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Engineering Structures
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Article history: Applications of the diagrid structural system have recently increased, and substantial analytical studies
Received 20 December 2012 have been conducted. However, the structural behavior under lateral loadings, such as wind and earth-
Revised 25 February 2014 quake loads, cannot be fully understood through only analytical approaches, due to the complexity of dia-
Accepted 26 February 2014
grid nodes, and challenges of modeling the welding properties. Therefore, in this study, four web-
Available online 5 April 2014
continuous diagrid node specimens were tested under cyclic loads. Welding methods and design details
were selected as testing parameters. The effects of the welding methods and design details on the initial
Keywords:
stiffness and yielding stress were found to be not significant. However, the failure mode and energy dis-
Diagrid
Node
sipation of the nodes were significantly affected by the welding methods, and the design details.
Seismic test Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Structural performance
Welding
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.02.026
0141-0296/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
I.Y. Jung et al. / Engineering Structures 69 (2014) 90–101 91
The prototype of testing specimens was selected to be the struc- As shown in Fig. 5, two actuators were used for each brace
tural system used in the Lotte Super Tower in Seoul, which has member, to apply cyclic loads. One was installed horizontally,
been designed with a height of 555 m, using the diagrid system. and the other was installed diagonally, with an angle of 24°. To
A node in the lower level of this tall building was selected for this represent the structural behavior of the diagrid structural system
study. under lateral load, tensile force was applied to one brace, while
Fig. 2 illustrates the details of a test specimen, which consists of compressive force was applied to the other. Tensile force to upper
two diagonal brace members (H-Section) with an angle of 24°. The brace and compressive force to lower brace is the start of the load-
test specimens are scaled down by a factor of five, due to the lim- ing protocol. As shown in Fig. 6, cyclic displacements of ±d/dy, ±2d/
itation of actuator capacity (3000 kN). At the intersection of the dy, ±4d/dy and ±6d/dy were applied twice per cycle, where yield dis-
two braces, flanges are attached to each other, while webs are con- placement, dy of the brace is about 2 mm, which is derived from the
tinuously connected through vertical stiffeners. The testing param- section area of the brace. The test was stopped when the load
decreases below 80% of the maximum load, or the specimen fails
Fig. 7 shows the details of the measurement schedule. During
the test, two dial gauges were used to measure axial deformation
of the braces, and four LVDTs were used to measure horizontal
and vertical displacements at the center of the node. Uni-axial
and rosette strain gauges were used to measure stress flow and
concentration.
Table 2
Material properties.
Fig. 12. Load–displacement hysteretic curve (Left: upper member, Right: lower member).
96 I.Y. Jung et al. / Engineering Structures 69 (2014) 90–101
after 8th cycle MB-03 endured. The failure mode of this specimen
was tensile failure. Because the tensile stress was greater than the
extra moment stress, the joint welding of vertical stiffener and web
was broken.
The MB-04 specimen has the same form as the MB-03 speci-
men, but the partial penetration welding method was used at the
web–flange. The failure mode of this specimen was the same as
for the MB-03 specimen. This specimen experienced three less cy-
cles than MB-03.
Fig. 16. Skeleton curves (Left: upper member, Right: lower member).
ment. Due to the fracture of the welding between the web and
the vertical stiffener, the tensile stress that had been transferred
through the web was transferred through the flange. Therefore
only the tensile value of gauge 12 is higher than other values.
Also, it can be noted that the fracture started at 8 mm displace-
ment of tensile stress, and the stress concentration became
intensified.
3.6. Energy dissipation specimen started at the curved point of the outside of the flange,
and expanded to the inside. As the fracture expanded to the in-
Fig. 22 shows the accumulated energy dissipation derived from side, the connection between the web and the vertical stiffener
the area of the load–displacement hysteresis loop. The MB-01 and was broken, letting stress go through only the flange. The weld-
MB-02 specimens, which have closer vertical stiffeners, dissipated
more energy. MB-02 experienced 3 more cycles than MB-01.
