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EE 153
Electric Power Distribution Systems
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
End
Hydro Plant Users
End
Users
Generation Transmission Distribution
System System System
Small-Hydro
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
1
The Electric Distribution System 3
Distribution of Electricity
Primary Distribution Lines
Subtransmission Lines
(Main Feeder)
Substation
Power Primary Distribution Lines
Transformer (Laterals)
Misc Loads
System Service
Drop
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Distribution Substation
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
2
The Electric Distribution System 5
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
3
The Electric Distribution System 7
Electricity Consumers
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Load Characteristics
100 PEAK
80
Percent of Peak Load
60
40 OFF-
20 PEAK Load Profile of
Residential
Customer
12 4 8 12 4 8 12
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
4
The Electric Distribution System 9
Load Characteristics
100 PEAK
80
Percent of Peak Load
60
OFF-
40
Load Profile of
20 PEAK Commercial
Customer
12 4 8 12 4 8 12
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Load Characteristics
100 PEAK
80
OFF-
Percent of Peak Load
60 PEAK
40
20
Load Profile of
Industrial
0 Customer
12 4 8 12 4 8 12
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
5
The Electric Distribution System 11
Load Characteristics
Average Demand
Load Factor PEAK
Peak Demand
Energy
Average Demand AVERAGE
Time
Annual kWh
8760 hrs
6
The Electric Distribution System 13
Types of Substation
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Types of Substation
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
7
The Electric Distribution System 15
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
8
The Electric Distribution System 17
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
9
The Electric Distribution System 19
Distribution Substation
Substation Bus Arrangements
1. Single-Bus Single-Breaker
2. Double-Bus Double Breaker
3. Double-Bus Single-Breaker
4. Main and Transfer Bus
5. Ring Bus
6. Breaker-and-a-Half Bus
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Distribution Substation
1. Single Bus Single Breaker – involves one
main bus with all circuits connected
directly to the bus. The reliability of this
type of an arrangement
Line
is very low.
CB Lowest Cost
Bus
DS
Line
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
10
The Electric Distribution System 21
Distribution Substation
2. Double Bus Double Breaker – provides a very
high level of reliability by having two separate
breakers available to each circuit.
Bus 1
Line Line
CB
Most expensive
& High reliability
Bus 2
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Distribution Substation
4. Double Bus, Single Breaker – has two main
buses connected to each line CB and a bus tie
breaker.
Bus 1
Bus 2
Line Line
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
11
The Electric Distribution System 23
Distribution Substation
3. Main and Transfer Bus
Main Bus
Bus
Tie CB
Incoming
CB Line
Outgoing
Line
Transfer Bus
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Distribution Substation
5. Ring Bus – all breakers are arranged in a ring
with circuit tapped between breakers.
Line
Line
Line
Line
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
12
The Electric Distribution System 25
Distribution Substation
6. Breaker-and-a-half – each circuit is
between two circuit breakers and there are
two main buses.
Bus 1
Line
Tie Breaker
Line
Bus 2
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Double Bus, Highly reliable - duplicated High cost (1.8) - Greater area - twice
Double components; single failure normally duplicated components as many components
Breaker isolates single Component
Main Bus and Least reliable - same as Single Bus, High cost (1.76) - Low area requirement-
Transfer but flexibility in operating & fewer components fewer component
maintenance with transfer bus
Double Bus, Moderately reliable - depends on High cost (1.78) - Moderate area - more
Single Breaker arrangement of components and bus more components components
Ring Bus High reliability - single failure isolates Moderare cost (1.56) - Moderate area -
more components increases
with number of circuits
Breaker-and-a- Highly reliable - single circuit failure Moderare cost (1.57) - Greater area - more
Half isolates single circuit, bus failures do breaker-and-a- half for components per circuit
not affect circuits each circuit
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
13
The Electric Distribution System 27
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
– Disconnect Switches Q1, Q2 and Q9 can be operated only
when breaker Q0 is open (protection against switching under
load)
– Breaker Q0 cannot be closed with disconnect switches Q1, Q2
and Q9 in the intermediate position (fault location)
– Disconnect switches Q1 and Q2 are mutually interlocked so
that only one can be closed at a time
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
– When the bus-ties is closed, a second disconnect switch (Q1 or
Q2) belonging to the tied system can be closed, one of the closed
disconnect switches can then be opened (change of bus under
load)
– Disconnect switches Q1 and Q2 can be operated only if the related
bus earthing switch Q15 or Q25 is open
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
14
The Electric Distribution System 29
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
15
The Electric Distribution System 31
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
– The tie-breaker Q0 can be opened only if not more than one
bus disconnect switch in each branch is closed (tie-breaker
lock-in)
– One bus earthing switch Q15 or Q25 can be operated if in
the respective bus section all bus disconnect switches of
the corresponding bus system are open
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
16
The Electric Distribution System 33
The Transformer
Distribution Substations utilize
one (1) to six (6) Transformers to
convert incoming power from
sub-transmission voltage to the
primary distribution voltage.
Transformers are not only the
raison d’ etre for distribution
substations but often represent the
largest portion of the cost, typically
representing from 1/2 to 2/3 of the
total substation cost.
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
17
The Electric Distribution System 35
INDOOR INDOOR
GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR AIR-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
18
The Electric Distribution System 37
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
19
The Electric Distribution System 39
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
20
The Electric Distribution System 41
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
21
The Electric Distribution System 43
4.56 mi 6.45 mi
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
4.56 mi
9.12 mi
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
22
The Electric Distribution System 45
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Subtransmission System
Different Types of Subtransmission Systems
Radial-Type Subtransmission
Loop-Type Subtransmission
Grid or Network-Type
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
23
The Electric Distribution System 47
Subtransmission System
Radial-type Subtransmission
Bulk power
source bus
Substransmission
Circuits
Distribution
Substations
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Subtransmission System
Dual-source Single-source,
Subtransmission radial
More reliable: Subtransmission
Faults on one Least reliable:
of the radial Faults on the
subtransmission radial
circuits should subtransmission
not cause circuit
interruptions to can cause
substations. interruptions to
Double-circuit multiple
faults can substations.
cause multiple
station
interruptions. *Short, 2006
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
24
The Electric Distribution System 49
Subtransmission System
Loop-type Subtransmission
Bulk power
source bus
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Subtransmission System
Grid-or-Network-Type Subtransmission
Bulk power
source buses
Distribution
Substations
Subtransmission
Circuits Has more than one bulk power
source. It has the greatest service
reliability but it requires costly
control of power flow and relaying.
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
25
The Electric Distribution System 51
81 MVA 54 MVA
15.6 sq. mi. 10.4 sq. mi.
4.56 mi
3.72 mi
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
26
The Electric Distribution System 53
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
27
The Electric Distribution System 55
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
28
The Electric Distribution System 57
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
29
The Electric Distribution System 59
30
The Electric Distribution System 61
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
31
The Electric Distribution System 63
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
32
The Electric Distribution System 65
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
D X Y
D X 2 Y 2
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
33
The Electric Distribution System 67
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
34
The Electric Distribution System 69
Capacity
Constrained
Voltage
Drop
Constrained
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
35
The Electric Distribution System 71
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
36
The Electric Distribution System 73
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Feeder Layout
Distribution Configuration
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
37
The Electric Distribution System 75
Feeder Layout
Radial Feeder Layout
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Feeder
Layout
Radial
Feeder
Layout
Which is
best?
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
38
The Electric Distribution System 77
Feeder Layout
Sectionalization Targets SAIFI & MAIFI
Designing the protection scheme for the feeder so that it limits the
number of customers interrupted by any failure as much as practicable
Divides a feeder into “sections” in order to isolate faults
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Feeder Layout
Switching Design Targets SAIDI
Providing for alternate feed routes and a way to bring them into
operation so that the system can tolerate the outage of a major
component(s) while still providing good service
Switchable zones are contiguous portions of a feeder that lie between
switches
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
39
The Electric Distribution System 79
Feeder Layout
FOUR ASPECTS OF THE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
FOR FEEDER SECTIONALIZATION AND SWITCHING
CONFIGURATION
Does the feeder system have alternate pathways through which power
can be routed when outages close off normal pathway?
Are there switch points provided so that instantly, automatically, or
manually power can be re-routed as needed?
Configuration planning involves selecting layouts that fit the needs and
approach to contingency backup planning being used in the area.
CAPACITY
Do the alternative pathways that are being arranged for switchable
zones have sufficient capability, both in terms of current (load) and
voltage (load reach), to meet at least temporary (emergency,
contingency) criteria when serving the additional load?
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Feeder Layout
SECTIONALIZATION
Isolate any fault or equipment malfunction in a manner that minimizes
the number of customers whose service is interrupted
At the poor end of the sectionalization scale:
• A fault anywhere results in loss of service to all customers
served by the feeder
At the other end of the sectionalization scale:
• A feeder where any fault can be isolated while interrupting
service to no more than one customer
SWITCH TIMING
“Restore then Repair” Strategy: Switching time affects only the duration
of interruptions
• Hours (for manual operation of switch)
• Instantaneous (with fast automatic rollover switch)
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
40
The Electric Distribution System 81
Feeder Layout
OVERALL
PLANNING
APPROACH
FOUR ASPECTS OF
THE PLANNING
CONSIDERATIONS FOR
SECTIONALIZATION
AND SWITCHING
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
41
The Electric Distribution System 83
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
During contingencies, the feeder faces four times the total burden
(i.e. it must move twice its normal load, on average twice as far)
and it will cost nearly double what it would otherwise cost
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
42
The Electric Distribution System 85
Initial PW Cost of
Feeder increase
by 10% to
provide the
Contingency
Support
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Advantages:
• Additional load
transferred to any
neighboring feeder is
only a fraction of a full
feeder load
• Load reach increase for
power flow during Disadvantages:
emergency
• More switch have to be operated
in order to restore service
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
43
The Electric Distribution System 87
Normally open
switch
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
44
The Electric Distribution System 89
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
E 1
MAX 1
T E , D 1.125
Zones Required
B2
45
The Electric Distribution System 91
336 3.7 MW 5.1 MW 3.6 Miles
for
switchable
636 5.1 MW 8.5 MW 3.5 Miles
trunks and
1113 8.5 MW 12.4 MW 2.7 Miles feeder ties
Thermal Limits: For 336 = 10.3 MW & For 636 = 14.3 MW @ 12.47 kV
Contingency/normal voltage drop ratio = 10.8%/7.5% = 1.44
Desired Budget Ratio for Contingency/No Contingency = 1.1
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Then, 6.8 1
MAX 1
12.3 6.8 , 1.44 1.125
Zones Required
1.12
MAX 2.24,3.17
2.62 3 Zones
1.21
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
46
The Electric Distribution System 93
MAX 2.24,3.17
Zones Required 0.97 1 Zone
3.24
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
47
The Electric Distribution System 95
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
48
The Electric Distribution System 97
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
58A
Optimal location of
600A Fault line
700A Fault
fuse
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
49
The Electric Distribution System 99
Alternative protection and sectionalization scheme using one fuse to protect “the pair”
of lateral extensions on both sides of the trunk. Requires only 1/2 of the devices
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
50
The Electric Distribution System 101
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
51
The Electric Distribution System 103
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 – Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
52