLL = 2.8614 kN/m

1 2 3
MDL = 13.52323 kN-m 5.00m 5.00m MDL = 13.52323 kN-m
MLL = 5.96125 kN-m MLL = 5.96125 kN-m

RDL = 16.22788 kN RDL = 32.45576 kN RDL = 16.22788 kN

RLL =14.307 kN RLL = 7.1535 kN
RLL = 7.1535 kN

W = DL + LL

W = 32.45576 kN + 14.307 kN

W = 43.76276 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (32.45576) kN + 1.6 (14.307 kN)

WU = 61.83811 kN

Maximum Reaction at Column B of Section 2

WDL = 13.48218 kN/m

WLL = 6.804 kN/m

A
MDL = 13.76306 kN-m B C
MDL = 13.76306 kN-m
MLL = 6.94575 kN-m 3.50m 3.50m MLL = 6.94575 kN-m

RDL = 23.59382 kN RDL = 42.18764 kN RDL = 23.59382 kN

RLL = 11.907 kN RLL = 23.814 kN RLL = 11.907 kN
 W = DL + LL

W = 42.18764 kN + 23.814 kN

W = 66.00164 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (42.18764 kN) + 1.6 (23.814 kN)

WU = 88.72757 kN

Total Reaction:

Unfactored:

WT = 46.76276 kN + 66.00164 kN

WT = 112.76440 kN

Mn = 24.99854 kNm

Mu = 0.9Mn = 0.9 (24.99854 kN) = 22.49869 kNm

Factored:

WT = 61.93811 + 88.72757 kN

WT = 150.56568 kN

Axial Load:

Pu = 150.56568 kN
Pu 150.56568
Pn = 0.7 = = 215.09383 kN
0.7
Eccentricity (e):
Mu
Е= Pn

22.49869 kNm
Е= (1000)
215.09383 kN

E = 104.59940 mm

Solve for KN:

Pn
KN = f′ c Ag

215.09383 (1000)
KN = 20.7 MPa (300 mm) (300 mm)

KN = 0.115455625

Solve for RN:

Pne
RN = f′ c Ag h

215.09383 kNm (104.59940) (1000)

RN = (20.7 MPa) (300 mm) (300 mm) (300 mm)

RN = 0.04026m

In designing columns, Steel ratio (𝜌g) ranges from 0.01 to 0.08

Use 𝜌g = 0.01 (see interaction diagram)

Steel Area Required, As

As = 𝜌g Ag

As = (0.01) (300) (300)

As = 900 mm2

Solve for number of bars, n

 Use 16mm Ø bar
П
As = D2 n
4

П
900 mm2 = 4 162 n

n = 4.476 ≈ 6 pcs

Solve for Spacing of tie wires, S

Using 10 mm Ø tie wires

7. 16 (16) = 256

8. 48 (10) = 480mm

9. 300mm

Use 10 mm Ø tie wires spaced @ 250 mm O.C.

 DESIGN FOR GROUND FLOOR COLUMN

Maximum Reaction at Columns A and C of Sections 1 and 3

WDL = 8.73261 kN/m

WLL = 4.536 kN/m

A B C
MDL = 8.91454 kN-m
MDL = 8.91454 kN-m 3.50m 3.50m
MLL = 4.6305 kN-m MLL = 4.6305 kN-m

RDL = 15.28207 kN RDL = 30.56414 kN RDL = 15.28207 kN

RLL = 7.938 kN RLL = 15.876 kN RLL = 7.938 kN

W = DL + LL

W = 15.28207 kN + 7.938 kN

W = 23.22007 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (15.28207 kN) + 1.6 (7.938 Kn)

WU = 31.03928 kN
Maximum Reaction at Columns 1 and 3 of Sections A and C

WDL = 4.49103 kN/m

WLL = 1.9076 kN/m

1
2 3
MDL = 9.35631 kN-m 5.00m 5.00m MDL = 9.35631 kN-m
MLL = 3.97417 kN-m MLL = 3.97417 kN-m

RDL = 11.22758 kN RDL = 22.45516 kN RDL = 11.22758 kN

RLL = 4.769 kN RLL = 9.538 kN RLL = 4.769 kN

W = DL + LL

W = 11.22758 kN + 4.769 kN

W = 15.99658 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (11.22758 kN) + 1.6 (4.769 kN)

WU = 21.10350 kN

Total Reaction:

Unfactored:

WT = 23.22007 kN + 15.99658 kN

WT = 39.21665 kN

Mn = 25.19895 kNm

Mu = 0.9Mn = 0.9 (25.19895 kNm) = 22.67906 kNm

 Factored:

WT = 31.03928 kN + 21.10350 kN

WT = 52.14278 kN

Axial Load:

Pu = 52.14278 kN
Pu 52.14278
Pn = 0.7 = = 74.48969 kN
0.7

Eccentricity (e):
Mu
Е= Pn

22.67906 kNm
Е= (1000)
74.48969 kN

E = 304.459 mm

Solve for KN:

Pn
KN = f′ c Ag

74.48969kNm (1000)
KN = 20.7 MPa (300 mm) (300 mm)

KN = 0.03998

Solve for RN:

Pne
RN = f′ c Ag h

74.48969 kNm (304.459) (1000)

RN = (20.7 MPa) (300 mm) (300 mm) (300 mm)

RN = 0.04058 m
In designing columns, Steel ratio (𝜌g) ranges from 0.01 to 0.08

Use 𝜌g = 0.01 (see interaction diagram)

Steel Area Required, As

As = 𝜌g Ag

As = (0.01) (300) (300)

As = 900 mm2

Solve for number of bars, n

Use 16mm Ø bar

П
As = D2 n
4

П
900 mm2 = 4 162 n

n = 4.476 ≈ 6 pcs

Solve for Spacing of tie wires, S

Using 10 mm Ø tie wires

4. 16 (16) = 256

5. 48 (10) = 480mm

6. 300mm

Use 10 mm Ø tie wires spaced @ 250 mm O.C.

Maximum Reaction at Column B of Sections 1 and 3

WDL = 8.73261 kN/m

WLL = 4.536 kN/m

A B C
MDL = 8.91454 kN-m
MDL = 8.91454 kN-m 3.50m 3.50m
MLL = 4.6305 kN-m MLL = 4.6305 kN-m

RDL = 15.28207 kN RDL = 30.56414 kN RDL = 15.28207 kN

RLL = 7.938 kN RLL = 15.876 kN RLL = 7.938 kN

W = DL + LL

W = 30.56414 kN + 15.876 kN

W = 46.44014 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (30.56414) kN + 1.6 (15.876 kN)

WU = 62.07857 kN

Maximum Reaction at Columns 1 and 3 of Section B

WDL = 7.56942 kN/m

WLL = 3.8152 kN/m

1
2 3
MDL = 15.76963 kN-m 5.00m 5.00m MDL = 15.76963 kN-m
MLL = 7.94833 kN-m MLL = 7.94833 kN-m

RDL = 18.92355 kN RDL = 37.8471 kN RDL = 18.92355 kN

RLL = 9.538 kN RLL = 19.076 kN RLL = 9.538 kN
 W = DL + LL

W = 18.92355 kN + 9.538 kN

W = 28.46155 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (18.92355 kN) + 1.6 (9.538 kN)

WU = 37.96906 kN

Total Reaction:

Unfactored:

WT = 46.44014 + 28.46155 kN

WT = 74.90169 kN

Mn = 24.99854 kNm

Mu = 0.9Mn = 0.9 (24.99854kNm) = 22.49869 kNm

Factored:

WT = 62.07857 kN + 37.96906 kN

WT = 100.04763 kN

Axial Load:

Pu = 100.04763 kN
Pu 100.04763
Pn = 0.7 = = 142.92158 kN
0.7
Eccentricity (e):
Mu
Е= Pn

22.49869 kNm
Е= (1000)
97.00678 kN

E = 231.929 mm

Solve for KN:

Pn
KN = f′ c Ag

97.00678 kNm (1000)

KN = 20.7 MPa (300 mm) (300 mm)

KN = 0.05207

Solve for RN:

Pne
RN = f′ c Ag h

97.00678 kNm (231.929) (1000)

RN = (20.7 MPa) (300 mm) (300 mm) (300 mm)

RN = 0.04026 m

In designing columns, Steel ratio (𝜌g) ranges from 0.01 to 0.08

Use 𝜌g = 0.01 (see interaction diagram)

Steel Area Required, As

As = 𝜌g Ag

As = (0.01) (300) (300)

As = 900 mm2

Solve for number of bars, n

 Use 16mm Ø bar
П
As = D2 n
4

П
900 mm2 = 4 162 n

n = 4.476 ≈ 6 pcs

Solve for Spacing of tie wires, S

Using 10 mm Ø tie wires

10. 16 (16) = 256

11. 48 (10) = 480mm

12. 300mm

Use 10 mm Ø tie wires spaced @ 250 mm O.C.

Maximum Reaction at Column 2 of Sections A and C

WDL = 3.95054 kN/m

WLL = 1.4307 kN/m

MDL = 8.23029 kN-m 5.00m 5.00m MDL = 8.23029 kN-m

MLL = 2.98063 kN-m MLL = 2.98063 kN-m

RDL = 9.87635 kN RDL = 19.7527 kN RDL = 9.87635 kN

RLL = 3.57675 kN RLL = 7.1535 kN RLL = 3.57675 kN

W = DL + LL

W = 19.7527 kN + 7.1535 kN

W = 26.90620 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (19.7527) kN + 1.6 (7.1535 kN)

WU = 35.14884 kN

Maximum Reaction at Columns A and C of Section 2

WDL = 13.48218 kN/m

WLL = 6.804 kN/m

A
MDL = 13.76306 kN-m B C
MDL = 13.76306 kN-m
MLL = 6.94575 kN-m 3.50m 3.50m MLL = 6.94575 kN-m

RDL = 23.59382 kN RDL = 42.18764 kN RDL = 23.59382 kN

RLL = 11.907 kN RLL = 23.814 kN RLL = 11.907 kN
 W = DL + LL

W = 23.59382 kN + 11.907 kN

W = 35.50082 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (23.59382 kN) + 1.6 (11.907 kN)

WU = 47.36378 kN

Total Reaction:

Unfactored:

WT = 35.50082 + 13.45310 kN

WT = 48.95392 kN

Mn = 37.49781 kNm

Mu = 0.9Mn = 0.9 (37.49781 kN) = 33.74803 kNm

Factored:

WT = 47.36378 kN + 17.57442 kN

WT = 64.93820 kN

Axial Load:

Pu = 67.93820 kN
Pu 67.93820
Pn = 0.7 = = 92.76886 kN
0.7
Eccentricity (e):
Mu
Е= Pn

33.74803 kNm
Е= (1000)
92.76886 kN

E = 363.78617 mm

Solve for KN:

Pn
KN = f′ c Ag

92.76886 kNm (1000)

KN = 20.7 MPa (300 mm) (300 mm)

KN = 0.0498

Solve for RN:

Pne
RN = f′ c Ag h

92.76886 kNm (363.78617) (1000)

RN = (20.7 MPa) (300 mm) (300 mm) (300 mm)

RN = 0.06038m

In designing columns, Steel ratio (𝜌g) ranges from 0.01 to 0.08

Use 𝜌g = 0.01 (see interaction diagram)

Steel Area Required, As

As = 𝜌g Ag

As = (0.01) (300) (300)

As = 900 mm2

Solve for number of bars, n

 Use 16mm Ø bar
П
As = D2 n
4

П
900 mm2 = 4 162 n

n = 4.476 ≈ 6 pcs

Solve for Spacing of tie wires, S

Using 10 mm Ø tie wires

13. 16 (16) = 256

14. 48 (10) = 480mm

15. 300mm

Use 10 mm Ø tie wires spaced @ 250 mm O.C.

Maximum Reaction at Column 2 of Section B

WDL = 6.49115 kN/m

WLL = 2.8614 kN/m

1 2 3
MDL = 13.52323 kN-m 5.00m 5.00m MDL = 13.52323 kN-m
MLL = 5.96125 kN-m MLL = 5.96125 kN-m

RDL = 16.22788 kN RDL = 32.45576 kN RDL = 16.22788 kN

RLL =14.307 kN RLL = 7.1535 kN
RLL = 7.1535 kN

W = DL + LL

W = 32.45576 kN + 14.307 kN

W = 43.76276 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (32.45576) kN + 1.6 (14.307 kN)

WU = 61.83811 kN

Maximum Reaction at Column B of Section 2

WDL = 13.48218 kN/m

WLL = 6.804 kN/m

A
MDL = 13.76306 kN-m B C
MDL = 13.76306 kN-m
MLL = 6.94575 kN-m 3.50m 3.50m MLL = 6.94575 kN-m

RDL = 23.59382 kN RDL = 42.18764 kN RDL = 23.59382 kN

RLL = 11.907 kN RLL = 23.814 kN RLL = 11.907 kN
 W = DL + LL

W = 42.18764 kN + 23.814 kN

W = 66.00164 kN

WU = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

WU = 1.2 (42.18764 kN) + 1.6 (23.814 kN)

WU = 88.72757 kN

Total Reaction:

Unfactored:

WT = 46.76276 kN + 66.00164 kN

WT = 112.76440 kN

Mn = 24.99854 kNm

Mu = 0.9Mn = 0.9 (24.99854 kN) = 22.49869 kNm

Factored:

WT = 61.93811 + 88.72757 kN

WT = 150.56568 kN

Axial Load:

Pu = 150.56568 kN
Pu 150.56568
Pn = 0.7 = = 215.09383 kN
0.7
Eccentricity (e):
Mu
Е= Pn

22.49869 kNm
Е= (1000)
215.09383 kN

E = 104.59940 mm

Solve for KN:

Pn
KN = f′ c Ag

215.09383 (1000)
KN = 20.7 MPa (300 mm) (300 mm)

KN = 0.115455625

Solve for RN:

Pne
RN = f′ c Ag h

215.09383 kNm (104.59940) (1000)

RN = (20.7 MPa) (300 mm) (300 mm) (300 mm)

RN = 0.04026m

In designing columns, Steel ratio (𝜌g) ranges from 0.01 to 0.08

Use 𝜌g = 0.01 (see interaction diagram)

Steel Area Required, As

As = 𝜌g Ag

As = (0.01) (300) (300)

As = 900 mm2

Solve for number of bars, n

 Use 16mm Ø bar
П
As = D2 n
4

П
900 mm2 = 4 162 n

n = 4.476 ≈ 6 pcs

Solve for Spacing of tie wires, S

Using 10 mm Ø tie wires

16. 16 (16) = 256

17. 48 (10) = 480mm

18. 300mm

Use 10 mm Ø tie wires spaced @ 250 mm O.C.