Therefore dissipated energy of MB-02 is larger than MB-01. How-
ever dissipated energy of two specimens at same cycle are not
Table 4
quite different. In the case of the MB-03 and MB-04 specimens, Comparisons of MA type and MB type.
fractures started at the welding between web and stiffener. A
Specimen Initial stiffness (kN/ Yield strength Dissipated energy (kN-
welding point has low ductility, so that the MB-03 and MB-04
mm) (kN) mm)
specimens have lower energy dissipation ability. If welding quality
of the welding between web and stiffener is poor, early fracture at MA Type 1914 2017 304
MB Type 1594 2259 785
the point could be occurred. Therefore, it is important for nodes, (83%) (112%) (258%)
like those of the MB-03 and MB-04 specimens, to be guaranteed
a good quality of welding.
4. Discussion
Nodes that are used for tall buildings are fabricated with very
thick plate, and consume large amounts of welding material. If
the partial penetration method is used, instead of the full pene-
tration method, which is commonly being used, the total amount
of welding could show significant savings. In this study, there-
fore, partial penetration welding was used to ascertain the
amount of welding that could possibly be saved. Partial penetra-
tion welding was used at the flange–web and flange–flange
welding. This parameter has no effect on yielding stress and ini-
tial stiffness of the specimens, but did affect the failure mode of
MB-02. This specimen showed moment failure. Fracture of the Fig. 24. Location of crack.
100 I.Y. Jung et al. / Engineering Structures 69 (2014) 90–101
Table 5
Comparisons of test results.
Specimen Initial stiffness (kN/mm) Yield strength (kN) Dissipated energy (kN-m) Web–flange welding Length of vertical stiffener Flange–flange welding
MB-01 1594 2259 785 FP 107 mm FP
(100%) (100%) (100%)
MB-02 1802 2109 1101 PP 107 mm PP
(113%) (93%) (140%)
MB-03 1617 2231 509 FP 238 mm FP
(101%) (99%) (65%)
MB-04 1693 2189 302 PP 238 mm FP
(106%) (97%) (38%)
ing of flange–flange of the MB-02 specimen was partial penetra- structural performance, but in the case of lateral loading, it
tion, and soon after the breaking of the web-stiffener connection, caused the brittle failure mode. Therefore, the full penetra-
the flange–flange welding broke too. The brace was torn off, and tion welding method should be used at the V-point. The par-
this was brittle fracture. tial penetration welding method can be used for the web–
flange, because it has no negative effect.
4.3. Comparison with MA Type (3) Structural performances of the MB Type were compared
with that of the MA Type. Initial stiffness of the MB Type
In the study of Kim et al. [13], a web-transferred model, which is 17% lower than of the MA Type, whereas yield strength
was suggested for the convenience of fabrication, was used and and energy dissipation is 12% and 158% higher, respectively.
named as the MA Type. The test plan of the MA Type was the same Vertical stiffeners of the MA Type located on the perimeter
as the MB Type. The standard model of the MA Type, MA-00, was of the node cause higher moment resistance. But the end
compared with the standard model of the MB Type, MB-01 point of the vertical stiffener, where high stress is concen-
(Table 4). The initial stiffness of the MB Type is 17% lower, yield trated, has lower ability, due to the welding. Therefore, the
strength is 12% higher and energy dissipation is 158% higher than yield stress and energy dissipation of the MB Type are
for the MA Type. greater than that of the MA Type. The characteristics of the
Vertical stiffeners of the MA Type are located at the perimeter two types are very different. The properties of applied load
of the node, and transfer stress of the web through the flange. and convenience of fabrication should be considered, when
But vertical stiffeners of the MB Type are located on the inner selecting types.
side of the node, and transfer the stress of the web directly to
the opposite side. As show in Fig. 23, the distance between the
vertical stiffeners of the MB Type is shorter than that of the Acknowledgements
MA Type. This causes a lower ability to resist moment. Therefore
initial stiffness of the MB Type is lower than of the MA Type. But This research was financially supported by the National Re-
yield strength and energy dissipation of the MB Type is greater search Foundation of Korea (R1305331). The writers are grateful
than of the MA Type. As shown in Fig. 24, fracture locations of to the authorities for their support.
the two types are almost the same. The failure mechanism of
the MA Type, which was verified by Kim et al. [13], is the same
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