The Earth’s Mechanism

The Continental Drift

In 1912, Alfred Wegener (pronounced as vey-guh-nuh r) a German meteorologist, proposed a theory that about 200 million years
ago, the continents were once one large landmass called “Pangaea”, meaning “All Earth.” evolved into how the continents look
today. This Pangaea started to break into two smaller supercontinent called Laurasia and Gondwanaland during the Jurassic
Period. These smaller supercontinents broke into the continents and these continents separated and drifted apart since then.
(Wegener searched for evidences to support his claim).

EVIDENCES presented by Alfred supporting his CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

1. The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle
-The most visible and fascinating evidence that these continents were once one is their shapes
2. Evidence from Fossils
Fossils are preserved remains or traces of organisms (plants and animals) from the remote past.
 Fossilized leaves of an extinct plant Glossopteris were found in 250 million years old rocks. These fossils were located in
the continents of Southern Africa, Australia, India, and Antarctica, which are now separated from each other by wide
oceans.
 Mesosaurus and Lystosaurus are freshwater reptiles. Fossils of these animals were discovered in different continents,
such as in South America and Africa Fossils were also found in Antarctica
3. Evidence from Rocks
Fossils found in rocks support the Continental Drift Theory. The rocks themselves also provide evidence that continents
drifted apart from each other. You have learned that Africa fits South America. Rock formations in Africa line up with that
in South America as if it was a long mountain range.
4. Evidence from Coal Deposits
Coal beds were formed from the compaction and decomposition of swamp plants that lived million years ago.
These were discovered in South America, Africa, Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and even in Antarctica. This leads to
the idea that Antarctica once experienced a tropical climate.

The Seafloor Spreading

During the 1950s and 1960s, new techniques and modern gadgets enabled scientists to make better observations
and gather new information about the ocean floor. With the use of sonars and submersibles, scientists had a clearer view
of the ocean floors. They have discovered underwater features deep within the ocean.
Scientists found a system of ridges or mountains in the seafloor similar to those found in the continents. These are called
mid-ocean ridges. One of these is the famous Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
In the early 1960’s, scientist Harry Hess, together with Robert Dietz, suggested an explanation to the continental
drift. This is the Seafloor Spreading Theory. Accordingly, hot, less dense material from below the earth’s crust rises
towards the surface at the mid-ocean ridge. The magma flows out of the crack, cools down and becomes the new
seafloor.
Findings that support Seafloor Spreading Theory:
1. Rocks are younger at the mid-ocean ridge.
2. Rocks far from the mid-ocean ridge are older.
3. Sediments are thinner at the ridge.
4. Rocks at the ocean floor are younger than those at the continents.

The Seafloor Spreading Theory contradicts a part of the Continental Drift Theory. According to this theory, continents
moved through unmoving oceans and that larger, sturdier continents broke through the oceanic crust.
Whereas, the seafloor spreading shows that the ocean is the actual site of tectonic activity.

Plate Tectonic Theory

-The Earth’s lithosphere is divided into several plates.
-This Theory provided an explanation about the movement of the lithospheric plates.
-There are three types of plate movements – separation of two plates,
collision of two plates, and
sliding past each other

What causes tectonic plates to move?

Heat is produced in the core that produces convection in the mantle. This convection causes the plate to move around.
Once the hot less dense particles cool down, they sink, and the other less dense particles rise. This continuous process is called
convection current.