Introduction to Big Data Analytics

Big Data Analytics:

Big data analytics is the process of examining
large data sets containing a variety of data types –
i.e., big data -- to uncover hidden patterns,
unknown correlations, market trends, customer
preferences and other useful business
information.
The analytical findings can lead to more effective
marketing, new revenue opportunities, better
customer service, improved operational
efficiency, competitive advantages over rival
organizations and other business benefits.
The primary goal of big data analytics is to help
companies make more informed business
decisions by
enabling data scientists,
predictive modelers and other analytics
professionals to analyze large volumes of
transaction data, as well as other forms of data
that may be untapped by conventional business
intelligence(BI) programs.
That could include Web server logs and Internet
clickstream data, social media content and social
network activity reports, text from customer
emails and survey responses, mobile-phone call
detail records and machine data captured by
sensors connected to the Internet of Things.
• Some people exclusively associate big data
with semi-structured and unstructured data of
that sort, but consulting firms like Gartner Inc.
and Forrester Research Inc. also consider
transactions and other structured data to be
valid components of big data analytics
applications.
• Big data can be analyzed with the software tools
commonly used as part of advanced analytics
disciplines such as predictive analytics, data mining,
text analytics and statistical analysis.
• Mainstream BI software and data visualization tools
can also play a role in the analysis process.
• But the semi-structured and unstructured data may
not fit well in traditional data warehouses based on
relational databases.
• Furthermore, data warehouses may not be able to
handle the processing demands posed by sets of big
data that need to be updated frequently or even
continually -- for example, real-time data on the
performance of mobile applications or of oil and gas
pipelines.
• As a result, many organizations looking to collect,
process and analyze big data have turned to a
newer class of technologies that includes Hadoop
and related tools such as YARN, MapReduce,
Spark, Hive and Pig as well as NoSQL databases.
• Those technologies form the core of an open
source software framework that supports the
processing of large and diverse data sets across
clustered systems.
 Introduction
• Relational and transactional databases based on
SQL language have clearly dominated the market
of data storage and data manipulation over the
past 20 years.
• Several factors can explain this position of
technological leadership.
• First of all, SQL is a standardized language, even
if each vendor has implemented slight adaptation
on it.
• This aspect is a key factor of cost reduction for
enterprises in term of training in comparison of
specific and proprietary technologies.
• As a result, many organizations looking to
collect, process and analyze big data have
turned to a newer class of technologies that
includes Hadoop and related tools such as
YARN, MapReduce, Spark, Hive and Pig as well
as NoSQL databases. Those technologies form
the core of an open source software
framework that supports the processing of
large and diverse data sets across clustered
systems.
• Secondly, SQL is embedding most of commonly
used functionalities to manage transactions and
insure the integrity of data.
• Finally, this technology is very mature and over
time a lot of powerful tools have been
implemented in term of backup, monitoring,
analytics
• However, important limitations have appeared
over the last 10 years, and providers of online
services were the first who had to address these
limitations
 Five major weaknesses of relational
databases
• The insufficient capacity of distribute
treatements over a large quantity of
machines, to face picks of charge: this is the
scaling of treatement.
• The insufficient capacity to store data over a
large quantity of machines, to address their
volume: this is the scaling of the data.
• The insufficient capacity to distribute the
database over several data-centers to insure
the continuty of service: This is the
redundancy
• The insufficient capacity to adjust its data
model to the nature of the data ,due to the
velocity of web data
• The bad performance to access data as soon
as it requires the combination several tables
due to the velocity of the web data and the
complexity of unstructured data.
• If the term “NoSQL” figures out that the SQL
language is not adapted to distributed
databases, in fact it is more the principle on
which it is build that are difficult to apply: the
relational and transactional data model,
implemented in third normal form.
• Relational database provides a set of functionalities to
access data across several tables by complex queries.
• It provides also referential integrity to insure the constant
validity of the links between entities.
• Such mechanisms are extremely costly and complex to
implement in distributed architecture, considering that it is
necessary to insure that all data that are linked together
have to be hosted on the same node.
• Moreover schema, not applicable to the velocity of web
data.
• As a transactional database, they must respect the ACID
constraints, i.e. the Atomicity of updates, the Consistency
of the database, the Isolation and the Durability of queries.
• These constraints are perfectly applicable in a centralized
architecture, but much more complex to insure in a
distributed architecture. NoSQL and Big Data
• Both the 3rd normal form and the ACID
constraints make relational databases
intolerant to the partitioning of data.
• However, three major criteria can be
considered as a triptych in the implementation
of a distributed architecture:
• 1. Coherence (consistence/unity)
• 2. Availability
• 3. Partition Tolerance
The Coherence:
All the nodes of the system have to see exactly the
same data at the same time
The Availability:
The system must stay up and running even if one of
its node is failing down
The Partition Tolerance :
Each subnet-works must be autonomous (work
individually)
• The implementation of these three characteristics at the same time is not possible in
a distributed architecture and a trade-off(change) is necessary
• On a practical point of view, a relational database insures the availability and
coherence of data, but it shows many limitations regarding the tolerance to
partitioning.
• As a consequence, major players of the market (for example shop clues and
amezon)of online services had to implement specific solutions in term of data
storage, proprietary in a first hand, and then transmitted to open sources
communities that have insured the convergence of these heterogeneous solutions in
four major categories of NoSQL databases: