Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
UCRL-52863
James H. VanSant
March 1980
Preface v
Nomenclature vii
Introduction . 1
Steady-State Solutions
1. Plane Surface - Steady State
1.1 Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces 1-1
1.2 Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces
—With Internal Heating 1-27
2. Cylindrical Surface - Steady State
2.1 Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces
— N o Internal Heating 2-1
2.2 Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces
—With Internal Heating 2-33
3. Spherical Surface - Steady State
3.1 Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces
— N o Internal Heating 3-1
3.2 Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces
—With Internal Heating 3-10
4. Traveling Heat Sources
4.1 Traveling Heat Sources 4-1
5. Extended Surface - Steady State
5.1 Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating . • 5-1
5.2 Extended Surfaces—With Internal Heating 5-31
Transient Solutions
6. Infinite Solids - Transient
6.1 Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating 6-1
6.2 Infinite Solids—With Internal Heating 6-22
7. Semi-Infinite Solids - Transient
7.1 Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating 7-1
7.2 Semi-Infinite Solids—With Internal Heating . . . . 7-22
8. Plane Surface - Transient
8.1 Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces
— N o Internal Heating 8-1
8.2 Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces
—With Internal Heating 8-52
iii
9. Cylindrical Surface - Transient
9.1 S o l i d s Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces
—No Internal Heating 9-1
9.2 S o l i d s Bounded by C y l i n d r i c a l Surfaces
— W i t h Internal Heating 9-24
10. Spherical Surface - Transient
10.1 Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces
—No Internal Heating 10-1
10.2 S o l i d s Bounded by Spherical Surfaces
—With Internal Heating 10-19
11. Change of Phase
11.1 Change of Phase—Plane Interface . . , ' . . . . . n-i
11.2 Change of Phase—Nonplanar Interface 11-13
12. Traveling Boundaries
12.1 Traveling Boundaries 12-1
Figures and Tables for Solutions F-i
Miscellaneous Data
13. Mathematical Functions 13-1
14. Roots of Some Characteristic Equations 14-1
15. Constants and Conversion Factors 15-1
16. Convection Coefficients 16-1
17. Contact C o e f f i c i e n t s 17-1
18. Thermal Properties . 16-1
References R-l
iv
PREFACE
v
Consistency in nomenclature and terminology is used throughout, making this
text more readable than a collection of different references. Also, dimension-
less parameters are frequently used to generalize the applicability of the
solutions and to permit easier evaluation of the effects of problem conditions.
Even though some of the equational solutions are lengthy and include
several different mathematical functions, this should not pose a formidable
task for most users. Modern computers can make complicated calculations easy
to perform. Even many electronic calculators can be used to compute complex
functions. If, however, these tools are not available, one can resort to hand
computing methods. The table of mathematical functions and constants would be
useful in this case.
Heat conduction has been studied extensively, and the number of published
solutions is large. In fact, there are many solutions that are not included
in this text. For example, some solutions are found by a specific computa
tional process that cannot be described briefly. Moreover, new solutions are
constantly appearing in technical journals and reports. Nevertheless, this
collection contains most of the published solutions.
The differential equations and boundary-condition equations for heat flow
are identical in form to those for other phenomena such as electrical fields,
fluid flow, and mass diffusion. This similarity gives additional utility to
the heat conduction solutions. The user needs only identify equivalence of
conditions and terms when selecting a proper solution. This practice is pre
scribed in many texts on applied mathematics, electrical theory, heat transfer,
and mass transfer.
A search for particular solutions has frequently been a tedious and dif
ficult task. Too often, countless hours have been spent in searching for a
problem solution. Locating and obtaining a proper reference can require con
siderable effort. Also, it is frequently necessary to study a theoretical
development in order to find the applicable solution. In so doing, there are
sometimes misinterpretations which lead to erroneous results. This text
should help alleviate some of these problems.
Science gives us information for reaching new frontiers in technology.
It is, thus, appropriate to give something back. I hope this text is at least
a small contribution.
James H. VanSant
VI
NOMENCLATURE
2
A = A r e a , ro
b = Time constant, s
c = S p e c i f i c heat, J/kg* C
C = Circumference, m
d, D = Diameter, depth, m
h = Heat transfer c o e f f i c i e n t , W/m • C
k = Thermal conductivity, W/m* C
1
m = "V hC/kA, m""
d, L = Length, m
2
q = Heat flux r a t e , W/m
2
%,' %.> <3_ = Heat flux i n x , y , z d i r e c t i o n s , W/m
1
q" = Volumetric heating r a t e , W/m
Q = Heat transfer r a t e , W
r, R = Radius, m
t, T = Temperature, C, K
Y = V e l o c i t y , m/s
w = Width, m
x, y , z , = Cartesian coordinates, m
2
a = Thermal d i f f u s i v i t y , k/pc, m / s
B = Temperature c o e f f i c i e n t , C
Y = Heat of evaporation, J/kg
Y = Latent heat of f u s i o n , J/kg
A = Difference
e = Emissivity for thermal radiation
„. ... ,_. ( a c t u a l heat transferred)
n = Fin e f f e c t i v e n e s s , ) h e a t transferred without fins)
. _. „ . (actual heat transferred
<p = f i n e r r e c t i v e n e s s , ( h e a f c t T ^a R infi i
S t conductivity f i n s )
s c t f r o m n t e
p = D e n s i t y , kg/m
a = 2 "V ax, m
-2 -4
a = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, W/m *K
T = Time, s
Jf = Radiation configuration—emissivity factor
vii
DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
viii
INTRODUCTION
1. HEAT CONDUCTION
*X=-K!X- , (2,
1
• i . /{///ft
I
at -«»*
— • dx •* X
(b)
(a)
FIG. 1. I l l u s t r a t i o n of heat flow and temperature gradient.
(t
2 - V (3)
Qx = -kA
- ]
Ax
fx lim At . 3t
A %. ~ Ax+O Ax " 3x
= = K = K (4)
q = q i +x
j +
*z k
(5)
2
where i , j , k are unit vectors in the x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively.
Since Eq. (4) defines q^ = -k3t/3x, and similarly qy = -k3t/3y, q = -k3t/3z,
z
we can state
i = -kVt . (7)
q = -K • Vt , (8)
where K i s the conductivity tensor; the components of this tensor are called
the conductivity coefficients.
In Cartesian form, Eq. (8) i s
+ k +
*x - -("ll £ 12 £ *13 H)
k + + k 9
S ' -( 21 fe *22 ft 23 l l ) < >
/ 3t 3t 3t\
= + k + k
% ' ^ 3 1 3x 32 3y 33 Szj *
3
1000
1 r 1 r
Copper
100
Lead
10
. Fused quartz
•a
c
o
u
I- -Teflon
0.01 j L _L J L
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature—K
4
2. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF HEAT CONDUCTION
5
where t y p i c a l l y
Q = -AyAz
Q = -AxAz
y Ml'
Q = -AxAy
A I = AxAyAzpc | ^ , (11)
where q" ' is the unit volume source rate. Examples of internal heating in
materials are joule, nuclear, or radiation heating. Summing these energies in
accordance with the energy conservation law yields
3 t BCL. 3qy 3 q
z
p c q t i 4 >
3T 3x 3y 3z »
6
where
. 3t
q =
x x 3x '
q
y " " y 3y '
q = - k -5— .
^z z oz
p c k + K K q ( 1 5 )
3x 3X \ 3 / 3y \ Syj 3z \ 3 /
X / Z> "
2 2 2
3t _ k_ 3 t , 3 t ^ 3 t l + ^ — = art + a
. (16)
3 T " pc 3x 3y 3z J 2 2 2
pc pc
2 2
2
pc || = ( k cos B + k sin B ) ^-| + l k sin B + 1^ cos B )
? n
2
?
2 2
~
2
2
+ (k -k )(sin B)y - + q'" ,
c T 1 y (17)
7
•-X
+
n
p c
a?
3
t
X 4
3x
* *4+*-'
2
3y 2
(18)
k (19)
P c =
37 7 37 ( rk
3?) 7 3 9 \
+
39 ) 3l ( 37)
+ k + q
P 3?"r c
3rl 3r) r +
r 2 3 e 2 + k
Z 3 z 2 +
* (21)
8
2.3 Spherical Coordinate System
3t 1 3 / 2 . 3t\ 1 3 /. 3 t \ A
r k k
P° 37 - ~2 3T( 37) * 2 . 2 ^ 36 ( 39 j s n
+ JL k sin + q (22)
—— IV ( x
^ If) '"
r sin ty '
2 2
at m /a t 2 at 1 3 t 1 3t\ <?•"
E 3 t 2 2 2 2 8
* " "W r sin * 36 r tan * * ) •* " ^
k 2 k 2
n „ 3t . r 3 t d) 3 t , *Sl» 3 . ,., 3t
PC j r = — — 7 + -5—*-= 5- + - ^ JT. s i n \p •55- + q' . (24)
3 T r 2 2 2 2 2 8
3r r s i n i|» 3<|) r sin * * **
9
Applying the same principles used to develop the general equations for
rectangular coordinate systems should result in
c +2 ,i,+ k + k (25)
/ £ S<*-v-« fc( lf) fc( ij)-
If the geometry is a thin rod of circumference C, the appropriate
equation is
+ t ,M+ k 26
p°{f r < * - f > - « f c ( i i ) - <>
3.2 Moving heat sources
The general heat conduction Eq. (15) can also be used for moving heat
sources, but a simpler quasi-steady-state equation can be derived by
coordinate transformation. If the coordinates are relative to the traveling
source, the temperature distributions appear to be stationary. For example,
if a point source of strength Q is moving at a velocity U parallel to the
x-axis, the transformation would be x = x' + U T , where x' is the x-direction
distance from the source. By substitution in Eq. (16) we can obtain
28
^IXTV^IXT^"^ !it-v 1
• <>
The moving source strength is accounted for in the boundary conditions
for a particular problem solution.
4. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
10
If s p e c i f i c solutions are needed, then complete conditions must be
defined. They could include, for example, i n i t i a l , i n t e r n a l , and surface
conditions. Other conditions might include property d e f i n i t i o n s . Whether
deriving a solution or searching for e x i s t i n g s o l u t i o n s , one must decide which
conditions are applicable to the problem and how they can be s u i t a b l y
expressed.
4.1 I n i t i a l Condition
( x T )
at h
-k '
3 x = h [ t ( x , T) - t ]
b f . (29)
11
TABLE 1. Sample convection coefficient values.
h ( 3 0
• t(K ? ) - t
b T £ ' >
t f = [ t <x , x, - t j + t
B b m ^ (31)
and where 3 £ 1, and t^ is the temperature outside the thermal boundary layer
of the fluid. In this respect, one must take care to use the proper fluid
temperature and convection coefficient.
Some typical order-of-magnitude values for the convection coefficient h
are given in Table 1.
12
4.2.3 Heat flux
3t(x ,T)
b
= k 3 2 )
* " ~3x • <
3 t ( T )
3t(x , T )
- k — ^ h [ t ( x , x) - t j
r b , (34)
where
2
h r = o y [ T ( x , x) + T ] [T (x , T) + T* J .
b b
Using this method means that T(x. , T) must first be estimated in order to
compute a value of h . After a value for T(x. , T) has been computed from
the problem solution, then the estimated value for h can be improved.
This, of course, becomes an iterative process.
13
4.3 Interface Conditions
4.3.1 Contact
h ( 3 5 )
o-A^ '
3t (x ) a t (x ) dx
Yp2 36
h -hr~ - h ~^r- = * r • <>
14
Length -*
whece y is the latent heat or chemical heat capacity, and subscripts 1 and 2
refer to the two phases.
5.0 Solutions
15
distribution by using Fourier's law, i.e. Eq. (2). If cumulative heat flow is
required, a time and surface integration of local heat flux is necessary.
16
The product of Bi and Fo numbers yields the parameter Bf = ht/pc& which
occurs in transient problems having a convection boundary. This is also a
dimensionless time parameter, but it is based on convection heat transfer
instead of conduction as in the Fourier number.
Solutions to problems having an internal heat source q ' " usually have a
dimensionless heating parameter called the Pomerantsev modulus
2
po = q"'Jl /kAt. This number is a ratio of internal heating to heat
conduction rates. Large values of Po imply large temperature differences will
occur in the solid.
The parameter Fo = 1/2S&Z is a form of the reciprocal of the Fourier
number and occurs in many solutions for transient temperatures in
semi-infinite solids.
When time dependent boundary conditions have a time constant, the
solution will frequently include a dimensionless group called the
Predvoditelev modulus, Pd = bfl, /d, where b is the inverse time constant.
Small values of Pd imply a slow changing condition. It signifies: the ratio of
the change rate of the boundary condition to the change rate of the solid
temperature.
Hot water flows at 0.5 m/s in a 2.5 cm i.d., 2.66 cm o.d. smooth copper
pipe. The pipe is horizontal in still air and covered with a 1-cm layer of
polystyrene foam insulation. For a 65°C water temperature and 20°C air
temperature, estimate the heat loss rate per unit length. The solution given
in case 2.1.2 is
2ir ( t x - t )
2
q = .
r r
1 . 2 ^ 1 . 3 __ 1 1
-.— In — + ;— Jin — + — — + — r - A
r k r r h r h
h l 2 2 l l 3 3
17
From the problem d e s c r i p t i o n
t x = 65°C
t .4 = 20°C
r. = 1.25 cm
r = 1.33 cm
r , = 2.33 cm
k x = 400 W/m-°C (from Table 18.1)
k 2 = 0.038 W/m«°C (from Table 18.2)
5 0 , 9
hd/k = 0.0155 P r ° ' R e (from S e c t . 16.1)
h = 2 1 ( 0 J 1 5 5 5 0 9
l ^water/ ^ Pr°' Re - )
k = 6 5 9 w m c a t 6 5 c
water °' / *° l ° >
Pr = 2.73
Re = 2pvr]/n
J
p = 980 kg/m
v = 0.5 m/s
4
p = 4.3 x 10" kg/m's
Re = 2(980)(0.5)(0.0125) = M 4 8 8
4.3 x 10
5 0 , 9 2
h x = (0.659/0.025)(0.0155)(2.73)°" (28 4 8 8 ) = 6895 W/(m -°C)
h = ( k / 2 r ) C 1 1
3 air 3 l^a* ) * (from S e c t . 16.8)
k = 0 2 5 w m 0c
air °- /*
Pr = 0.71
Gr = g B ( t - 4 t )(2r )W
3 3
g = 9.8 m/s
- 1
B = 1/T 4 = 1/293 K
6 2
V = 1 6 . 5 5 x 10" m /s
3
G . (9.8) ( 0 . 0 4 6 6 ) (0.71) = ^ _ = ^
a
(293) (16.55 x l O ' V
C = 1.14, m = 1/7 (from Table 16.3)
3 1//7 2
h = (0.025/0.0466) (1.14) ( 8 7 7 4 ) = 2.24 W/m «°C
2n(65-20)
q = 1 „ /1.33\ . 1 » /2.33V
£ n + la
400 (1^5 ) 0^38 (l^2) (0.0125) (6895) (0.233)(2.24)
2ir(45)
= 8.33 W/m
4
1.55 x 1 0 " + 14.76 + 0.012 + 19.16
18
8.33
^-u 2nr h 3
271(0.0233) (2.24)
= 25.4"C
t - t.
r_ 400 - 450
= 0.119
30 - 450
—h.t f
From Table 18.1
k = 21 W/m«°C #
-6 2,
a = 7 x 10 m /s
k 21
= 1.2 .
hi (350)(0.05)
2 2
_ = 3.4& _ ( 3 . 4 H 0 . 0 5 ) =
a 6
7 x 10"
19
5.3.3 Transient heat conduction in a semi-infinite plate
For the conditions given in 5.3.2, find the temperature at 0.05 m from
the end and sides of the billet.
The solution is found in case 7.1.21 and Fig. 9.4a for a semi-infinite
plate.
l
V
hVax =
6
35oV(7x 10~ ) (1214) = ^ M
1.2
0.05
= 0.27
I
- 6
2^/ca 2V(7 x 1 0 ) (1214)
W i V r
S(X) = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55 (from Fig. 7.-)
t t
~ t = P(Fo) S(X) = (0.119) (0.55) =0.066
*^\
v
\l T b
I
: t (
20
t-J _ £
f » Bi cos ( X X ) i x c o s h [ X ( B - Y)j + Bi s i n h [ X ( B - Y)l}
n n n n
t1 " t t 2
^ cos (X ) ( B i + X + Bi) fx cosh (X B) + Bi sinh (X B)"l 2
n=l n n Ln n n J
Use the straight rectangular fin solution to estimate heat loss from the
rib described in 5.3.4.
The solution is found in Case 5.1.4 and Fig. 5.2.
= = 6 3 8 5 m
\ k a " V(130M0.01> '
tanh {mSLj_ = t a n h ( 0 . 3 1 9 3 ) _ Q ^
ml 0.3193
c
q = 2h(a + b) ( ^ - t )(|) = 2(53) (0.05) (130) (0.968) = 667 W/m
f
21
5.3.6 Semi-infinite plate heat transfer
Find an equation for the heat transfer rate through the edge of the semi-
infinite plate described in case 1.1.5 with f(x) = t .
Using the given temperature solution and Eqs. (2) and (37) we can find
the heat transfer in the following manner:
fc fc
. 3t k .. . . 3T . m " l
= _ k = (t W h e r e T =
S 37 " I 2 " V 3? ' t~^t
= 2 S i n 1 c o s (n7r
9Y|Y = Q ~ Z ^"^C ~ G
n=l
00
Q = £ = 2 k ( t s i n 1 c o s
Y|Y = o / ^XIY = o ^ 2 " Vi It, ^^C - t™)]^
oo go
2 n 5
= 2k(t - t ) 2 , El - costfflT)] = J k ( t - t ) 2 , J '
2 2 L - 1» 3 ' '
n=l an n=l
22
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No internal Heating.
t - t. B^ + 1
-h,,t.
w 2''2 fc
2 -h Bi
x
+ 1 +
W
H p. 3-103
o - V
]£ (w /k + 1/IK) + l/h
i 1 0
k, h h h
i-1
2 n-2 n-1
h
V o- Mi'S. j-l
Vi-1
^ H /^
i i + l / h ) + {x^/kj
i + (l/h )
0
fc fc
\i-1 j ~ 0 _ ifl
t - t„ " n J > 1
n 0
J a /ki i + l/h ) + (l/h )
£ 0
i=l
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
dependent conductivity, rv
m £
A
k = k + B (t - t ) . x
t + 2f fc L
<ww^ - h - i H v - vf - 2
k = <k. + k , ) / 2
\—*~~\
,J, 1.1.4 2 , p . 221 Porous p l a t e with i n t e r n a l
f l u i d flow.
t i x
x
0.
t - t,
fc
2
"0
f c
- o
= expT- v»-
t , x = 6.
2
t - fc exp (£fx)
P = Porosity. 0
fc fc X
, _» <^ x <^ 0
2 - l " "»~f? " ]
Mean temp:
p
u.t ,k ,p ,c
v M*
0 f f
P = porosity
S
~ V
p (1 _- TJX"
k M P) »' 5""f
p
* =
~ k (1* - P) f
(See F i g . 1.1)
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
n=l
V 1
x f ff (X) - t "| sin (mrX)dX
i
F o r £(x) = t s 2
-t = f(x> t -t
I
UJ n=l
+ n
1.1.6 3 P- 2 5 0 Rectangular semi-infinite rod. «° <= ,,™ 2 2
r
( X x / w ) + (X x/Jl)
^ - 2 2
t t 5 l XJ e x p L n m
t = t , x = 0.
x " V- ^ ~
X X
t = t_ on other surfaces. 1 2 nm
n=0 m=0
x cos (X_)
n cos (\ ID)
t * G , ( x ) , x = A, 0 < y < w.
=ww.
*l - 2
Y sinh (airc/L)
Z sinh (iw/i.)
n=l
S l
.
n
._,,
( n l t X L )
A (X) s i n (mtx)dx
t = F (x)
II -2 n=l
sinh [fo - ')]
sinh (niF/L) S i n ( r t I t X L )
i
I V > X S i n < n 1 t X ) f l X
i
1
i
w
i *1II " 2 £ f^u ilSffi
sinh (nir/L)
s i n (iffy) | G,(X) s i n (nTTY)dY
t = G,(v)-» I— t = G (y)
2 n=l
t = F (x)
2
n=l •'ft
L = l/w
s i n (niTX) ,
2 1 " ~ ncosh
n=l
F ^ x ) = F ( x ) = t , G (y) = G (y) = t
2 2 2 1
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t = t , 0 < x < l, Q y 0.
~L sinh [(Bi + n V l . V J
t = t , 0 < x < «,, y
Q
w.
t = G(y), x = Si, 0 < y < w. x j [G(Y) - t ] s i n Q (fflTV) dY
h t r 0 at z 6.
h ,t 2 Q at • 0. Bi <- ( h + h )i./k6, L - Jl/w
x 2
in
t = G<y)
Z.I-' j
t Q hjj.tnJ
1
R~ - An f 3 . 5 ( d + k / h ) ]
/7777&777777777777777777777777
d
JL
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
i^k)
n , t
0 0.42/
1
d k J Horizontal plate:
k ( t fc
1 i " n> fl
ii Q s :
/A i
WB l
1 2 \_ '_
0 3 , o.5<£<12
K J V w/
i 1
1.1.11 4, p. 43 Thin rectangular plate on the kwir(t - t )
surface of a semi-infinite Q= // \— M
A n
solid. ( b)
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
m
1
infinite solid. Q =- — —
in
T
i Ll _', _ i a
1
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
9 =
It o l.OBw Tlk
h r 2 r 2 h W
l 0 0 2
„ h , t
2 2
a = 0, x = 0, 0 < y < w.
= 2 Bi
2 2
fc
l" f fc
, 1 Bi + P J + Bi cos (X ) cosh
n=l \ n/ n
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
2
~ (Bi + X*J cos (A X){X cosh [X (W - Y)] + Bi sinh [\ (W - Y}]}
n n n n
t - t f = 2 2 2
^ [(Bi + X ) + Bil{X cosh (X W) + Bi sinh <\,W)}
n R
1
x
X i
'0
[f(X) - t "| cos (X X)dX
f n
For: f(x) = t ^
x x
t - t f ^ . Bi cos ( n )U n cosh [X (W - Y)] + Bi sinh [X <W - Y)]}
n n
fc fc 2
l " f ~^ cos (X >r^Bi + XM + Bi"J[X cosh (XW) + Bi sinh (^ W)]
n n n n
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
y a w, 0 < x < £ .
2 2 1
(Bi + X ) cos (X X) sinh fX (W - Y)"| r
t - t. « 2 -* *" — "*• x I [f (X) - t ] cos (X X)dX
"i B
f n
" 2
* » : j + Bij sinh (XW) n
For: f(x) = t , :
i
P cos (X X) sinh TX (W - Yfl
n L n J
2Bi 2 2 n
fc fc
l" f \ r( Bi • x) + Bi cos (X ) sinh (X W)
n n
n=l L\ n/
1.1.19 9, p. 169 Case 1.1.16 with
t • t , y = 0, 0 < x < I.
x
X tan (X ) = Bi , W «= w/X,
n n
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
T = (t - t ) / (
2 0 t l - t)
Q
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t - t. Jl>
-—, ~
r-i iTsinh (L - - X)
sinn ^L, a.) +v TTsinh
sinn (LX)3
tidw J c COS
o s (XJAY)XJcos
cos (BIPZ)zj
t _ . _, z _ x x ^ n TO
fc 22 2 22 2 2
l " ** ~ _„ , , cos (X ) cos <B ) T f xx + B i + Bil^B
BilZe + B i D + Bi D^sinh (h)
n=l m=i n m |_ n J\ m /
2 2 2 2 2
L = X & /w + B / V d , D = d/w, X = x/i., Y = y/w
Z = z/d , T = ( t 2 - ^ / ( ^ ~ t ) f
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—Mo Internal Heating.
oa oo
fc fc _ _ [A* Bi
L sinh (L - LX) + L cosh (L - LX)] cos
« sin (X Y) cos (B Z)
~ f . _.2
t, - t. 2
2*. 2,
Z. [A
[A Bi
Bi sinh (L) + L cosh (L)] NM cos (X ) cos < B )
1
* n=l jn=l
2
A = £/w , N = X + B i + Bi , M = & + B i C
2 2 2 2
+ BiC.
n in
X ,3 , L , D , X , Y , Z, and Bi are defined in
n m
case 1.1.21 •
t = t 2 , y = w , x < 0 .
k = k , , 0 < y < w , x < 0 •
k = k , 0 < y < v x > 0 • f
( fc
h t „ *, . fc
"o fc
m
w > k
i
k
2 {
,f- *• - *•
1 "„ U = y sin (nirY)exp(nTTX) , X < 0
fc fc
{ 2 - l
X = x/w , Y = y/w
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t = t ,x>.+J,,y-0
2
"1 • V ~*
+£
1.1.26 9, p. 453 Heated parallel planes in Heat flow from bottom side of semi-infinite plane:
an infinite medium. C = k [(Xj/s) + (1/TI)J (tj^ - t ) , 0 < x < x .
2 x
t = t,,x>.O y = s. f
w nw ^ wJ it y w
t = t l f x = 0 , y > 0 . 2 W ; L 2 4 W l 2
X *1 For w. = w_ = w F x. = y = x:
w
I 0
i
I *
,
y
. w
1 , -K »
e = ±e . 0
t = t 2 , r < r Q . 9 = ±e Q
r
0 *?
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
k(t1
-s^.fi—»—...i.....
"£' " n=l n + (n TT/Bi)
See Tables 1.2a and 1.2b.
h, t * = w
f
1.1.30 88 Periodic strip heated See Fig. 1.6a and b for values of maximum differences
27 plate q^Wjy) = 0, on y = 0 surface, i.e. Ct(0,a) - t(0,0)J = At .
and heat transfer.
on 2b wide strips.
t(w,y) • t , on (2a - b) wide
strips spaced 2a on centers.
-y = 2a- b
£-y = b
r *•'
-y = -b
t, h —
f
•y= -2a+ b
-w-
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Keating.
spaced 2a on centers. °° r Bi i
^ sin (rotB) cos (raiY) cosh (nirX) + — sinh (fflrX)J
/. 2~T id T
n=l n sinh (nnw) + —• cosh (miW) ']
B = b/a , Bi = ha/k » W « w/a , X = x/a , Y = y/a .
See Pig. 1.7 for values of T = t(0 , a) - t(0 , 0),
1.1.32 29 Spot insulated infinite See Fig. 1.9 for values of 0(r/w,z/w) =
plate with constant temp
on one face and convection [t(r , z) - t ]/Tt<<» , w) - t 1 at r = 0 , z = w
f f
h,t f
T777?77m \
w w
? r
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
t = t , - » < x < » , y = -w
Q
q t » 0 , 0 < x < A , y = 0.
t<x , y) - t, U
' *' 0 _ 1 . i_ n „-l f VI F 1
t
•
fy 2i"l + cosh CTT(2X - L)1 cos T2TTY)]}
1 p =
1 + c o s h (TTL)
i
T TH G =
F o r L •*• <° :
2 sinh Cu(2X - L)3sin (21TY)
1 + cosh (TTL)
X = x/w , Y = y/w , L = V w
1.1.34 19, Infinite thin plate with t
~ «*. K (Br/6)
0
if
h, t2 2
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
source of strength g.
B and t_ defined in case 1.1.34 ,
1.1.37 60 Infinite plate with wall See Table 1.3 for conductance data K/K
19, cuts as shown. Heat flow uncut"
i K = ka/fi,
p. 3-123 normal to cuts, uncut
q Q =K t - t x 2
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
1.1.37.1 84 Infinite medium with See Ref. 84 for temperature and heat flow solutions.
single and multiple
insulating cuts.
tfr
t ;n
f
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
+
V ¥ ^(f)
1.1.40 79 Finite plate with
centered hole. k(t,
_2w
2TT \TTr/_
/X 1*1 U
I iFH
1.1.41 79 Tube centered in a 2irk(t 1 -
V d
finite plate. r<
i
-eft-
w/d C
_L 1.00 0.1658
1.25 0.0793
1.50 0.0356
T IT-®- 2.00
2.50
0.0075
0.0016
K H Tw 3.00
4.00
00
0.0003
1.4 x 10
0
,
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Beating.
q = w / d 1 4
0.93 In (w/d) - 0.0502 ' * '
l
T
w
2nk(t -
0.785 Jin (w/d)
1 t ) 2
1.1.44 87
1
Partially adiabatic q - Sk(t - t ) x Q
.r/vwyyyy.
W/W//7?
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
in
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane surfaces—No Internal Heating.
i
M
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
i
h-H
to
1.2.2 4, p. 50 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with t - t_ 1 - PO (1/Bi + 1)
convection boundaries. ?_ _ 2 Po_ Po 2+
+ + 2
t - t 1 + Bi + H Bi
Bi.^1 + Po(l/Bi + 1/2)] (1 - X)
2
h 1 + Bi + H
V i— _h .t,
2
H = h /h
2 L
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
2
B = Bq>"L /2k^
See Fig. 1.2.
k(t)
V-7- _h,t f
J-i^U-U
i
00
2
q'" = q £ " + P(t - t ) Q
Po & = 6Jl /k
Mean temp:
( t k
q"'(t) m-V 1 t a n
q'"l 2
Pol
,i ****$
k
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
i
V-_^
to
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
V:_h._|(. . . S i
^(v^M 2
5 r \ P
i
o
H & H p.ucA
*P ~ k (1 - P) ' h =
P f
u c &
k ( 1 - P) ' C =
_ q'"Jj.(l - P)
P uc
f f
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
2 Dl
q ' " = q j " d + Bt), « °
P = Porosity. E = e - e
= 2 + ( 2 > 2
q'"(t)
D
v [ v - BP
I PO
2 2 , a po
"-V'W 0 ° = v - [ v - e?
2
D D ) ( 6 t 1 } f c E
<1 - 2 2 + ' * oSp ~
Btj_-
i E* - EC p
to
p.ucS,
2 2
= V - De \ 2 S p = k ( ; . p ) , Po = - - - i /fcj
q B
t = t Q , x = I.
X = y/8,
i
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
^
1.2.11 9, p . 171 I n f i n i t e rectangular rod (t - t )'k ,1
X 2 X + s i n (2X s i n h A + c o s h (AX
n[ n n>] [ ( J 5 B ^ ) < V n>]
X tan (x ) = B i
n n r B ^ = t^a/k^ B i 2 = h a/k 2 x
A = X = x / b Y = Y / a B = b / a
V i h b ^W ' '
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
1
M'P>
u
w
4z
r J
77777777777777777777777777,
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
at
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
-"o^o t - t„ In ( r / r ) Q
B i . = h . r . / k , Bi = h r „ / k
l l l 0 0 0 n
p.3-107 q =
* n - V
n
n-1 / r \
t - 1 ,
n 1
j-l
k r r h k r h
h [i \ i / i iJ j Vi) jj
n-1 . n r j > 1
j L. ln (H±JS + y _i_
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating
9 =
An
(*H
See Fig. 2 . 1
Max heat l o s s occurs when t = k/h.
at r .
V- (t -v 0 2
^K fcn(r /r)
0
k = k
Q
at
Q
t^ *0 =
Vi +
JlnUg/r^
(t 4
V
i
k ( k + k ) / 2
m " 0 i
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
, 27T
cos {nif) d(|)
, =ijf
n [f<4»-tj
(n<|>)d$>
n=? f [^+>-^]sin
2.1.6 3, p . 226 Infinite cylinder with uu
specified surface t = a Q + ^ R [a cos (n((i) + b s i n (n^H
temperature,
n=l
t - f($), r = r . n
f(<l»d<t>
21T /
0
2TT
t=f(#) • -if
a_ = r
n 7T '0
I
I f (<!>) c o s (n<j>)d<t>
b_ = $• I £M>) s i n (n<t>)di|>
'0
t = f W ) , r = r„
t Q , 0 < <j> < TT
For f(<))) =
[0 , Tt < <)> < 21T
n=l
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindcical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
2ir :
m f ( ) d a =
f((j)) cos (ni)))d(|)
V> aih / * * ' n irh(l i n/Bi) /
<3 F o r
«
n
I
q
0
irh(l + n/Bi)
Q
1
t = t , $ - 0 and IT.
For f (<p) = t :
t = f ($) , r - r . n
t -t
t = f(# u
"1 0 " n=l
For f ($) = t 1 # sin (4))
u ^ 0
/ X -X \ 2r A
X R n + R n = f fc C O S ) d
n nl 0 0 ) W Q J [ <•> " i] <V *
X = mt/(t> , R = r / r
n 0 i
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t = f (*) , r = r . Q
n=l J
a
For f(<|>) = t . :
t = f(0)-j< fc
- fc
0 2„ -1
2
2R s i n (2d»l
= t a r i
tT^T: ¥ X-K 4
J
V
2.1.11 2, p. 133 F i n i t e cylinder with two sinh (X Z)J„(X R)
surface temperatures, t - tl
u u
, V ""•" ^ " ' " O n ' 1
t = t 2 , z = I. J (
0 V ° ' = Z = z / r
0 ' R = r / r
0 ' L = A / r
0
For t 2 = f (r)
, r - sinh [\ Z)J (A R) /•
t - t,
r Q n = 1 sinh (X^J^X^ J Q
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t = t , r 1 = r ,0<(|)<ii.
Q n=l
t = t , r = r , TT < <|) < 2ir. „ ~ I (X R) sin (X Z) sin (m<|»
Q Q
II '
n=l m=l
*
nml (X R„)
n n 0
A =
n J
i<V
Z = z/r Q , J (X ) . 0 , X > 0
0 n n
If £ (r) = t ,
t fc e x ( X 2 X B
~ o . V P - n >V n
t t X
l" o" -A «»W
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t = t , r = r , z > 0.
2 Q
i
Velocity of boundary exp [J] + [l + < V P , 2
] 1 / 2
} P Z
]' Z <
°'
(z = 0) = v.
t - t
(
•bi
fc
l - fc
2 n=l
£ [x • c v w ^ Vi V
2 1/2
exp [|l - [l + ( X / P ) ] ) p z], Z > 0 . n
Z = / r , P = vr /a, J (A ) = 0
Z 0 Q
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
2b
*nz I
U-2I8-
ro
I
^
Heating band
t = t , r = r . q =
2 2 2 2 2
V(R + 1) S • V(R - l ) - S
t = t^, r = r .
In
2 2 :
V(R + D - s - V(R - D
/ r
R = r 2 l' S = s/ r i
2.1.18 4 , p . 39 Pipe in s e m i - i n f i n i t e s o l i d . 2 l T k
1 ^ 2 " l> fc
to
I
^tF^il
infinite solid. , for one pipe .
+ A n
h .t
5^
2 2
?3p w> h d
k „. Vl n . 2 n d
d B l B l D
i - — • 2 "~F' - 1
Wu
1 *Lv\
s »I« s
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
T
I
77777777777777777777777777777?
BV* [«'D n Slnh
( 2
t^])]
h r hd
B i B i D
l=-P' 2=^ =I
to
I
infinite solid. q
i =
d
2>
k z,1 = fc fc 2
" ^ U / l - 0 ^S M 1- <V
I* +
1 2
Z 2 = iln
(-:) - ^ ^ f ^S?! ^)
For q,, interchange indices 1 and 2
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
i "I z = zA
j^fe T
0
infinite solid.
t = t - z •+ ± «.
f
<2
f. ^ .|
1 1
k
4r„ , r 1 « d « r 2
M 0
k
An
ft) '(^J + Jin
*H ? 1
•2r, -n
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
M 0
l&n
H^)]
//////S/S/V/A D = d/r
k r
to
I
1
w 2.1.26 9, p. 216 Two semi-infinite regions t - t„ 21c,
of different conductivities
fc fc T ( k + k )
connected by a c i r c u l a r disk. l " 0 ' l 2
t = t , z + +».Q
t = tjy z -»• - » . x s i n- 1
2 2 /2 2 2 1 / 2
\. z < o .
q z = 0, r > r , z = 0.
Q
[(R - I , + Zf * [(R + I , + Z ]
2k,
Z 4
= 1 -
fc
i~ ofc lK^ + k ) 2
M
w/w/mss. maw///,: . z < o
x sin 2 2 l / 2 2 2 1 2
[(R - I ) + Z ] + [<R + I ) + Z ] /
2X 2
n
with h, t 0
n 2 2
- J^ »pW " t ]0 0
J ( R X
n , d R
" (Bi + \ \ )J (A
For f(r) = t : x
fc fc 2 2
i" o " ^ ( i
B + x ) (X J n ) sinh (LX )
n
n=l \ n/ 0 n
2
t a n (X ) = (2X B i ) / ( X + Bii? ) , X > 0, R = r/8.
n n x> n 0
t. n
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating-
q = 0, r = r , % - b > z > -A + b.
Q
t = t , z = 0, 0 < r < r .
Q Q
q o i
jUIUHUltA• / / / / / / / / / / / /
\
•7T7777777777frr7777frrrm.
t = t , r = r
Q 0 < z < «,. Q / n=l * "0
t = t , z = 0 and i, r. < r < r .
Q Q
R = r/A
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
r = c,
t 0 < z < H. i t Q = - H ^ •£- sin (mrz) / f (Z) sin (mrz)dz
Remaining surfaces at t . n=l
i = 0,0<z<wand(Jl~w)<z<2,:
(t - t )k p
—s = > —— cos (nirw) sin (rnrz), n = 1,3,5,
2
V * • n F,
n=l 1
W = w/£
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
z = 0, r,i. <- r
- <- r
*o-. n
fc
""~ n"o T
fc =
2-
J J X S i n h (LX
Remaining surfaces at t . Q
n=l [ 0<V - 0< nV] n>
1
x / [Rf<R) - t ] 0 (RX )dR Q Q n
u {X ) = 0, X > o, R = r / r
Q n R i f z = z/£, L = A / ^
U ( R A Y ( Y ( R X
V 0 n> = V ^ n * 0 Vo' " V*nV 0 n>
6(R.n) = W C W W -Bl K (X a )]
a 0 n 0
+ K (RX X + B i I ( X
0 n>[ nWV 0 nV]
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
J (X ) = 0 ,
0 n X >0 n
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
+ V/Aj I'O
R = t/l, z = z/l
\/////7/////////
///////////////,
f
,<*
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
cylinder, t = t z. f l
t z
n
i
to
e = o, 9„
Q
r ? K*-©]
Isinh ITT- J,n(l
t r=
V
0 < 6 < 9„
V
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical S u r f a c e s — N o Internal Heating.
an infinite medium. q =
cosh (*hiH
R = r ] / r , S = s/r
2 2
q = 0, r > r , z = 0 .
z 0
Q
r q
oo =
l Q 1
t = t,r>0 z-*-«>. f
q 0
1 1
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
i
IO
®-M^
2 l f
Jin
n = No. holes
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
9= b
t,
a
/ 2 * 2\
In
temperature slot.
«,n
(***)
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
infinite | plate. q =
/6 (a/2d)\ , v
uu
4T& © © © Y 9 (a/d) = £
2
n=l
exp itrs(n + | V / 2 d cos [(2n f l ) f f a / 2 d ]
e (0) ire 3 e
l a
30
to 00
9
2 (0) = 2
n=l
exp
2
0 = 1 + V exp (iirsn /2d)
n=l
e 0 = i + 2 £ (~l) n 2
exp (iTrsn /2d)
n=l
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
an infinite plate. g
1 -Hfrh-
T~f
XJ2 XyJ
W-«M
Section 2.1. Solids Boundedjby Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
f^^^^W
2.1.53 79 Ellipsoid in an infinite 2 2
4TTrVl - a /b M^ - t ) 2
medium.
Q =
2 2
arctanh (Vl - a / b )
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
l
M 2.1.55 79 Rod in an infinite medium. 4-irkt^ - t ) 2
t ; x, y , z
2
An (2£/r) ' Tl < 0-1
,A 2i-
\k
37
2.1.56 79 Short cylinder i n an i n f i n i t e Q = ck(t x - t ) 2 ML
medium. 0 8
t = t ; x, y, z + » .
2 0.25 10.42
0.5 12.11
14.97
Zl 1.0
2.0
4.0
19.87
27.84
2r
•2«-
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
= r /E > 2 0
t = t 2 K y z-K».
; t t
2 in Gtjzj ' l 2
^ _
i
5
k 28 3* For p a r a l l e l s t r i p s of width 2w, use r = w/2 .
4 t,_/
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
22-
]t C
*7 Y„
For aligned strips of width 2w, use r = w/2
H
2.1.62 86 Infinite cylinder with kiKtj - t ) 2
to
i
UJ
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
r/r if Bi = hr /k
Q
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
q = 0, r = t..
r
R = r/r., Bi = hr./k
et +i
Max temp: K
max
5t +
o ' * (VK:>
0
q ... = q ^ « ( i + gt) .
n = 1, 3, 5,
p = & q r A
°f$ r o
in
in
•O Mean temp: 3t Q + l
source.
T(3t + i)
J ( V g 5 R } J (VP5;) Y (VPO;R)
[(St. + l) o g i " 0 0
B =
J (R V55 ) Y ( V 1
o i 3 o V - V " ^ VV^>
to
I p r A R = r / r
CJ
at
°3 = ^ o " o ' o
k = k [l + B(t = t >].
0 0
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
k / k
t to = 1 +
t - o • e ( t t ) R = 1
k L
k / k
e e O = 1 + 3 (t - ) . e t()
to
k = thermal conductivity
It = electrical conductivity
E = voltage drop over length L
B = r^l^ + h^)/kw
r
0 \
h **
Vl
h 1
* 2 2
+
h
h 2
fc
\-t. ,h2 2
q' = heating rate in cylindrical source
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
CD
q«"a 2 ,3 L _3 F„'
t = t , z = 0
n and %, t < r < t
i Q . n=l
q =0, r = r .,0<z<&. n = 1, 3» 5,
F = ij^tn^JKjjtmiRjj) + ^(miR^K^mtR^
2
z = z/l, R = t/%
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
S l n n 1 l Z
A ^ ^ ^ ^ < )
4. v 0 n _ _ l i c
nX
nti VW n
2 2 2 2
X = (2n + 1 ) T T - Po, Po = q : " e A / k , Z = z/%, R = r/£
n u
j_.
:z_ E = 1 i f n = 0, E = 2 i f n > 0, m = 2m - 1
n n
B = b/Jl, R = r / £ , Z = z / £
" I (irniR)
x
2 ^ijsagrfn^^n'"^
*n 0' 4 - ^o"*^^]
n=0
y. cos|"n(9 - 9 )"J , 0 < R < R x
n n
2.2.16 9, p. 423 Infinite cylinder with (t - t )kr "
= c o s n < 9 9 J
point source of strength Q. 0 2? £, C " 1 1
t - t , r - r .
0 0 n=^"
e X z J ( X R )
Source located at t \ . v x y *P<- l l > n n V W
z = 0 J w 2
- \> 0 *[K»>- fi ]
= Z B Z A R = r A
h-z ? W °' 0' 0
Section 2,2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
For a = b = 0:
q r = 0, r - r . Q
c c
k r a 0 i'"t) l .2 , 1 . / 1 \ 1
*V V n n
k = k Q + a(t - t).
Q
(Eq. (5) i n F i g . 2.4)
to
I q... = ^ M + ( t
q b 0 - t),
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
0\QJZ
o q
I "'
h
• ^•;
• i -JA
Im \ •'A
• :o
0*
1 , , . ._, _••-*'
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
o efe
j=i
-|2r |~-
0 |»-2s--|
Square array
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
to
i
2.2.21 73 Cylinder cooled by ring of See Ref. 73 for max temperatures.
internal holes.
Insulated surface
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
I
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
10
i
Section 3.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
Q -
(r^) - 1 + (tp/rj) ( k / h ^ ) + k/h r 0 Q
t - t„ <r /r) - 10
fc
*i
- i " - 0n <*,/'«>
^ O ' l - 1 + ( r 0/ r
",i) ( k / ri ,"hi. )' + k/r„h
n / w v / i
0 0 (
_ _ ^ _ - , D > 1
Si"*!
t » t t » t .
1 ( t
k k + k / 2
fc =
V r = r
0' m = <0 i>
k - k + B(t - t ) . t m
Q Q
V %
t =
V h
k
~ fc
0 k
m ( r
0 / r
~ 1 }
uI
to
f(fl) IT
2n — / f (9) P (cos 9) sin 9 d9
n 2rr n
o 1
Section 3.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
fc r = r
0 = 1 ( I) (^H-l-!) (") »
"V o •
t a f(8), r = r. .
TV
R = r/r.
t = f(fi)
Section 3.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
Q =
solid. i
1 +
2 [ ( d / r ) + (1/Bi)]
Q
h t
;i Bi = hr„/k
0'
y//,y//////////////,
MS
I
k
o.
A,
3.1.10 59 Irradiated spherical thin shell. See Fig. 3.1 for T/T' .
19,
_ \ in <I_ = source heat flux
p. 3-111 s
T B sink temp .
s
a = absorptivity . aG e + X
l \V 2 /.
^S.
Section 3.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t » t, r * - .
f
> 5r
distance in an infinite medium. 2(1 - r/s)
0 QE
Section 3.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
(r / ) 2 9
s
1 - (t / ^' 2
3© ^ s
2r,
r— —H
»wsejM';''-3&!*W
W
i
Section 3.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
dependent heating,
*0 sin (V5o)
t - t , r r.
L
Q
0 *
+ 3(t - t )
0 t - t,
2
— = 1 - R , Po = 0
fc
'max ~ 0
t
0 sin (TTR) ,/=-
(t B
max - V ypo
s i n (VPO)
Section 3.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
boundary.
f ~ = £&. - R + (2/Bi)]
6
q'-'r?
See Ref. 85 for nonuniform convection boundary
solution.
Section 3.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
h = contact coefficient at r = r
t = t„, r > » . Bi = hr /k Q 0
Section 3.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SucCaces—With Internal Heating.
u
Section 3.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
w
i
Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Sources.
T f—I
w
t'o-"a
n.h-,—^
Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Sources.
(t - t )kv
0
1, x « 0
i
4.1.4 1, p. 352 Traveling point heat source fc fc u +
p
" °. k - e x p L <* Y>1
' " in an infinite solid, e x p
g'/kr 4n L 2a J
t * t Qf r -*• ».
g' = heating rate of the point
^i
Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Sources.
2 2 1/2
U = (v + 4a hC/kA)
t .h
0
X v = velocity of source
q' = heating rate of source
x v
C = circumference of rod
A = cross-sectional area
i
u>
4.1,6 9, p. 268 Traveling point source on the
surface of an infinite plate
and no surface loss,
'^^ - k «.© •* i ^ [ - a r / D n=l
t = t , r •*• ».
fl
cos (2|p)exp{vx/2a)
2 2 ^ 2
r = x + y
2 1/2
N = [ l + (2afflr/vw) ]
TV
/,
^<m v = source velocity in the
x-direction
g' = heating rate of source
2: 2
TTH exp (HZ) / T exp (H T ) e r f c (Z/2T + Ht)
Source = q
i
m v = v e l o c i t y of s t r i p
H = 2ah/kv, L = vZ/2a, x = vx/2a, z = vz/2a
See F i g . 4 . 2 .
Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Sources.
2 2
/w cos {w Fo - r>4> - [W(l - R)/V2] - IT/4 } + Bi cos Cw Fo - n6 - W(l - R ) / V 2 ] \
2 2
V nfW + B i + V2 W Bi) /
Source = q,
W = r "Vno)/a
0
2
exp(f±V^e /16) x;) + g
+ for £ < 0
.h.t, ,-t(z,r,t) 2
V(Pe /16) \2 +
- for C > 0
Z
Nu = 2hr /k, Pe - 2vr /a, X, = * ** , R = r/r
0
NU J ( X j = 2X a.(X )
n n
-J On n 1 n
See Figs. 4.4 a and b.
Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Sources.
X J (X
t(z.r.t)
n[ l nV W - W WV]
£—fiinB~neat source"
^ [ W V W " WVW].
C / 2 r , -•
2 2
A • n . " _ exp ( P e / 4 ) ± V ( P e / 1 6 ) + X ,
n 2 2 L n J
V(Pe /16) +X
i
OB + for? < 0
- for£ > 0
[ww - ww] w
\ - "I {[WV W - WVW]*
+
[WWV " WWo^n)
-f[WW " WW]
Z + OT
R = r / r . , Nu = 2 h r . / k , Pe = 2 v r . / a , C =
i' i i' ' * r.
l
See F i g s . 4 . 5 a and b .
Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Sources.
4.1.13 70 Infinite cylinder traveling Temperature solution given in source Ref. 70.
through temperature zones.
r Z.
h,.t.
z. h ,t
* — , ' — / >
2 2
Zone boundary
4.1.14 7i Traveling plane source in a Temperature solution given in source Ref. 71.
thin rod with change of phase.
i
4.1.15 71 Traveling plane source in an Temperature solution given in source Ref. 71.
infinite medium with change of
phase.
Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Sources.
.»
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
I S«
3
in
I
V
5.1.2 7, p. 43 Finite rod, insulated end. Total heat l o s s :
t • t . , x = 0. Q = VhCicA tan (ml) <t - t ) Q f
a " 0, x • a.
t fc
' f = cosh Qn(& - x)]
z: h,t f
S-^e cosh (m£)
. ;
i See Fig. 5.1.
E
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
P m = kA
t - t f l (2-VgTc)
0
1 i^ziU)
, See Fig. 5.2.
t„
c - ct„
o " f i (2-ca*) 0 >OTi (2Ve«;)
0
q. \ 2
Y - 2k(*- h ( t 0
- v)
Q'
I =
h(t - V
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
-1/3
=
i ^/ad"*) , See F i g . 5.2
* ST raa
l / (f )
3
q - S & (t - t j
-
" l ^0 -f
1
0 + 1 ' See F i g . 5.2
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
fc fc +
profile.
o - " VWV f WW
(t 1 1
h3 0 - V f !^ !",' " W W
3
q = + B
"HCOS e 2
[ W W WV c>
e , I ( e )
3 c V e l c " V^e'V^o*
=
IHV WW + WW
- tan 9) - tan 9)
3 = 2H\ x + - ^ , B = 2H
i 2 tan 2 tan 9
e
tan 9)
3 = 2H ... , H = W k sin 6,
c c 2 tan 6
+
* -* -i
0
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
m = V2h/kb
t - t f K (x m) I (rm) + ^ ( x ^ ^ f r m )
x e
fc fc 0 +
0 " f ~ V'e^VV ^'V^flV
, See F i g . 5.3
1 (x /!£ )2 I ( x m ) + 0K (x m)
vt ~ e b ]
0 b o b
See P i g . 5 . 5 .
L
2/3
fe)]
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No internal Heating.
1 / 2 B l ( J (B
, 1/ 4o (1 - pi \ P a / 3 < e> -2/l V " '-2/3 <V 2/3 bfl
n
T*[ M = V2hAbx- . B = § M x f , B - f- »M»f
b
- / , B = §MX
e
2
b
2 3 2 3 / 2
>3/2 J x
n - (K - x ) " M/MKSITP, P = V e
e b
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—Mo Internal Heating.
Profile:
h r 2 x
, , =
e [l/x \ 1x +
1 e'
*™ — |3\r) "2x; 6x-
m
I
CD
K
.1 *C * + = t a n h
n j m i >
' )
, m = V3h7kd , See P i g . 5.1
=r
J ^f
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
5.1.15 10, p. 115 Pin fins—rectangular type. Same as for case 5.1.14 except ( 7 d J is replaced by (bd),
Depth of fin = b.
.1 C
7
..-/F
5.1.16 10, p. 117 Pin fins—conical type.
m Q
U = E ^ I . ^ . ({t _ t )
1 Bl I , (M) 0 V
t - t. t nj- ^(MVx/JO
, See F i g . 5.1
t 0 - t f \x I M)l(
41,(M)
<t> = MI^M) , M = 2V2 iti&, m = "V2h/kb
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
1+WgW
2 2
3/4
t Q - t f I (M)
Q ' " 3 \kb
M
2 *1< >
, See F i g . 5.1
M I (M) Q
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
5.1.19 10, p. 134 Infinite fin heated by square See Fig. 5.6
arrayed round rods.
- *-«o
m
i
rz
w •h,t f
r®\
u. V) — 8n
© °© E
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
\ -L. w +
* "" (° ) U_ t
(0)
Y a
Y+2 "H?
Y+2 Y+2
h = av coeff.
a
h(x),t
l/(Y+2)
r
(Y+l)/(Y+2) (
V
rri±i"
f
A « |"lY + 2)^fr, + 1 ) ' jt+2
2 +1
^ L <mJl) ^ > . l la
-(y+i)/(y+2) a ]
I +
Y+2.
in Y *
I
_ 2-VY + 1
"I Y + 2
fc
5.1.22 1 0 , p . 191 Same conditions as case
5 . 1 . 2 1 with:
*-
fc fc
f /u^rv^wv -^""^I'V
0 - f " VV [ V V W V " ^ n ' V V l ' V
(1 + a) Ix/SL + c ) '
h(x) = h.
„ . ,a+l a+1
(1 + c) - c
2(1 - n)
1
-.0i-cw^ ""!!
n \1/2
(4 1 - 1
u = 2n (x/a ++ co)
'"
mil
( 1 + c ) d-n)/n. (l-n)/n c
5.1.23 10, p. 187 Same conditions as case 5.1.22 2m8, ./- / xc\
n = — , u = nVi exp(- ^ )
with:
h ( x ) = h r l-ae^-cx/H) I • " "VS exp(c), B - nVi
°° "aLl- (a/cf-exp'^OjJ- „ ^ .,
n a n
integer:
Q =
2iaZ[l - (a/c)Cl - exp(-c)3j * A - A 3 4
A f J W J ( 3 )
l " [ V l * " Vl *0[ n-l< " n l + ]
A = [j^rt.) - J (*)] [v . B) - Y (B)]
2 n+1 n l( n+1
I
& J ( B ) ( (
3 = n [Vl *»-Vl *»]
A w J J
4-V [ n-i«» - »nW]
If n is not an integer:
A
. l - *2
2 A A
2(mH) {l - (a/c) CI - exp(-c)]) 3 " 4
A
l = ["". m n ~^nlf-"'/) + » n-l ] J <S)
A = J ( B > n J ( ) + 1
4 - n [" n * Hi-l** ]
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
in
U
-iH c
/
—10
3
'V' - V ' , z . T.A.
i
W, 20oeir/kb
h—i- 2 3
Optimum length: b/Z = 2.486aeT /k
0
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
T = T , x = S,. , K = 20E, Z = T / T
x Q e
e
K = incident radiation
See F i g s . 5.10 and 5.11
absorbed from surroundings.
i >JuLl Optimum l e n g t h : 2
b/SL = 2.365aeT^/k
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
5.1.26 10, p. 218 Straight trapezoidal fin See Pigs. 5.12a, 5.12b, 5.12c, and 5.12d.
radiating to nonrree space. X = b /b„ = 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0 (triangular fin),
e 0
T = T , x = 0. K = 2 ae.
K , = incident radiation
2
absorbed from s u r r o u n d i n g s
T 2
oJ / /
bo Y<±
J
V
'T
I ± r
1—»-x
1/2
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
Z = T /T Q e
dT To-T„
'n
ui
I dx I K = 2 ae
5
z -L
5
5 Z ( Z - 1) KjT*
1/4
A
e,mm 2'"l' *
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
5.1.29 10, Radial fin of trapezoidal Pin efficiency: (See Pigs. 5.15a-5.15Jt)
p. 247 profile radiating to nonfree A = b /b„ = 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0
e u
space. K / K T = 2 4
2 1 0 °' ° ' ' °*
T = T , r = r.
0 0
r
0
K x = oe, K_ = incident radiation absorbed
r
' • " ' "*| e
b 0 -\
T
° A
J
l~— K,
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
(7)
Q e
Top:
t - t f I (mr)/I (mr )
0 0 e
U1
1
t Q - t cosh [mi.) + sinh (mfc) p ^ r a r ^ / I g t m r n
I-
to
- H h - i8 t Q
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t = t,
% x = l. q Q = kbil
Horizontal section:
F tanh (ma)
h = *•— , See Figs. 5.18a, 5.18b
"y m„a
F =
cosh (m b) + yivfv tanh (m a) sinh (m b)
m = "Vh/kv, m = Vh/ku
x y
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
fc = x = b
T^rq = ^ [ c o s h ( m ^ ) + Kj_ sinh ( m ^ ) ] , 0 < X j < ^
V i r
A l l surfaces c o n v e c t i v e l y t - t =
O M h + 2 V t a n h lm a )
c o o l e d by h , t . f y^"V2[ ^2«2> V V 2 y2 2
X ) < X < b
x sinh ( m x 2 2 ] ' ° 2 2 '
1 P
l
*a % +*1 " m ^ C S i n h
^ l * + K
l ° ( C S h
'"xlV " 1 ' ° 1} < X
l l'<b
f
•J
a
«— 2 —
P P
1 2
x 2 b 2
—«2 K Tsinh (m b ) + y]2u /v tanh (m a > je2 2 2 2 2 2
x2 m _b„
x2 2
•a 1 f1- % x (cosh (n> b ) - 1)] , 0 < x < b x2 2 2 2
*1
•J b
1 u
1
— -
«- 1v
a
1 — •
Horizontal section:
t - t cosh (m y ^
F a
T-^E- - l cosh ( / „ « , ) ' ° < * l < l
0 f '"yl 1
t - t. cosh (m„,y»)
v2-*2' a
5.1.33 continued
1 cosh (m , b,) + B sinh (m , b,)
xl 1 xl 1
a
2 cosh («n b ) + V2u^7v^ tanh (m z^
x2 2 2
s i n h (m b
x2 2'
a }
B = P Vv /v [sinh (i\ b ) + V2u /v tanh (m 2
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
b ) + 2 V u v t a n n 13 1
x cosh (m, 2 2 ] c ]/ i ^yl !
i m x l = V2Vkv lf m x 2 = "V2h/kv 2
to
Ul
m y l = V2h7K^, m y 2 = V2h/ku 2
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
nMi
l
"2' f2
Section 5 . 1 . Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
5.1.35 9, Composite f i n i t e rod. cosh (A) sinh (B) + H sinh (A) cosh (B) + (T /T ) sinh (Dx/x )
=
p . 157 t = t , x = 0. T^ sinh (D) cosh (A) + H cosh (D) sinh (A)
t = t , x = x .
2 2 0 < x < x x
A j , A_ = a r e a s .
CV C = circumferences.
2 ft _ ^ - ^ j , B = m ^ - x), D = m ^ , T = t - t f
H h C k h C k A m h C / k A m = h C / k A
I | =V l l lV 2 2 2 2' l =V l l l l' 2 V 2 2 2 2
f-h,,t t _h ,t2 f
1
*°\~ 1 P 2 T* „ cosh (A) sinh (B) + H sinh (A) cosh (B) + (Tg/TJ sinh (m b - m x)
Ul
I x
to h— i-*i X
T ~ sinh (D) cosh (A) + H cosh (D) sinh (A)
F^r- * X. < X < X
A = IILX^ B = m ( x 2 2 - x), D = m ( x 2 2 - x ), T = t - t
x f
h C k A / h C k A m a n d m a S a b o v e
H =V 2 2 2 2 ' l l l l' i 2 '
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
0 < x < x •
(t - t ) f cosh (m x - m x)
2 2 2
=
t - t H cosh (ra x ) cosh (m x - m ^ ) + sinh (m.^) sinh ( m ^ - m ^ ) '
1 1 2 2
k A / h C k A h C / k A m h C A A
in H = V h C 2 2 l l l l ' "l = V l l
2 2 l l' 2 =V 2 2 2 2
i
w
Section 5.1. Extended S u r f a c e s — N o Internal Heating.
T = T. , x = 0.
D P = view factor.
K_ = incident absorbed
radiation.
Profile: f (x) = -|(1 - x/l)\
i
ro
5.1.38 31 Convex parabolic fin See Fig. 5.20 for values of <j>(N , N J .
radiating to non-free space. N and N given in case 5.1.37.
c s
Conditions same as for case
5.1.37 except profile is:
5.1.39 81 Straight rectangular fin of See Kef. 81 for approximate temperature and efficiency
variable conductivity, solutions.
k-k |l + B ( t - t )].
0
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
h t . J~ 1/2
f f
2 2
K <RVBT) + I (RVBT) ^T
0 ^
0 K [&VBT(m + n )J 0
n=-co m=-°°
o o
n, m / 0 .
2n
01
o o (. (.
HVBT[(A/R) 2
- IT]
o4 o4
I
to •400 4CO
,1/2
2 2
K^KV&T) - I ^ K V B I ) Y ^T K [A^i(m + n 3
o o
0
n=-°° m=
•fCO ^£0
*
I I K (RVBT) + I (R^T) £
0
"^ ^
J0
n=-°° m=-°°
2
K [AYBT(III + n 0
0
1/2
2
n, m ^ 0 .
i
to
Section 5,1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
to
o
Section 5.2. Extended Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
g = 0, x = b.
Optimum profile:
sinh (2m&) 1 - q /hb(t -
0 t )
f
fc ) < 1 / 3
2m£ - 1/3 - q /hb(t - t ) ' °± V^O ~ f
I
0 0 f
m = Y2h/kb, t = t , x = 0
I
u>
5.2.2 1, p. 246 Straight infinite rod.
t = t , x = 0.
Q
1 + 2 1 -
km (t - t )
Q f
MSB
t h t
o|/- ' f
EZ3
F
Section 5.2. Extended Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
i
u
M
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No internal Heating.
6.1.1 9 , p . 54 I n f i n i t e p l a t e source.
— ^ = f [erf (FO* - Po^) + erf (PO* + Fo*)] , - » < x < 00
t = t , - b < x. < b, T = 0.
t = t ^ b < x < - b , T = 0.
See F i g . 6.1
x = ~b x •* b
l
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
2 X + X
* erfcR " - > 1), - 1 < X < +1
2i¥
. %l J)
CO
1 +
© l"*£/ " n=l
fc fc K + X
n - «,
© 0
I
to
/x - 1 + 2nvsr^rr\
x erfc f • 1 , 1 < X < -1
1 - K
P C k
, H ;. + K
" 2 2 2
Interface temp:
t - t_ 2K n _ 1
y <-H) erfc^Fo*^, X = 1
fc 1 + K 2
0 " ^ (1 + K)
n=l
For Po. - small:
X 1 + 2 l
fc
2 - *» K , / X - 1\ 2K
21 — erfcl/ f - V^
erfc/ |
fc
0 " fc
- " X + K
K) 2 V f
^
\ VFO-;
2 (i +
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
(t - t^p^jb n-1
(-H)
I ^ y ^ { l + KJVTMPO^ ^
u
x exp I^^VF:; ^ 1 1 2
). i<*<-i
K = P r l ^ f H = l - K
P C k 1 + K
2 2 2
fc r < r T = 1 + exp(-X^Fo)
"V 0' °' J*(X) + YJ(X)
t = ^ r > r , T = 0.
Q
See F i g . 6.2
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
t = t^, r > b, x = 0.
2
* \ 2
V - j e x p ^ - F O ^ ) ] exp[(Fo *
r + Fo^) ]
2 Fo VT
r
See F i g . 6.3
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
6.1.5.1 74,
p. 429
Case 6.1.5 with a sphere of
different thermal properties.
I I A . . i (^\hi?± exp r2 P P . P ( 1T R) i
fc fc R K X + K L l 1 1 J
«- 0 l 2 - Vl 1
Merfc/^^\ + F^ erfc
2
M W ~
fc R K x
o " ^ i laVioTi 2 " \vnq.
K 2 + K
e X P F P R rtC P V B
1 ~ (K, - 1) (K V l f P( 2 °2 " 2 " *)* (^= ~ 2 2|
R 1 + 2 5 K + K
1- , £ / - ^7 l\ , 2 l
K X
2 " \ 2 ^ j (K -D(K
2 1 + D
/ 2 . /R - 1 + 2 0 : x
x exp(p^Po - P R - 1 + 2 > 5 7 ^ ) e r f c /
2 ^ _
2 2
5 5 R X
~ V ! )) ' *
1
K - ^ 1 K -^ P " 2 - P - Vll
1 P C k 2 X K + K 2 X + K
" 2 2 2 ' " V " 2 V 1 ' l
f(+R) = f(-R) - f(+R)
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
I
-J
6.1.7 7 , p. 89 Specified temperature 00
2
f (x + \a)exp(' -X )dX
distribution.
wJ
t = f ( x ) , -co < x < <*>, t
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
t - t,
erf Po e3 + a
sp^q = r r ^ [ I xl - * ( v »l »
x erfc(| Fo*| + H o /2^1 , x < 0 2 2
00 •c k,
0 h^ , H . i l L p L , H - J&(1 + A,
k, ot- 1 k,A 2 k *
1 2
>
k, a „
1 2
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
k k,
2
k *a
1 2
-x t.
at
I
is
fc E r T =
= *=«' > ' 0 °-
If line is a steady source of strength g :
0
VVT
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
t =t ,
Q < r < r , T = 0.
t i Q t 0 - t a
(\ ' % ) P["( r* °r')] o( r *\)
*»' r > r , T = 0. 0
i =V=T
I
H
6.1.13 9 , p . 247 Spherical surface a t steady t - ti 1 / * *\
temperature. t - —t = — erfcfPo - Po I
fc R r
t =t , r >r
± T = 0. Q f i V V
t = t , r = r , T > 0.
0 0
l
0
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
0 r
; = —z-z:—
3/2
I expl- X Po IdX
V 0 4TT Va fe \ "'
I
For T ->• <*>:
(t - tjkr
1
Q 4TT
0
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
0.
R = r/r i
too' r > r , T = 0.
Q
- *»>* V5- f i_ dX
exp 4a exp to
*0' I 4ir r - / ^ X
I
gA wal /T A.72 2
e x p ( x 2
~ ^ /4a)dX
0
* J x
*VVr
2
= VFO" exp(- Fo* ) - -L|^- e r f c / F o ^ A
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
t - t^ r > r , T = 0. i " f M
Q
q = r = T >
r V V °- For Po < 0.02:
For Po » 1:
0\
H
Ul
( t _ k
V /4Po\
V o-*— = A n p ^ f ] - 0.57722
\ R '2
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
J,(X)
2
VO IT 1 L *\ VJ 3 (•
, 2 + *")
X
XR Y x
en
I
^o^f )*- o|/f ^ dX , R > 1
KJ x y x J Y x
i< ' o(vf j - ^ o ^ i ^ )
KJ (X,J A A ) J A
*- i o(>/5 ) " ^ V i(^T
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
t = tjl, r < r , T = 0.
Q
B 2
= P 0 1 1
0
C / P C
2 1
A.':=!.[AJ (\) - BJ (X)]" +|^Y (^) - BY^A)]
0 X 0
k,c ,P
0 Q
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
t = t , r > r , x = 0.
Q Q 2 2
x (4> + i|> )
R > 1.
i|i = Y^CXJJJJCSX) - BJ^XJJ^BX)
<>
j = yJ (X)Y (eX) - 6J (X)Y (0X)
1 0 O 1
I k
e =vs^, Y =v o
See case 6.1.4 for equxl material properties.
Q(r)
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
Ref-
Case No. erences Description Solution
T = T / T T = T / T P = t / d f
l l 0' 0' ° ^ o
i
H
6.1.26 46 Infinite conductivity sphere See Fig. 6.7
19, in an infinite medium,
p. 3-63 t = t , r < r , T = 0.
x Q x
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No internal heating.
to
Section 6.2. Infinite Solids—With Internal Heating.
M
_^.-/ -HHHi4)
0 '1 -i J
0t
du, r = 0 , Z = 0
, r = 0, Z = 0
|z| > 0, X = 0.
a
0 *1
Fo = orr/r,
q'" = 0
to
to
1
—%
2 2
, R< 1 .
t = t , r > 0, T = 0. q*0A " r" 0 IT i , 4 ^[*22 +
, *
,,,2T
2
]
Q
— I l l — — I I I
ql", 0 < r < r .n
T > 0. ( t -- V
t )k Q
k [ l - exp(-X F o ^ ] [J (BXR)I)) - Y (BXR)ip]dX
n
2 f Q 0
R > 1.
^{"try-^^m
0
2 Fo - 4
1
q" =0, r > r , Q
fc t , k 2
T ( y\ i _: o FO*
B V 7 F r2 _ 2 R
- ' ^o" o
3 5 L
+ Fo* i e r f c ( - | - ) l / R > 1 .
Fo = 2"tf«T/r 0
Section 6.2. Infinite Solids—With Internal Heating.
in 2 Bi it
contact resistance, *o r
o
t = t , r > 0, T = 0. oo
0 < R < 1.
3 P C
1 1
K= p c
o o
Section 6.2. Infinite Solids—With Intt. . Heating.
+4 p F i2erfc
- Tti [«*» (!*£) ° ° 2 (f*J)]
1 lq'"
JULA* K(l + H) V , n - l L m f / 2 n V
V I^ - \ 5 X 1
V 2 ^ )\
K H = f(+x = f x) f(+x)
" £hr '
P k
i~rl'
1 K
> <~ -
2°2 2 *
Section 6.2. Infinite Solids—With internal heating.
i
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
t ,h
f *, )
2 2
,. *° „ » = exp(aTh /tt )erfc(V5f h/k) See Fig. 7.2
h ( t - t.) f
1
"i 7.1.4 2 , p . 275 Ramp surface temperature. t - t. 2 2
i - ( l + 2 Fo* ) erfc ( F O * ) - £ Fo*. exp(-Fo* )
t=t., x>0, T=0. bT
t = t . + bT, X = 0, T _> 0.
t = t, + br.
t » t, Q x = 0, 0 < T < t £
t = t , X « 0, X > X .
x 0 t - t. t, - t,
f o + erfc X T T
t = t., X > 0, T = 0. i^TTT - » K ) v ^ T T (V T- )' >o
2 a( v
br-
bV7-
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
.n/2.
br'
+ it. - —
t .i ) erfc 2"Va(T - T ) - exp
1 Q
t..h-
hVa(T - T ) n
Ol
x erfc ,T > T
2Va(T - x ) 0
2KV5T
Section 7.1. Serai-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
g^ = q , x = 0, 0 < X < T .
Q Q
c^ = 0, x * 0, x > x . Q T „
0
See case 7.1.5 for 0 < T < x .
= k/vSnT, x = 0,
^x
0 < x < T . 0 AT„/(T-T„)
q x = 0, X = 0, X > X . Q
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
n
t-^-l- = fiT[ Z H erfc [ P o - F o + F o + (2n - 1)B F o J
x x b
i n=l
( t K
l - V f * * 2 K
+ e c
(t Q - t ) (i + x)
x " Fo - Fo. + (1 + K) ( t - t)
0 x
x b
n - 1
Y H erfc | F O * - Fo* + 2nB Fo*J, X > 1
n=l
P k
. l"l l n
H
1- K . B
_JJ
~ P,c„k„ ' - 1 + K ' "" V
2 2 2
Section 7*1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
Maximum temp:
fc fc
max " 0
exp
(-«•)
J,
Time for t t o reach x:
max
Si m
— + , m = 0, 1, 2,
fc n
0 2 Yawnr"
ax h
t = t , x > 0, X = 0. H = — S r - , u = 2mt/x
mrlt °
t - „ = "iax f l u i d temperature
h
< -SJ Maximum temp:
fM
T- = period of p e r i o d i c f l u i d temperature
I exp
fc
M- Ofc
(-^•)
(t 2 1 / 2
fM " V [ l + (2/H) + ( 2 / H ) ]
m = 0, 1, 2, . „ . .
t = t - t , x = 0, T = period of periodic temp
(2m + 1)T < x < tm = mean surface temp
(2m + 2)X 0' t_ = deviation of surface temp from t
7.1.19 2, p. 248 Quarter-infinite solid. Dimensionless temperatures equal product of solution for
7.1.20 2, p. 248 Eighth-infinite solid. semi-infinite solid (case 7.1.1 or 7.1.3) and solution for
7.1.21 2, p. 248 Semi-infinite plate. .infinite plate (case 8.1.6 or 8.1.7). See Figs. 9.4a and 9.4b.
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
2,
WAMMWAWM.
C = 6.0 for const, heat flux from cylinder.
i
Temperature of cylinder = t .
Initial temperature of semi-infinite solid = t.
t > t . e
c f
The time for the cylinder to return to temp t after
m
st jady state is achieved and heating is stopped:
2 3
3 | = (d/D + l / B i ) ' f D
q Voa ~ Vn
o
±
f K ) # (" )J ' * = °
y
-oo < y < +oo, x = 0.
q x = q„, x = 0,
-oo < y < 0.
q = 0, x = 0,
0 < y < +<=°.
y > a, y < - a . x = 0,
See F i g . 7.5
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
L = S,/w
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Intecnal Heating.
q (x) = q ,
0 0
(t - O k T w +
nt 0 < T < nT Q + V ^r- =T i W^ [ ^ - V ^ - (T-V 1 / 2
-I ( V w/vr].
n = 0, 1, . . .
T < T < 1 .
q„(T) = 0 , n t 0 +
i
X < T < (n + 1 ) T .
% Q
+T
n - No. c i c y c l e s .
:(T T> = j
r
f 2 2
e x p (- T X ) U l - T ) exp ( - X ) - e x p ( - X
2 2
2
+ X 2
V J dX
X [l - exp (-X )]
q lr)- T = T/T , T = A
0
x O 0 x T l 0
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
Convection boundary
of h, t at r = r , z > 0, T > 0.
Q Q
T > 0.
t = t 0 , 0 < r < r 0 , z = 0,T>0.
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
7.1.30 19,
p. 3-83
Plate and semi-infi-
nite solid composite vvy.
2 g" VcQr "2m
i^== 2
[exp (m P o ) erfc (m V F O ^ -lj
2
m = ( P P
I 2 V 1 °1>
SeL Pig. 7.9
t = t, x
f
0, T > 0. + exp ( Bi X) erfc
d ( T ^ ^ ^ T ^ I )
.
d
cross section area ..
perimeter , X = x/d
Heat flux at x = 0:
Tt „ h
e x p ( B i F + V i r e r f c ( V 5 I
k ( t ! ° - t . ) = ?V?oT " d °d> d d^a'
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
i y = 0, X > 0.
X Po erfc F
- 2 exp (~n ) ( °y)] •
1 Xn = mt.
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
t r = < y
"V V °
< <*>, T > 0.
W "°
I
r.
7.1.34 74, Case 7.1.33 with:
2 Bi J (X R) exp (-X Z)
p. 466 convection boundary 0 n fl
h, t at r = r , and 2 2
~ J„(X ) (si +\ )
1
t = t , 0 < r < r ,
Q Q n=l 0 n \ n/
Z = 0, T > 0.
r- Bi
Bi J
J .. (X
(A R)
R) r / *\
+ ( e r f c X + F o
Z T ,. / . 2 , , 2 \ H? V>
t B ( n^ z
B l + X L
n=l W ( n)
- exp (-X Z) erfc ^
n VFO" - Fo*)j .
Bi
W "
Section 7.1. Semi-infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
10
Section 7.2. Semi-infinite Solids—With Internal Heating.
T = 0.
X - e x X + 0 X
t " t , x = 0, x > 0. + \ e erfc (VX - Fo*) - \ e erfc (Vx + F o * ) .
a" "
q
* 0
Po = , X = aB"T
k? e>x
Section 7.2. Semi-infinite Solids—With Internal Heating.
t - 1 2 2
= 2 Po* ( i e r f c [FO*(X - 1)1 + i e r f c [Vo*(X + 1)1
2i2 fc + +erf
« K)) i7 K ) |, X> 1 .
* q i " OT
Po _ ^0
Section 7.2. Semi-infinite Solids—With Internal Heating.
7.2.4 9 , p . 80 I n s u l a t e d boundary (t - t , ) k ,
and band h e a t i n g . - = 1 - 2 i e r f c [FO*{1 - X)] 2 i ' e r f c [FO*(1 + X)l ,
t = t . , X> 0, T = 0. q^"aT
0 < X < 1.
a = 0, x = 0, T > 0.
(t - t.)k
q"' = q A " r 0 < x < d, - L ^ = 2 2
i erfc [ F O ^ X - 1)] - i e r f c 2
[ p d j j x + 1)] ) .
T > 0.
X > 1
q'" = 0 , x > d.
-J
I
to
7.2.5 9 , p . 80 I n s u l a t e d boundary (t - tW
and v a r i a b l e h e a t i n g ,
t = t + bx, x > 0,
Q
Q
- ^ - exp (-SX) +
Po_.
\
Po
*
X
Po
*+
X
2X\ erfc
K)
T = 0.
2 2
o = 0 , x = 0 , T > 0. + | exp (X - 3x) e r f c ( x - F o * ) + | exp (X + 0x) e r f c ( x + F o * )
& X
q'" = J"e*
q ( ,
X > 0 , T > 0. q^'OT
Po kbx , X = B Vor
Section 7.2. Semi-infinite Solids—With Internal Heating.
0 ' J
-e L 2-vfe J i + x \2 m')
-b < x < 0, T > 0
q" 1
= 0, x < 0, T > 0.
X .2 .
1 + X x erfc O'Yvfe * ")]- --1 < X < 0
( t
2l V ' h , _ __44
"0*"l V 0
a n
n f ,,2._^_
2 . /2n+Jx\
\ 2Vf5 /
i'o" l
E?
n=0
S / 2
q'" =q^'T ,
x exp (Bi + Bi Fo \ erfc (Fo + Bi -v/Fo \
s = - 1 , 0, 1, . . .
eXp M> ex 2M F e r f c Fo - M
" 4M [ P (" °x) ( x )
- exp (2 M Fo*\ erfc (FO + JM^ 1 .
Surface temp:
( t p J 2
* y = 0 5642 - 1 - exp (M ) erfc (M) =
l
to
M = ji Vaf
See Fig. 7.10
7.2.10 74, p. 383 Planar heat pulse and (t - t ) k x f x
(X - 1)
convection boundary. = 2VnFo
Instantaneous heat Qa 4 Fo
pulse occurs at x = 0,
x = x, with strength 2 X +
- Bi exp (X - 1) + B i Fo erfc 2 p ' 0 ^ Bi V f o I
•Vm
t = t , x > 0, T = 0.
f
t ,h-
f
Section 7.2. Semi-infinite Solids—With Internal Heating.
i
00
S e c t i o n 8.1. S o l i d s B o u n d e d by Plane S u r f a c e s — N o Internal H e a t i n g .
1
T = 0.
t = t , x = 0, H, X >, 0.
Q
w
A =
-»n
/ f(X) sin (mrx) dX
oo
l
T = 0.
t = t , x = 0, l ,
Q T >_ 0.
K M
Section B . l . S o l i d s Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
8.1.3 9, p . 97 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with
t - *t„ 1
f "]
2
steady surface temper- "0 8 V 1 (2n
exp
12U&L. u Fo "
ature and bilinear t_ - t " „2 Za
n / 0 _ A
4
0 w 2 n + 1 }
i n i t i a l temperature. " n~0 <
t = ( t - t > («- -
c Q |x|)/
a + t > , -s. < x < +£,
0 = 1
T = 0. n=0
t = t , x = ± 1 , T > 0. | > n 4- 2) - l x | l \
0
ierfc
L 2VfS J)
IsA"/^
09
l
to
W W
See Fig. 8.1
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t"t " 2 Z
0 32 V-
±lll cos
(2n + 1)
2 TTX exp [.ia-iid^^j
n (2n + I)"
parabolic initial n=0
temperature.
See Fig. 8.2
2 2
t = (t - t ) (a - x ) /
e Q
2
I + t , -I < x < +«.,
c
T = 0.
t t , x = ±a,
0
T >_ 0.
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
l 0
Heat loss:
Sln X 1 X F
J
2£pc -. w„, ~
2 VZ X!l [Xn L - *** (~n °)]
..... ... .
Irt-V^v/* (t.- t.) Z X TX^ + sin (X,,) cos (AJ"
e I i 0 _ n I n t n
X = (2n + l)u/2, See Fig. 8.3
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t.,h-
CO
J.
8.1.7.2 3, p. 294 Infinite plate with
74, p. 223 convection boundary— t - t„ ~ s i n (X ) cos (XX) exp (-X^Fo)
constant initial temp. t . - t . Z / X + s i n (X ) cos (X )
t = t . , -«, < x < +fl,
i n=l
T = 0. c o t (X ) = X /T8i
(see case 8 . 1 . 7 . 1 ) n n
fc fc
-f
1 - cos (V§i X) exp (-Bi F o ) , Bi < 0 . 1
t.-t f
t - t
X 2 1 X
TT = e r f / * " - ) - exp m i d - X) + Bi Fo] e r f c f " + Bi VFO)
C L J
V £ \2 VF3 / \2 VFO" /
1 + X 2 1 + X
t(r)-
os -t(T)
I
en
s\/ss/\
x = ±1, x > 0.
2 2 2
b ? (2n + l ) ir a/4A
8.1.11 9, p. 105 II n
n ff ii n
n ii tt ee pp ll aa tt ee with
with «°
m e n t i a l l y varying
exponentially varyi i DT cosh (xVPd) £ V (-1)"
surface lace temperature.
temperature T - t. = ^e
^ " 7T ^ ( 2 n + X ) N + 4 P d / 7 r 2 ( 2 n + rf]
t . , -2, < x < H,
, ... . - , 22 _ 22
T = 0. T (2n + l ) n _ 1 f(2n + 1)TI „"1
J 1
b T
x exp - r-* Fo cos - —<— X
t = t. + Te ,
x = ±1, T > 0.
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
temperature. "rax mn
t = (t mx - tmn)
1
t = max surface temp
mx
cos ±1 t = mean surface temp
mn
t„ = cycle time
f^a)
2
f^Xa) + f (a)
2
2 f (xa)
2
M t^a) cos (a) cosh (a), f (a) = sin (a) sinh (a)
a = VriPd = fcVn/aT,,
<^^* ^ V « M
Pd = Hio/ti •
K-i- -H
Section 8.1. SolidB Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
K-'H
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
.
XT
n
on one s i d e , constant 1 - e
temperature on the
other. T ' = T - nff, m » 1
t - t . K - 0. T > 0.
0 - X (T- T-M
n V X (T-T")
n
t l fcJ s i n (nirx)
-v *•' tr^-f- = f Z • j r -
X n = 1
* ri
n
aff < T < *r + T ,x ° 1 - e
T
L •• = T - (mT + T . ) , m »
V U i 1 ,
<f t » t , X = %, iflj
Q "1
T B period of c y c l e . n '
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
m = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
t = t_, x = I, mT fc fc
00
T = p e r i o d of c y c l e .
2 2 2
X = a (2n + l ) ir /4£
n
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
For Bi •*• » ;
f c k
< -V VF5(
GO t ,h-
f
I
hiH
Section 8 . 1 . Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
8.1.18 14 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with
47 steady surface heat
74, p . 174 flux and variable 2 (X - U * - (X - 1) + j + Fo - ^" Z , \ cos [rnr (x - 1)]
TT n=l n
thermal conductivity»
t = t , ~Sb < x < +«,,
Q
1
T = 0. k = k(t). a is x exp (-rnr Fo) J-/ k(T)dT
constant.
q = X = A
x V "" " - T = (t - t ) / k = k(t )
0 t ( ) f Q 0
For k(t) = k Q [ l + 3 (t - t )] Q
V
k(t)
fc fc B t fc
ff
k
k ( I ) dT
k(T) dT•= - 0 , 0( - M '
+
0j n t„ 2 \ t„ /
'0 "0
For 3 = 0 , see Fig. 8.7.
OB
i
1*4— —i-*|
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t = t 1 ? l 2 < x < % 2 + i. ,
x
X > 0.
fc
o-f"o~H
fc fc 3
\ x
i"2 x
t = t , 0 < x < «, +
Q x l , 2
X + X b + b + b
l 2 = l 2 3
T = 0.
q = 0, x = 0, X X b b
CO l 2 = l 3
i
h„ is contact coefficient
b = h P C b P C b = P C
between 1 and 2. l 2/ 2 2 V 2 - V 1 l V 3 V 1 l \
k->
•h,,t f
2
%
-*,-K*H
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
q = g X = T > + +
x 0 ' °' °* *0*
, r [ 1 +(Bl/3)] Bi FO [1 - (T /T)]li 0
x {1 - exp r f T > T„
q = q.cos (urr), x = 0.
***•**"+
». — * x
k-»«> -h,t.
% '
fc
*•
hH
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
8.1.22 2, p. 248 Semi-infinite plate, Dimensionless temperatures equal the product of solution
quarter-infinite plate, for semi-infinite solid (case 7.1.1 or 7.1.3) and
infinite rectangular bar, solution for infinite plate (case 8.1.6 or 8.1.7).
semi- infinite See Figs. 9.4a and 9.4b.
rectangular bar,
rectangular
parallelepiped.
V-i-A
Section 8 . 1 . Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
q/T'
V2
ri^O
2 n X t o + X
erfc [ < ^ > - ] - i^erfc [< * ^ ]
-'0
« Bi = h V k , X cot (X ) + Bi = 0
n n
-h,t n
j—«-H
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
X cot (\ \ + Bi = 0
T = 0.
t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
Q
f*-*-
00
I
o
-h.t.
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t ,h-
f
•h,t.
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
w
Q
X cot + Bi = 0
t = t , x = 0, T > 0. n
-h.t,
K-iH
8.1.28 9, p. 126 Infinite plate with a [Bi (t - t ) / ( t - t ) - Bi - 1
f n 1 p
2 {Bi [(t - t ) / (
f 0 tl - t )]
0
0 < X < Sir T = 0.
t = tQ fX = 0, T > 0.
2
, ^7 sin (X X) exp f-X Po)
- Bi
n=l fBi" + Bi + X M sin (X ) n
-h,t.
X cot (X ) + Bi = 0
n n
h-'H
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
2
V cos (X X) exp ( - X n Fo)
+
2 " B i
L-i / _ . 2 . _. . , 2 \
2 2
n=l ( B i + Bi + X J cos (X )
tn.h" -h,t«
I [••i-^l*-*—|
to
k n X n
sin (X ) cos (X ) + X
A = B l
ll/ B i
U I n n
2 s i n (X )
n
t .h -h .t,
2
0 r
+ - j - s i n (X ) n
Bi = Vk, Bi = h Vk
h-«-H u h l A 2 2
x B i B i 1
,. ,. , / n n\ L + nV
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
X tan (X ) = B i .
-h,t f
n n
t .h-
f
L-«-J
| * - { - * p-*-»i
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane surfaces—No Internal Heating.
8.1.30.1 74, p. 316 Case 8.1.30 with t - ti cos (VPH X) exp (-pa Fo)
f f m £ m i e fc fc 53
fm " i "* cos CVPI) - J j V sin (V5d)
2
Y A cos (X X) exp (-X Foj
n n
2
1=1 1 - X /Pd
n
1 2 2 1 2
(-1)"* 2 Bi ( i B + X ) '
An =
2 2
00 X (Bi
n + Bi + X)
I
in
Mean Temp:
fc fc
ni~ i exp (-Pd Fo)
fc
i Vpa (cot (VfoT) - g j VPS"!
2
V exp (-X Fo)
2
- 2 Bi 2 2 2
^^ 2
~ 2
n=l X (Bi + Bi + X ) [l -(X /Pd)]
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
T >
"0 -i n=l fei" + X^ + BiJ cos (Xn)
" 1*1. V
t - t.
x 2 B1
Y T + (1 - T) exp
& M %)]
tT^t * " _4,n=l nB i 2
+ X + BiJ
2
cos (X )
n
CO T = ( t - t . ) / ( t - t ) , Po. = ( H / r , X t a n (X ) = Bi
I o i n
l i u u n n
to
an
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
Ref-
Case Ho. erences Description Solution
+ 2 Bi
+ 4 + B i + B i c o s
n fx (l « Po* /xJ) (*n ' ) <V
iB„
Me ° = cosh (X Fo ) cos (X Fo ) + i sinh (X Po ) (X Fo ) sin (X Fo )
00
I
ro
^1 A * it it it it . . it
Me = (Fo ) sinh (Fo ) cos (Fo ) - Fo cosh (Fo ) s i n (Fo ) + Bi cosh (Fo )
x r * * * * * , *
x cos (Po ) + i I Fo sinh (Fo ) cos (Fo ) + Fo cosh (Fo ) s i n (Fo )
+ Bi sinhs (L) s i n (L)j
Fo = S, V372a , X t a n (X ) = Bi
n n
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No internal Heating.
(t - V
t,)k M L .X , 3 + M "I 2
i n f i n i t e conductivity.
t - t., o < x < a 1 + i ,
2 y cos ( y Q exp (-XJ; F o J
t = o. i£l 2
X (\ 2 2
+ M + u) cos (A)
q = 0 , x = 0 , T > 0.
^x
-q x - q , X= t
Q 1 + l ,
2
X cot (X ) = -M
n n
T > 0.
p,c JL ,
2
-"o
I—/,—(•«,*(
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
CD X tan |X )= M
i
n \ n/
= ™n=l
A
CD
v sin (X X) exp
2
«-0
( t t )
j } (\ + M 2
+ M ) sin (X )
t = t , Jl < x < SL , T = 0.
2 1 2 \ n / n
t = t. , 0 < x < JL, T = 0.
Xn tan i\ \ = M
\ n/
q x = 0, x = J^ + % , 2 T > 0.
n Vn /
X tan (X ) = M
n n
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
sq x= T >
V o' °' °" 2 2
!(1 M) + f (« + X ) cos (X X) exp (-X
n n n FoJ
4 1 2 2 2
n=l X (X n n + M + M )
A cot (A ) + M = 0
n n
t = t , A< x < 4 ,
2 x 2 L\ 1 n ) n n lj n
X t a n 1 = B i X / M B i =
T = 0. n ^n l " n ' ^i/*!
x 3
T > 0. kA n=l ["(si, - X / M ) + (1 + 1/M)' A + Bi cos (X )
2 2 2
2
xf f<T') exp (&n'/l ) *:'.
Jo
2
X tan (X ) = B i , - X /M .
n n I n
( x J - M B i J t a n (X ) = B i X . n c n
P = X + X Bi + B l 2 M B i + M B i ( 1 + M X
n n n ( c c " c ) c > n •
B i h k
c " cV l '
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
different materials,
t = t , -& < x < «,,,
n n
X = 0.
f c ( L + K ) n X
00 CO
I
Ul fc
< - V L - X _ V ,2„
M
s i n (BLA - SA X)
n n
2
A [(1 + KB D s i n (A ) s i n (BLAJ - B (K + L) cos (A ) cos (BLA )]
n n n
c o t (A ) + a c o t (BLA ) = 0
n n
B =ycT[7cy K = k A 2 l f F o = a.£/l\,
1 L = l /l
2 v X = x/4j
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
X X / V S < X < L
with insulated i-rf- - 1 - 2 2 n r "a ( n ) «* K ^ V * ) ' °
r i n=l n * '
surface and convec
tion boundary,
t = t 0 < x < SL +
i f X
COS X L COS (
df ~ Tl - 1 - 2 n=l
5 XT |
n '
[L \ < " )] J V*>
2
- K sin |~X (X - L)l s i n (X LA'S) ) exp £-X*L Fo /A") , L < X < 1.
00
-h.t,
l + Sin
" n & P ) ( m) <V]
X Ksin
W*> •
LX X
— ? • (1 + L) tan (X L / V A ) = 1 - - T (1 + L) tan (X )
Bi n Bi n
K tan (X ) tan (X L / ^ ) .
n n
P C k
B i = hSL /K ,
x 2 L = l^/i. ,
2 Po l = O j T / ^ , A = <X /0. x
,
K
l l l
2 ' -P c k2 2 2
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t
f i
b
JJ /
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
-* < y < +a , +
2 2
X COS (hi*) «P (*nl *°! * £ * ° + X^ P O ) 2 2 3 3
-& 3 < z < +1 ,3 T = o.
(n,m,s) l + / 2 2 \l/2
A , = J_l 1\ * n m.s,ij
f
X B i + B i + X
n,m,s,i ( i i n,m,s,i)
n,m,s,i \ B I . / n,m,s i i i r
x = o, o < y < b,
0 < z < d, T > 0.
1
5 ,, v V s i n (imtY) s i n (mrZ) M s i n (urc + e + 4 ) T
-J* " x _ 16 \ \ ^__"_' m,n mn f
«^ fc fc 2
0 " i IT ra=0 i£u m n
OS 00 00 00
I s i n e
,„ ^ ^ ^ Jl s i n (imrY) s i n (mtz) s i n (JluX) (W cos e -X o ) exp(-Xar/w )
~ ~~v ^ *-* £-> / 2 2 \
11
m=0 n=0 A=0 r + X , n n
V m,n,J6/
2 2 1/2
= sinh{(l-X)[(^w/b) -t- (nirw/d) + i v f l }
Vn«* c^ ) rn s i n h ([ -;;
( /b)2 ; - 2;
{ W) iw ]v j2
s = (2n + 1) Tt/Sp
s
d u
For t = t Q f B = 0, 8 , 0 T > 0:
t - t.
h-H
= i |-
'0
2,
n=0
s i n s6
< >(
i e x
P (~«u A ) " 2 2
J (u)du
s
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
= 2
temperature.
t = t , 0 x < &J+ Z ,
± 2
4-^ nTL X
n (*n +
« 2 + M
)
x = 0. X t a n ( M S c a p 0 X = x / X ,
n V = "' = lPi i' 2 2 2' l
00
09
\*-li-*\*-i -*\
3
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
f c
h < - V = exp {-Bi Fo) + Bi Fo - 1
For n = 1: pel &
k->-~
v2 (t - t„)
t..h- ~ ) g-^- = 2 |_1 - Bi Fo - exp (-Bi Fo)J + (Bi Fo)'
w
MO
h-2*H
Section 8.1. SolidB Bounded by Plane Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
fc (t
f"W mx ~ W
COS (UfT ) . Instantaneous surface heat flux:
t = mean temp,
mn q A 9 sin (TO) - i|i)
t = max temp, r
h (t - t ) - , =-
mx 2
mx mn >/l + 9
See Fig. 8.9
k->°°
t ,h- — h,t f
f
| — 2f—*|
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
8.1.50 40 Infinite plate of See Fig. 8.12 for maximum temperature values:
infinite conductivity
with surfabe reradia-
tion and circular
pulse heating,
t = t , T = 0,
Q
max
( ^ax \
'pott J
4
D = heating duration
g =aj?T .
= 1 m/D
*x V " '
CD
i
— <*r
k -*•«>
2
H- ?H
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
<S , T = 0.
2
c^ = 0 , x = S^ + 6 , T > 2
0.
t ,h-
f
K*HH
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
8.1.52 19, p. 3-49 Infinite plate with See Figs. 8.15a-e for heating.
44 radiation heating
68 or cooling. See Figs. 8.15f-l for cooling,
t = t , 0 < x < 6,
Q
t - t„
f(Fo)
H
% -**(*!-*I-o)-
T = source temp.
a
i
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
x = o.
Fo = aD/S"", X - x/6
For ^ T/D)
^max
k (t - X 2
6 2
*o
± < Fo < FO , Fo > 1 .
D D
D = duration of
heating.
h-«H
P = G c 6/k
f f e
t = fluid source
k e = Pk +f U-P)k s
p = plate porosity
CD -t ,k,,c
0 f
i
*» Steady state solution:
in
\ = x =
V i °' * °" T
J
co
I
-ur.ition of pulse
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
2 2
2 y X sin X cos (X X) exp [- ( x ^ + B i ^ L ) F o J
n n
h
V i -h ,t 2 X + B i L 2 X + s i n X C O S X
2 (
" n=l ( 2 lw ) [ n ( n) ( n)]
2w]
K tan(X )= B i , B i = w/k, B i = h w/k
-i\H
n 2 w l w h l 2 w 2
f'"2
l "V, X = x/w, L = Jt/w
-j
Mean temp:
tanh
' . " 'o
t f t ( ) 2
B i , . . .,
' Bi^ L + P* 2 L t a n h
l w B l
2w
X B B i F
V n n — [- fa + l w *') °wl
2
-4,
n=l
X? + Bi,..
"n lw
L
. "i»
I)
2
'Bi? + B i . + X
'" >'.$
lw lw
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
m - M )Bi X ( M M }
x
"V" " 2
V 1 " 2 / \
2(1 s i n e F o
TBIT" ' 1 2 \ <V *e K )
m=l
2 s i n (*n) 2 cos
(\n)
An =~ X + sin/X )cos/X ),»' *m
- ~ X - cos/X \sin/X
oa
i
cot(X )= X / B i , tan(X )= -X^/Bi
n n m
Mean temp:
fc
.-
f c
fc
i . M
l+»2
2
, V A
1
M ^« \
1
2
2 Biexp^Fo;
2 2
k -) 2
*f- i ^. V " / X (Bi + Bi + X )
n=l n \ n/
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
00
in
o
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane S u r f a c e s — N o Internal Heating.
oo
i
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
t = t i t x * tl, x > 0,
See Pig. 8.8
00
I
to
I — J t - -l~\
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
k-&-H -k»]
I x exp
Ul
Xn = mr
x cos (Xn X)
X) [l1 - exp (-X* *>)] $
- exp +
J.
8.2.2.7 74, p. 365 Case 8.2.2.1 with ( t fc )k n
~ i (Pd F o ) _ -
q"\ = q'" bx". a'" I2 n + 1
CO
I
:
\-*-l-*\ *-l-*\
q>" I
" V k
o
[s^BM-™
1_ [cos (xVPd
n
2 ^ (-l) cos (A X) exp (-A^ Fo)
n
X = (2n + 1 ) 7T/2
n
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
x / f (X) cos 0^ xj dX
CD
I
Ul
•J
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
03
I
U1
03
MH H W
8.2.7 9, p . 132 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with uniform .. _ . .. _
i n t e r n a l h e a t i n g and con- ' ~ f _ (1 + Bi/2)X x
v e c t i o n boundary on one s i d e . a S? 1 + Bi
,l,
" 2
9
t = t , 0 < x < X., T = 0.
t = t , x = 0 , T > 0.
f
sin (X X)fl - cos (X l"
. i n
1
_ „ i 11
y
0
+ 4 Bi
'2 2
, X (X + B i
n=l n \ n
2 2
+ Bi ) s i n (2X )
/ n
exp « «>)
X cot (X ) + Bi = 0
•h,t f n n'
K*H
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
00
1
to
\*-l^\
2 B
t = t , 0 < x < SL, T = 0.
Q
t = t , x = S., T > 0.
«^ " l cos ( V I )
• x
B = eavk
:
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
+ 2 Bi 2 2
n=0„ (B
V - \ n/
) \\
L n + Bi(Bi + 1)J cos (XJ
n
X tan (X ) = Bi, B = 3A A
n n
n I. = R. x (surface area/volume) = 1
o 9 = (t - t ) / ( t - t )
Q f Q
%
k-t-oo
-h,t
f
\^2i.*\
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
8.2.12 19, Case 8.2.11 for infinite See case 8.2.11, set: L = 2 for square rod
p. 3-29 square rod and cube. L = 3 for cube
1 = source temp.
rt< • > = « « • •
00
I
en
q'"
"Ir
h~2AH
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
p. 3-33
2 3
(9 - n ) + 4> ~]
neous surface convection M A n + A n + J
and radiation. = i * [wnrj 2 * \e^R-j r 2 2
( l - n ) + 4> _
g
x = h ( t
f " t }
x = 0, 2%, T > 0.
+ t S r |
«- *}
2 2 2
-l
^ = jsVv - n [n Vv - n + (v/2 + n )]}
2 2 2
-l
A = fsVv - n [nVv - n - (v/2 + n )]J
2
OS 2 4
I a 3 = n/(y + 8n )
to
2 2 4
A. = (v/2 - v ) / ( v + an )
4
R = - n - V v - n r R = - r i
1 2 +"Vv - r\
<t> = Vn + B / 4 , n = V 3 7 2
,1/3
2
V = J + 3 /4
^
s = h/aJTT„
,1/4
N = Icq'"i./a&-T* + 9 4
+ s9 f
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
Tnax Tnax
3 ( 1 A 3 ) PCS ( l A 3
e. power pulse; f ^ l = (37)" e " ~ . S ^ _ = 0.5473 ^ - 9 = 0 . 06767A + l)e- - >
x = TA>/ Q''' = total heat input per unit volume durin;j time D
See Fig. 8.10
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
g = q " + o?^
x - 4
T ), x = o, 26.
T = source temp.
k-
00 • V -i*
i
on q"
hr-25-H
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With internal Heating.
(t - t ) k £ f
2
= 2 ) ^—-— rr^- -r—- cos (X X) exp (-X Po)
:
oo Zs X + s i n (X ) cos (X ) n ' \ n / r
l
en n=l
ui X, X,
-h,t f
1
cos (X X)dX .
n '
(t - t )kSi
f
n + 1
= 2 Y (-l) cos [(2n - DTTXJJ cos [(2n - l)nx]
Qa
n=l
2
x exp [-(2n - l ) i r Fo/4] .
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
nf\
00
I
a\
JLJ
MH
Section 8.2. Solids Gounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
CD
i
en
Section 8.2. Solids Gounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
CO
l
03
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
n=l n
IS
I t )
Q "V ^
0 ~ i
h,t.
Q
**-*«• k « )w
x J . a > + Bi j { X > = o n
n 1 n On
See Figs. 9.1a-c
Cumulative heating:
Z
1 - exp
2 2
(< ")] ' 2 Q = l r
V c ( t
i " V
Qo , X (x + Bi ) 0
n=l n \ n /
For Fo < 0 . 0 2 , R » 0:
11
(t -" V
t.) „ _ . /Fo" . . A - R\ . . „ . Fo
2 i e r f c + 4 B l
t -1.) -
e
B I
VR~ \2^ws) vi
x + B i i 2 e r f c +
(iR f - ) (ivfl) ••••
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
n=l
0 < r < c, T =0. n 1 n
Q
t = t, r = r Q Q f T > 0.
1 J X , + 2 J (A )
l ( n 2 n
b c
\ o
a (X ) = o
0 n
to
I
= pd = r a)/a
W °' o
'(t - t)sin(cOT + e)
m
M&SKt'
Mean temp:
fc
m- fc
j „ 1 L , 4 \ , , „.2 y e
*P (if)
X
r n F o
;
n=l n V n )
J (X R) exp
0 n X F
in
fm " i Vfd J ( Ypd) - ~
Q P6 J Vpd1
exp
4 Bi
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
9.1.6.3 74, p. 320 Infinite cylinder with t - t. MJ ( VPd~R) exp (-Pd Po)
convection and evaporation
= 1
boundary. t f - t. ~ J (VP3)
Q - (-VPd/Bi)J ( VPa)1
t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i f Q
/h.t,
IrFfeil. -A
n
c o s (A R) exp
n K »)
Bi Y<m >0
An = + Bi2 , M
~vvK ) h(t -f t.)'
vo J„(A ) / J , (X ) = \ / B i
v
0 n" l n n
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
9.1.7 9, p. 202 Infinite cylinder with pe t - t i j Bi I (R"ViPd) exp (iurr + ie)
0
t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i f Q
V^7 = (i[vrra i VTM, l ( + B iv vrwgj
(t t . ) s i n (turr + e ) ,
X MCOS ( £ ) S i n [ e ) J a R )
t = max f l u i d temp.
e
" /, 2 \ n[ ~ 3 0 n
m
n=l Vn / \ n / O n
X J x = B i J X P d r w a
„n 1
i f Jn n <u Jm
' = n o/
t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i # Q
—-~— = 2 Fo + (RV2) - (1/4) - 2 > exp (-X„ Fo) - ~
q / X
q = r = r T y ° ° „=1 ^ nW
r V 0' °" J (X ) = 0 , See F i g . 9.3
\£ For Fo < 0 . 0 2 , R » 0
0
(t -
~ t .i ) k _ IFO" . , (X - R \ . F o ( l + 3R) . 2 , / l - R\ .
t ) k
J - J — = 2 ^ ierfc ( p ^ ) + ^ i erfc ( y ^ ) + . R 3 / 2
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
V»iV [ W W ~ V W W
+J
"VW o<V
VWVV "VW W - °
R = r / r , Fo " a r / r
Q 0
to
i
oo
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
a R b
to
i
n " iV n " V V*V ' W ' W " ' W W *
vo
Wi> W " W W Wi> - °
R = r / r , Po = aT/rp
Q
variable i n i t i a l temperature-
a- £ i^i n \ n / n
general case, n=l
t a f(R), r.< r < r , T = 0 . + X X J ( X R )
W(XR) - - p i i V V
n nV n>] 0 n
[ x J x , B i . a (X )] y ( X
+ n l ( n + 0 n 0 n R ) !
H ,2 2
2
E X B i J ( X
n =r n[ 0 0 nV " V l <W]
to 2
I x /" R [f (R) - t f ] W (X ,R,dR {(X
n n + B i J ) [Bi. J ( X ,
0 n
•a
+ A + Bi X 1
V l M * ~ ( n O E i V nV " W W ] * ) ' .
Bi X + X B i X X
E i V n> n W ] [ 0 V nV " n W V ]
B i X X 8 1 X Y (X
" [ 0 V nV " Vl< nV] C ! W " n l n > ] " °-
B i = h r / k B i = h r / k R = r / c
i i i ' o 0 i ' 0
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
A (R ) = Y (X ) J (X R ) - J (X )Y (X R )
l i 1 n J. n i. l n l n i
Y, (X ) J . ( X R.) - J , (X )Y.(X R.) = 0 V
1* n 0 n i ' 1 ' n' 0 n i '
Po = o t r / r , R = r / r
0 Q
N»
1 - R7
ii °-i r- i *
V £ Q
l S i/
-q =q > r = r
r 0 Q f T > o.
J J
q = 0, r = r . , T > 0. x «,n {R^ + j + f TT 1<W 1<V
2
[ j ( X R)Y,(X R.) - Y (X R)J.(X R.)"| exp (-X Fo^
l
L0 n
n
l n i 0 n 1 n I'J n
\ n /
Po = a r / r , R = r / r
Q Q
J . rtR.JY. (X ) = Y (X R.) J . (X )
x n i l n x ni 1 n
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
.1 IT
R 9 J X R R d 9
= " =• / / R[f ( r ) " tnl ( ™ >«l n
5 m 2 l J m
' ir L[JA<Ol
v
0 m'J I0 L-IT ° °
.1 -TT
= - / / RTf(R,9) - t„"l cos (n6)J (X r)dR d9
n m 2
' *ftVI -i i
1 TT
R f R 9 fc s i n
„ ™= ~ 5 I / l " < ' > " nl ( n 9 ) J (X R)dR d9
n
' TT [W]
m
|J' ( M 2
I0 1
-7T
L
° J
• " m
J X
„< J = o
n m
Section 9 . 1 . S o l i d s Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
2
2X
m
10
'0 -TT
m
2 2
-\(xW-n ) [ W ]
1 TT
* \ \ R[f(R,9) - t "| s i n (n9)J (X R)dR d9
f n m
0 -TT
X J' (X ) + Bi J (XJ = 0 v
in n m' n m'
See case 9 . 1 . 3 . 2 for f ( r , 9 ) = t i
or
case 9 . 1 . 3 . 1 for f (r,8) = f ( r )
<$ffi§®?
e«Sav;'r£Ks!Es
10
I — 0
9.1.19 9, p . 41S F i n i t e c y l i n d e r .
t - t„ Bi J ( R X ) sinh [(1 - Z)X LJ
t = t , 0 <r <r ,
=2
0 n n
Q Q
4it B i
0 < Z < St,, T = 0 . t, - fc 2 2
1 " ° n
1_1=
,1 (Bi
\ + An/
,) J .oU Jn sinh |H
n |
t =t 1 # 0 <r <r , Q
CD co ( r 2
Z = 0, T > 0 . „ ^-, mJ-(RX ) s i n (imrZ) exp I - U + (nrn/L)
2 2 2 2
~ ~ |"(X L ) + (mir) 1 | B i + A 1 J „ (X ,
V
to
I
T = 0.
t - t , 0 < r < r ,
x 0 x e r f c
f — 2 _ + Z Fo*] - exp (-X Z) erfc I — ^ - z Po
*)
n
2 = 0, T > 0. \2 Fo / \2 Fo /.
J = B J
Convection boundary h, t Q \i l'^n^ * o'^n^
at r = r , z > 0, T > 0.
li = h r / k , R = r / r , Z = z/t ,
Q 0 Q Fo = r /2-^oT
0
t =t,0< r<r,
Q Q S e e o a g e x , Fo*, R,and Z
9 > 1 - 2 0 f o r
z = 0, T > 0.
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
t = t , e = e , T > o.
Q 0
t = t Q l r = r , T > 0.
3 1 "0
n=l
q = 0, r = r,.
F =
X R 2
vw2 X R X N R X
[V n 3>] [ ^ " «(« " V*2» J n ~ [ „V 2 n> " V l < 2 n>] '
G J {RX ( R
- 0 n> [ ^ D 2 V " « V V n > ] ~ V » V
X J (R X
*[ n 0 2 n> - V l ' V n ' ]
k = °° (R - 1) ' p c
( R X ) P
3 " 2°2
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
- 2TT
t = t., 0 < r < r , 0 < x <
*' 0 Q fc fc
" i = 2
\ (X + B i ) J„(A ) cosh (X L)
2 2
n=l V n / D n n
T = 0. t = t , 0 < r < rQ Q f
2m
x = 0, x > 0. q = 0, x
™ ^. (2m + l)BiJ (X R) cos
Q n [( 2 ~ *) (1 - X)7ij
0 < r < r , x = %, T > 0.
Q
~ , 2 2
L [x + (2at + 1>V/4L 1 ( \ 2 2 2
+ B i ) J„(X )
m=0 n=l L" J \ n / O n '
Convection boundary h,
h a t r =
2 ' V V
h.t.
vo I WV = B i
W
I 2
Bi = hr /k, L = «/r , R = r / r , X = x/l,
Q Q Q Fo = orr/r
|x = £,
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
h , t-.j at r = r .
Q i_ _ 2 V 1 2 0' n Ln -I
fc fc 2 2
Convection boundary 0 " i , (x + B i ) J„(X ) Tx sinh (X L) + B i , cosh (X L)l
n=l \ n J. / Q n l_ n n £ nJ
h , t :
2 Q at x = 0.
" • X B^ B i ^
m • B i ; J (X R) cos [X L(l - X)]
0 n m
Z 2 2 2 2
n 4; (xV x ) (x Bi ) J ( X ) [(x Bi?)
+ + 0 + + Bi,l
m=l n=l \ n m/ V, n 1/ 0 n ]\, m 2/ 2J
2 2 2
x exp [-FO ( x ^ • X )]
(X = B i = B i
to
Vl n> l W ' V»'V 2
i B^ = h^/k, Bi 2 = h JLA, L = H/t ,
2 Q R = r / r , X = x/S,
Q
l ^ S R K v • -"--.-.V.ii
00 00
0 < x < l, T = 0. 3 Bi J . ( B R ] cosh fe L ( l - xfl
m o n Lm J
b(t„ - t.)T,
t = t. + b(t„
i 0 2
0, 0 < T < b
J^
m=0 £.
n
n=l (BV
\n + &\
m / fel
\ n + B i /) JO <B
n ) sin ( m
3J
t , x = 0, T > b.
Q
2 2
g^ = 0, 0 < r < r , x = I, Q
- [k « * «M1 - [ - (»„ * «> )])
T > 0. Convection boundary (2m + l)ir, 3nJ ,l( 3 n) = Bi J O
n ( 3nJ
n n
h, t . at r = r 0 '
o h.t,
Fo = orrAn, Bi = h r / k , L = £/a, R = r / r , X = x/J,,
0 Q
-X
J L 2
Pd = r b / a
t = f(r)-
, ••b
3j 0
9.1.28 33 Case 9 . 1 . 27 with convection Solution identical to that given in case 4.1.25 except
boundary h , 2 t f
at x = 0. multiply the second summation series by
fc
f
t. ^
-
I
" < o "bt.)T, fc
fc s fc b 3 2 2
» 0£ *! « '
0 1q b 00 2 7i 4 , n
00 £<_ C n=j.
r< < »<*>,, T
T =
= 00. .
• ^ = q~, x = 0 , T X = 1 , R •+ «° .
fc k k k P C V 2
< -V l [<* - V l 1 / 2 2 2\
q b = L q b J p
o o ^ ~ W i<V
2 2 2 R
YP f f f» \ . i , ^ 4 r P + S) ' J
to
i
IO
_
©
_
i fm^T
_|o U
x ^ Po 4 1 erfc ( ^
n=0 \
4i +
+ 4 i erfc (^=-j - 4 i erfc [ 2 yPo J
erfc L c f c
f^Po J - e r f c ^ ^ ^J ;{,X =l R = 0. r
2
Po = o t ^ / b , X = x / b , R = r / b Q Q
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
VD
i
to
JJ!*.!***^-'•" ".•WWSj
2
9.2.1 9, p. 204 Infinite cylinder with steady , _
t t ) k ~ J (RX ) exp (-X Fo)
n
2
internal heating and constant 0 = I ( 1 _ R ) _ 2 ) — j—^ -
surface temperature. *fo'
_2_,,, 4 £-i
n=l
,l
'I n n , l 3
=
W °
See Pig. 9.5
V0
i
to
K + 2/Bi) - 2 Bi >
and convection boundary. 2 2
^ X ( B i + X ) J„(X ) 2
fc
J ( VSdR)
a R) I
74, p. 372 Case 9 . 2 . 2 with g i "
fr
9.2.2.1 1 n = ^in^-bT
=
q^'e - *-i_ _ po Q
„n=li - Pd - Xn
J„(X
(r n') Xn
2 Bi
X + B l X n
W (n J
I
to
9.2.3 9, p. 204 I n f i n i t e cylinder with
exponential time-dependent ( f c
- V k
exp t-br) J (RVPd) 0
internal:heating. 2
q" • Pd ^(VPo")
t = t„> 0 < r < r„, T = 0. ^0^0
r
J exp (-FoX^JpCRXj
2_
Pd
n=l ^ ( x J / P d - l ) J X )
n l( n
Section 9.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
(t - t . ) h P. _ x r
Insulated £ ± - = XT - (1 - e ) - e *
A ( X 1 ) / X
1 outerwall 1 " n x "
en *0 " p
0
AT
< »-yJ- V x [{XT + X - 1)I|I(5,T ) - e " A(C,T X)J r , T > (X - 1)5 .
—- v t , h -<
f
*
,T
6
6e" d5
2
_~
n=0 (nl)
( n l
>' -i
0
t, = D / X ,
f A = X + B /D ,
f p T = D / (X -
p X/V) , ^ ^*
P A fin+le 6 d 6
b = h V f°f f
f b = h P/PpOpAp,
2 + ( E r t *, = J -^~2 / "
rt 1**1
nl /
A, = flow area, A = pipe section area, n=0 < >' 0
n
f P
P. = pipe inside perimeter. ^ J!, ,_,, r ,,-jn /•* "
l
A
See Figs. 9.6a, 9.6b, and 9.6c. ^ (n!)'
n=u u
Section 9.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
+ 2
dependent internal heating.
o' • r'r
B J (VPO)
Q " Po 2/
X P o X J
9
0 0 n=l n( " n) l<V
J ( X ) = 0 , Po = Brjj/k, R = r/r
Q n Q
2
If 3 > 0, steady state solution exists for Po < A .
I
W
-J
9.2.7 19, Case 9.2.6 with a short See case 8.2.11, set L = 3, radius = I.
p. 3-29 cylinder of length 2A.
Section 9 . 2 . S o l i d s Bounded by C y l i n d r i c a l Surfaces—With I n t e r n a l Heating.
9.2.8 63 Hollow i n f i n i t e c y l i n d e r .2 ~ 2 2 ..
( t
with e x p o n e n t i a l l y space ~ ^ m „ \ WW / 2 fc\
%
varying heat g e n e r a t i o n . 2 Z, ,2., . 2,„ T , 0 n \ n /
m r J (
t = t . , r . < r < r , T = 0. Q l n=l W ~ 0 W
t = t^T), r = s i r T > 0. , r Fo
x (T) Ti(T exp Fo d(Po)
t = t ( x ) , r = r , T > 0.
q'"
2 2
= mc e x p [ - 6 ( r - r ^ ] .
(/ h v w " il W )
0
F o
r I
2 2
j f (X ) ( B r ^ n / mx exp ( x Foj d(Fo)|
2
r ^ < , (t - t )k3 a
x x
R = r/r l f Fo = a r / r ' , T ( T ) -
mr
R
2
exp ["Sr^R - 1)] RB (X R)dR
0 n
/
J (X R)
W > " 0 n VV " W W
J (
0 WW * W V W
Section 9.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
t = t , 0 < r < r , x = 0.
A Q
on
q". = . " o < r < r , T > 0. 2
J (X R) cap
0 n ( A )
f- [ Fo - J(l - 2R ) - 2 J
]
q Q + s
2
q = r = r T > X J„(X )
r V 0' °* n=l n 0 n'
j'(X ) = 0
0 n
I
to
' (1 - R ). § - = i FO + 4 Z ^3,2,
a'''
q
0
r0 r XJ
J„(X )
n=l n Cr n
2
x J (X R) [ l - exp (-X F o ) ] + 4>
Q n
$ given in case 9 . 2 . 9
Section 9.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
of strength
itrength Q.
Q occurs at For B i •* °°:
r T = 0. 00
F
l r
<t -
- V p c r
o V n > 0 ( X ^ ) exp
X R J
K °)
•J2-
«1
*?<*»>
Mean temp:
i oo
(" n Fo)
A
P c c
nW
2
•X
w <** ~ V o l ) B
n e x p
J
n=l ?<V
2
4 Bi
2 2 2
X (X + Bi )
v
n n '
,-With internal Heating.
A A v*> cylindrical Surfaces-
. •„„ o 2 Solids Bounded by c y i m
Section 9-*- *"•"•
VD
I
W
M
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t~m - 10
t. 6 V 1 . 22 _ v
9 I i I l 0, n IT
.'_. \ I n=l
Cumulative heat r a t e :
CD
,n+l
0 w n
n=l
See F i g . 10.1
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
n=l x s0i n (X R) dR .
n
tan{Xj
V (1 - Bi)
See Table 14.2 of roots
t, - t, 2
n=l
Z
X cos (X ) = (1 - Bi) s i n (X )
n n n
Cumulative heat rate:
[ s i n (X ) - X cos (X )]
R n fl [l - exp (-X* Fo)]
k- n-1
I X
n On " s i n
<V COS
M
Q = f TVrJpc( - t )
0 ti f
•If
Rf (R) s i n (mrR)dR - mr(-l) 2
exp(n w 2
Po X)()>(A)dX
" - / '
brt + t . , r T n-1
I V " °- See Table 1 0 . 1 and Fig. 10.8
l
o
WRBm.
r= r T
*= V 0' * °'
o
l
U1
n + 1 2 2 2
t , r = r , T > 0.
Q Q
x s i n (nTO) [(-l) (B - 2B + n t r ) - 2B exp (-B)"j
B = br„
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
temperatures. t
' 0 t
2 sin (nirRj)
MTR
Rj^ sin (nirRj_)J
H" 0 fc
nn
n=l
2_2
x sin (nTiR) exp(-n IT Fo)
H
O
+ . . . . , 0 < r < r , T = 0.
_T . b 2 . 3 3
0
, , , n+1 , „ . , , , n+1 3 A
t = t , r = r , T > 0.
Q Q
x (-1) - 2J + -£-£ (n u - 6nii) (-1) nX
+ ~^j
4 4 2 2 n 2 2
[24 - (n n - 12n ir + 24) ( - l ) + ....]} exp(-n ir Fo)
b[ = b r„/H, b* = b rJ/R, bj = b ^ / R , 2
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
X + B i B i 1 s i n X
n-T
n=i Kn u\ n
l < " » ]J < Jn
X cot(X ) + Bi = 1
n n
Mean temp:
2
exp (-X Fo)
o F O
" 15 I " 5i) 1 + 6 B l
2.
brr ~ X (X 4 2
Bi 2
- Bi)
n=l n \ n +
'
See Fig. 10.9
Section 1 0 . 1 . S o l i d s Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t = max f l u i d temp, X rX
m
I V Pdl-Pd
n=l [( n X
S i n
/ P d
(E)
) + 1
l
" COS
K
(£)
+
1
Bi
(Bi
2
" 1) S i n
- B i ) cos (X ,
( R
V
n
?
x exp f-Fo \ n \ + 2 ^ - s i n (COT + z + ^ + 4f )\ 2
Pd = (at /a
X cot (X ) + Bi = 1
n n
i(t>
w = R "VPd/2, u = (1 + i ) Y i d / I
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
l°l P
' w 1
3 + MX_ n
10.1.14 9, p. 241 Case 10.1.13, except the sur- Temp of surrounding medium
rounding medium transfers m
fluid at temp t .
t t , 0 < r < r , T = 0.
t Q
ifc "2 n
2
n
4
*"? M X + 3X^(3 + 3M - 2M Bi R_) - 9 Bi R , ( l - Bi R_)
n=i z z i.
t = t , r > r „ , x = 0.
Q
P
2°2 1
Exterior surface area = A_ (-J" )' r/r,
M„ 3X
tan(X )
3(1 - Bi R„) + MX"
^ n
o
i
K
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
i
to
2 2
x exp(-n ir Fo) / (R*+ R)f (R*) s i n (mm*) dR*
/
2
R = (r - r . ) / < r . - r.) , R = r / r , Fo = onr/(r - r . )
l n u n
i"^0 '1' 0 *i'
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t = t c < c < c T = 0. RR •R
i r i Qt
Vi Q
n-1 X
n [ 0 R + ( R
0 " 1 ) X
nl
t = t . , r = r , , T > 0.
-9 r - q , r = r , T > 0.
0 Q x e x p (-A Fo)
t a n (A R„ - A ) + A = 0
n 0 n n
R = r / r . , Fo = orc/r.
I I
3
I
by s h e l l of f i n i t e ~R
l 0
conductivity.
2
sin [ A ( l - R)] exp (-A Fo)
n
R. < R < 1 .
i
2 2
R.K A cos [A (1 - R.)l L J = v (x R - K ) s i n [A (1 - R.)] .
L J
i n n i n i ' n i
2
3 c / / p R = r/ft F o = 0 f T / r
K= P 2 2 l°l' 0' ' 0
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
t o 2
*~ 3 V - I - sin ( X ) sin[A (R - 1) X J
n=l
2
x exp (-X P o ) , 1 < R < R . 2 Q
2 2
• (X ) = K X s i n
n n [A X n (R - 1)]+ A X (R
Q n Q - 1) s i n (X > n
2 2
+ [(1 - KA)/A X ] s i n (X ) s i n [A X
n R {R - 1)] .
Q
X cot[A X
n n (R - 1)] + 1/A + K [ X
Q n cot (X ) - l ] = 0 . n
T = sink temp,
s
10.1.22 74, p. 320 A sphere with convection t - t. R M Bi s i n ( VPd R) exp (-Pd Fo)
and evaporation boundary, x__ 1 - (Bi - 1) s i n (-VPd) + YPd cos ( V P 9 )
t = t , 0 < r < r , t = 0. t - t.
£ Q
c
f I
o
t
Sucfaces-No internal Heating.
,1. solids Bounded by Spherical
Section 10
o
I1
i-
00
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
- t ,x > 0.
t- V r Q
2 2
', 0 > r > r„, x > 0.
x s i n (rniR) exp (-n TT Fo).
See P i g . 10.5 for condition t . = t .
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
0. -—-f- = ij (1 - 2R R>
t = t , 0 < r < r , T
n Q
+
2 n + 1 ) 5
t = c = T *0 C
0 ^ n=0 <
V v " °- .2_2 „ T
x exp [-(2n + 1) TT Fo] s i n [(2n + 1) ITR] 2
_ i i i9„ 'i "i i ( r - r ) / r 0 '
_ 0
p. 366 , , b/2 T
" i V 1 r . /2n-l-_R\ . /2n-l+_R jl
e c f c e c f o
b i -^ - - = 2 R [
r E \ 2VFO J " V 2VF5 />J
X j> U jr 1 / £f • • • n=l
t
t i # 0 < r < r , x = 0. Q
Po Po
r = c T > | i - r ( , • * ) * • •
V 0' °' 1 + (b/2)
00
n=l
b 2 2
Po = q ' - ' T / r / b ( t - t i )
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
q
0 < r < r„, T > 0. 0 0 n=l
'0'
x exp(-n2TT2 Fo) sin (mtR)
q'V'r-
- Vj — = —1 [l
r - expf-ir2 Po)]
T
sin (TtR)
Z
q"' "-^—^ sin (iir/r ),
0 q^'r* TT R
0 < r < r , T > 0.
Q
o
l
CO
Case 1 0 . 2 . 2 with (t - t )k , , _ , , ,,
B
q.'. =qM-exp[b(r-r )I. 0 _ - £ _ . ± j ( i _ | _ ( i - - ) exp(BR - B) - (± - ff l) e"
00
2 V s i n (MTR) e x p (
, n
2 2 P_o ) ,
" H 1 n(n
, 27T2 +, B1 ) " *
n = 1
n 2 2 2 B
x [ ( - l ) ( 2 B - n ir - B ) - 2Be~ J.
B- r b.0
Section 1 0 . 2 . S o l i d s Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
£ ( - 1 ^ s i n (nirR) e x p ( _ 2, 2
n r F o ) >
n<n"V - Pd)
n=l
Pd = r*b/a .
n
+ 2_ V L^ L _ i ) + i - sin (mtR.)
(
n(n"7T" - Pd)
n=l
2 2
V]
R cos (mrR ) | sin (mrR) exp (-n"ir' Fo)
n
Pd = r*b/a .
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
t = t , 0 < r < r ,T =0
£ Q
n B
T >0
See Fig. 10.10
h.t f
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
{ ]
\ ~ Xn - sin (A)
n "cos (Xn) ' t a n
K =
1 -"B!
to
X 2 K ( R 1 ) X + 4 X s i 2 X R 1 } K s i n 2 R
T > 0. n-1 n | 0 - n n " C n< 0 " ] " [ V 0 " ^) '
q ' " = 0, c t < r < r ,Q
2
KX cos [X <R - 1)]
n n 0 = (X - K) sin [X (R n Q - 1)] , 1 < R < R ( ) .
T > 0.
K = 3 P C / P C R = r / r P = A
2 2 1 1' i' ° V i
i
w
Ol
2
sin (X R) exp (-A Fo)
n \ n '
ft Po
- f t3 Fo - ^- (3 - 5R ) - 2 2
^
10 O sin (X )
n=l n n
tana ) = X
n n n
2
x [l - exp(-X Fo)] + ft
o
+ 2 b
2. 72 . 2 ,. . A 2 ^ .2\2 _
~ X sin (X_) (X_ + b ) R
n=l n n \ n /
2
x [l - exp(-X Fo) ] + *
3"'r
Pd 2
d
0 0
$ given in case 10.2.13.
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
e x p X F
tan(X ) R = r / r
»'
n r^ii' o
For B i -*• °°:
(t - t )pcr i v 1 2 2
= S i n ( n l I H ) s i n ( n 1 T R ) e x n F
5 2 ? Z R~R l P(~ T °)
n=l
For r = 0
3 » ,2
X S i n ( X R ) e x p F o
(t - t )pcrjj
f i \- n n ( n )
QI 2TTR ZJ ~ - sin (X ) c o s ( X )
l , n n n
n=l
Mean temp:
<*,, - y p « 0 , ^ i- 8 1 1
, 2
,.V2 s i n
4TTRRTBIS D " ' *^ Vn <W
n=l
x exp « ">)
6 Bi
B =
n 2 2 2
X (X v Bi - Bi)
n n +
/
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
t = t , x > 0, T = 0. *•" 0
= erf
fc K)
l/erf (A), 0 < x < w,
i 2 (t X a
XYVT exp(-X ) m ~ V H *** (~ V f t )
I w c ( t e r f ( A ) (t t ) k e r f o ( X )
(solid) (liquid)
s m " V ' m " 0 s
w = 2Xya T
s
w = 2XVa„T
t, < t , t melting temp.
1 m m 2
X exp(X ) erfc(X) = (t m - t^ C^/VVTT
Section 11.1. Change of Phase—Plane Interface.
fc fc
0 ~ i *
— - = erf (Fo „ ) / e r f (X) , 0 < x < w .
''SL, t m - t, xJl
\-\-\ |t .a .k
e B K
m o
original solid.
t = t x < 0, T 0.
Q f
Solidified liquid:
t = t . , x > 0, T 0.
fc fc K e r f F
t = melting temp. a2- 0 ^ * ( <4 > 2
, 0 < x < w .
t - t„ ~ VA + K e r f (A)
m u
Liquid:
w = 2X V S ^ r , K= k A„ 2 , A- a g l /a s 2
Section 11.1. Change of Phase—Plane Interface.
t = t, > t , x < 0, T = 0.
1 m
k ( t fc e x X a
t = t , x > 0, T = 0.
Q
, B2^t 0- m P(- V s2)
k ( t e r f c ( X 1 S 5
*^ i" V >' 7 ? S
i
t = melting temperature ,
11.1.6 9, p. 289 Solid melts over temp range For case 11.1.1, change equation for A to
of fc t o
ml W <2
exp[(a - y A / a J e r f c
s t W a ^ ( t ^ - t )k VcT ml &
fc > T
V m2' * °' - °' erf (A) lt
ml ' V s * \ k
2
K e*pl> s 2 - y X / g J erfc ( X V ^ T y (t m 2 - t m l )k Va^
f c
r*$-4b®->-
A (
* X P -PI[/5
S
solidification, ° Jl +
P
Sa-h X
t = t, Q x = 0, T > 0.
t = tj, x > 0, t = 0. 2 ( t e x p
exp (-X ) l - V * J ^ (-^ypfrl) AY V¥
erf (X) " <t - t ) k V a ^ e r f c < X p V T r / p ^ ) " e ^ ^ - t )
m 0 a g Q
t = melting temperature.
w = 2XY~a~T"
s
r t 0
| w
(solid) (liquid)
t = melting temp,
m P Bi2 3
2
•x w = F Bi Fo x J - ^ (1 + F) FO + x
w
F = k (t - t ) / a p y , P o = cyr/x* , B i = hx/k
v\, te
s m f g x x s
(solid) (liquid)
)
Section 11.1. Change of Phase—Plane Interface.
P. c Vo
11.1.12 19, Case 11.1.10 with heat flow See P i g s . 11.3a and b
77 4
at x = 0 given as q = b t w <
p . 3-88
© ©
b2
exp (- /"«l) /p^P^Ad- ^ V ^ K ^ ) V^Px/c^! Yb
e r f (b/2VaJ) " V P ^ ! * ! \ t ~ t / erfc ( b / 2 / c S p " 2 ( t -
w )
d / w t ( J
h-f •
Section 11.1. Change of Phase—Plane Interface.
t = t , x > 0, T = 0.
Q t • •_ - = 1 - exp [(h/k) ore ] erfc [(h/k) VoTj]
t, = decomposition temp.
t , = Time for free surface to reach temp t .
d d
h fc
< a - V
"ss ~ p § < t - t ) + a] d Q
l
fc fc v
to
l - o r ss, ,.i
i 'd0
H = heat of ablation
(Char) (Solid)
Section 11.1. Change of Phase—Plane Interface.
Ablation velocity!
_
'ss p[c(t - t ) + H]
d Q
Section 11.1. Change of phase—Plane interface.
V
to
Section 11.2. Change of Phase—Nonplanar Interface.
t = t., r + », t < t . fc
»- i fc
1 1 m
t = melting temp. 2 2
X exp(X ) Ei (-X ) + c ( t 2
- t^/Y = 0.
A m
r g - 2X VSJ7
("-)} • r > r
2 2 2
X exp(X ) | e x p ( - X ) - Xu e r f c (X)j = ~ (t m - tj ,
(Solid) (Liquid)
r = 2X V5£T
Section 11.2. change of Phase—Nonplanar Interface.
(~2)
( t k
s - V s 4lt Ei Ei(-X^), 0 < r < r .
t , > t . sinK rate = q„.
1 m u
t = melting temp.
r = 2X V a t
a s
Liquid temp:
(t c - t.)
> r
s "
m x
2 2 2
ax p(-X )/4ir * ~ ^ - t , m e xp(-X o / l g a A )/E 1 (-X a /aJ
s x
VY/q .
0
•U
(Solid) (Liquid)
Section 1 1 . 2 . Change of Phase—Nonplanar Interface.
t = melting temp.
Liquid
Solid
i
Section 11.2. Change of Phase—Nonplanar interface.
i
Section 11.2. Change of Phase—Nonplanar Interface.
H = ux/x, X = x/2Vat
10
1
H
to
I
12.1.4 9, p. 389 Cylindrical boundary
traveling in an t - „t„
t n _ e I <0)K <UR) cos (n9)
infinite solid, 0 _ X n n n
fc fc =
t = t , r > r , T = 0.
£ Q 0" i ^ V°>
t = t, r = r T > 0. n=u
Q Q l
2
Cylinder traveling at + | V exp(-U P o ) e n cos (n6)I (U)
n
v e l o c i t y u. n=
n=0
£h
2
" exp(-Fo X ) [j (XR)Y (X) - Y (XR)J (X)l XdX
L n ii ij n J
2 2 2
(X + u ) [a (X) + YJ(X>]
e = 1, 6 = 2 i f n > 1 , Fo = orr/rj;, R = r / r n
U = ur / 2 a
Section 12.1. Traveling Boundaries.
t = t , x = £, T > 0. ( X n n 5 i n
<"«)
+ 2 l yexp(UX- )D S - ' 2
2 2
t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
n=l B i + U + n 71
The end boundaries traveling
2 2 2
at velocity u. x exp [-Fo (Bi + a + n Tt )]
p = rod p e r i m e t e r . 2 2
A. = rod s e c t i o n a r e a . Bi = hpS, /kA, Fo = o n / A , 0 = ufc/2a, x = x/S.
to
I
t .h
0
il
A
Section 12.1. Traveling Boundaries.
i
1.0 , , p ^ B = 0-j r
, p 0.60
0.45 -
0.40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-* b/a (or a/b)
F-2
h
FIG. 1.5. First-term approximation to the maximum temperature in a solid
rectangular rod with internal heating, ^ = VqJjT^TSk 2b, ty ~ "Vqo /Bk 2a
2
F-3
b/a = 0.2
b/a = 0.4
b/a = 0.6
F-4
PIG. 1.6b. Heat flux through slabs held at a uniform temperature on one
surface and having equally spaced constant temperature strips on the other
(case 1.1.30, source: Ref. 88).
F-5
2
10
b/a = 0.5
b/a = 0.7
s
b/a = 0.9
1
10
w/a = 0.05
F-6
3
10 E 1—i—i i i 1111 r—i—i i i 111 1 1 I I I II I 1 1 1 I I III I 1 3
Insulating spot-v ib
>„,H
mwL.
10'' v//////////////////m^/m////////M
Insulated surface
hw/k
PIG. 1.8. Temperatures at the spot center of a spot-insulated plate having a
uniform internal heat source (case 1.2.13, source: Ref. 29).
d
10 "I—I—I I I I 111 1 — I — I I I I 111 1—I—I I I I III 1—I—I I I 111,
Insulating spot-v
^ 0 ^
H
mm.
10
1 1 1
9 Adiabatic wall—v.
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Ratio b/a Ratio b/a
F-8
1.6
_- 1.0
r / r
o i
F-9
5 ! " I 1
1 '
l
\ l\
'
12:25
4 — 1 \
tm
1 \
—
• =^^^ -
p 3 — 1 \
+ 1 \ +
1 \ o
- V b T = 2.00
£ 0
1 \ -
+ 1)/
2 1 \ .
S. i +
s E
" 1.75
1 ^V
1 \—
1.50
>
0s.Y
0 1 —I 0.00—
0.2 0.4 0.6 • 0.8 1.0
R
100
0.01 -
0.001
;o 0.0001
°" 0.01
0.001
0.01
0.001
0.05 0.4 0.5
FIG. 2.4. The inside surface temperature of an infinite tube with temperature
dependent conductivity and heating {case 2.2.17, source: Ref. 16, Fig. 1 ) .
Equation (5) given in case solution.
F-ll
CM
V)
s/r n
FIG. 2.6. Shape factor for a cylinder with two longitudinal holes (case
2 . 1 . 4 4 , source: Ref. 73, Fig. 6 ) .
E-12
100
o(e, + £>)rft£/k5
F-13
12
I 1 I 1 I
B = 10/l
10 -
- 5 -
/ S\ V
I
I 6
2
/ / X
4 -
1
/ / S V
2 - " • = ;
=-5^1 I I I I
-2 -1
x/b
FIG. 4 . 1 . Surface temperature of a semi-infinite s o l i d with heating on the
surface over width 2b, which moves at v e l o c i t y u (case 4 . 1 . 8 , source: Ref. 9,
p. 270, Fig. 34).
3 -
Is—^"0^ = 0 L=1
- // H = O.lXX -
2 -
y^. H = i.o ^
--~~~^\s' -
1 -
Leading edge — ^
1 1 i i , i 7"---VI ^ ^t-
-3 -2
x/fi
F-14
-0.10 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
0-rad
1 1 TTT
J I I I l VZX I I
-0.10-0.08-0.06-0.04-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
0-rad
F-15
Nu = 0.2
Nu = 2.0
g(R,f) Pe = 20.0
OIR.tt
Pe = 20.0 (4/Pe)
(4/Pe) 2.0 - I - — Pe = 2.0
— — Pe = 2.0
J L
-1.5 -1.0
(b)
FIG. 4.4. Temperature distribution in a cylinder with a ring heat source (case 4.1.11, source: Ref. 34),
9 = (t - t )2irr k/Q .
f 0 0
9(R,f) Nu = 0.2 9(R.f)
R =1.25
0
- Pe = 20.0
- Pe = 2.0
PIG. 4.5. Temperature distributions in a hollow cylinder with an inside ring heat source (case 4.1.12,
source: Ref. 3 4 ) . 9 defined in Pig. 4.4.
0.9 -
0.8
0.2
0.1 —
FIG. 5.1. Perfocnance of pin fins (cases 5.1.2, 5.1.14, and 5.1.16 through
5.1.18, source: Ref. 8 and Ref. 7, p. 55, Fig. 3.14.
F-18
^ _ $ \ |n = 1/2;y = ;u. UKVWkVb
1
[n=1/3:y = y ( x / « b
u
4 '2/3l b'
0=
3 u
b '- 1/3 (u ) b
u
I 4 '2< b'
10= U
"b 'l( bl
2
n = + „ ; y = y (x/e) ;u b b =Cv/h/kV b
1 +Vl-4u b
0.2 -
Sv/fiTEVb"
F-19
1.0 I I
0.9
V b 0 = l (u )/K (u )
1 e 1 e
0.8
t\/h/ky b
0.7
0.6 u = u (x /x )
e b e b
<t> 0.5
, x / x = 1.0
f h
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
B\/h7kVb
F-20
FIG. 5 . 4 . Curve for calculating dimensions of circular fin of rectangular
profile requiring le&st material (case 5.1.10, source: Ref. 1, p. 234,
Fig. 1 1 . 1 1 ) . a = B/irhx£(t - t ) .
0 f
F-21
I I
(u +
_4 [i-2/3 b) P'2/3("b)|
4/3 +
1-(u /u ) ]||l/3K) ^l-1/3Kj
e b
|
^=- -2/3("e)/'2/3(«e)
28Vh7i^T
I
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
£Vh7k^r
F-22
<re*-r K/2h7k^
0
FIG. 5.6. Efficiency of an infinite fin heated by square arrayed round rods
(case 5,1.19, source: Ref. 11 and Ref. 10, p. 135, Fig. 2.22). r| = (2/W)s.
F-23
<r *-r )V2h7k6;
e 0
P-24
7
IO
Z = T /T
0 e
FIG. 5.10. Heat flow relationship for a straight fin of rectangular profile
radiating to nonfree space (case 5.1.25, source: Ref. 10, p. 216, Fig. 4.8).
F-26
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Profile number K^TJ^/kbo
FIG. 5.12a. Fin efficiency for the longitudinal radiating fin of trapezoidal
profile with a taper ratio of 0.75 (case 5.1.26, source: Ref. 10, p. 223,
Fig. 4.12).
FIG. 5.12b. Fin efficiency for the longitudinal radiating fin of trapezoidal
profile with a taper ratio of 0.50 (case 5.1.26, source; Ref. 10, p. 224,
Fig. 4.13).
3
F-27
2
Profile number K T § B / k b
1 0
2
Profile number K T ^ R / k b
1 0
F-28
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Temperature ratio Z = T /T
0 e
F-29
0.4 0.8 1.2
2
Profile number S K T^/kb
1
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
Radius ratio p = r /r
n e
F-31
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Radius ratio p = r /r
Q e
F-32
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r
Q e
c
o
F-33
•D
ra
DC
F-34
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r Q e
1.0 1
1^ u ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
0.8 -
0.6 -
CO
'•5
T^A^Z// -
f/ / / / ^- Profile number
0.4
^ / / r , i . i , i i
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r n e
F-35
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
Radius rato, p = r /r
Q e
o
•a
F-37
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.6
Parameter mil
FIG. 5.17. Heat flow ratio qj/qg as a function of mb and temperature
excess ratio (t! - tfj/ftg - ff) for the doubly heated rectangular fin
(case 5.1.32, source: Ref. 10, p. 410, Fig. 8.10).
F-38
1.0 — 1
| 1 1 1 1 |I
i i 1
I
/ > -
0.9 ^ •V <6
>
c
X
•e-
aj
fici 0.8 w* / o
»N'
<0
07 —
H-
a>
_c ^ S
iZ 0.6
0.5 - 1
0.4
| 1 1 1 1 1 I
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1
m b
xl l
FIG. 5.18a. Efficiency of the vertical section of a straight, single Tee fin
for u = v (case 5.1.32, source: Ref. 10, p. 398, Fig. 8.4).
F-39
FIG. 5.19. Effectiveness of the concave parabolic f i n radiating to non-free
space (case 5.1.37, source: Ref. 31).
0 0.5 -*
F-40
100 V I I I I I I
90
s 80 — V, —
70
60 —
I
A/2R
50
I
^-1.5
40 ^-0-3.0
30 \ \ ^<S-<^—5.0 -
20
10 ^ - _ -
I I I I ,
0
1-)^
FIG. 5.21. Effectiveness of sheet fin with square array tubes (case 5.1.40,
source: Ref. 83, p. 294, Fig. 2 ) .
kO.01
-^No.0 \ 5
_a2NA\ -
-
J Ji —1
0.5- *v ^v
-
~2
-5
No
i ^ s ^ :
FIG. 6.1. Temperatures in an infinite region of which the region |x| < b is
initially at temperature tg (case 6.1.1, source: Ref. 9, p. 55, Fig. 4 a ) .
F-41
1 1
^ 5 * V 0.01 = Fo
0.1N
1
s
o!2
^
0.5 \
0.5
-
2
i i ^S§§?
o.ioN
I 'c 0.5 -
0.20
0.50
1.00
1_ I XS^5*
F-42
= 0.4
log (Fo)
10
Fig. 45).
F-43
a
I 0.2-
Embedded sphere
PIG. 6.7. Temperature response of solid sphere 0 < r < r with kj_ •*• °> and
l f
F-44
o 0.6
Fo„
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08(1)0.1,
0.6 1.0 10.0
I "*K*.
(III)
0.5 N c- (II) (I)
0.9 0.99
0.08 0.20
0.06 -\ - 0.15
0.04 — 0.10
0.02 — 0.05
I I I I 0
0 200 400 600 800 10 00
Fo
FIG. 7.1. Temperature distribution in the semi-infinite solid having a steady
surface temperature (case 7.1.1 b = 0, source: Ref. 74, p. 95, Figs. 4.4 and
4 5
' >- F-45
I
0.01
F-46
1.0000
0.8875
0.3222
0.2579
0.2031
0.1573
0.1198
0.0897
various Fourier numbers for semi-infinite solid with a convection boundary (case
7 . 1 . 3 , source: Ref. 74, p. 207, Fig. 6 . 2 ) .
2y/lTQTQ
F-47
o
o
PIG. 7.4. Function f Qt-tf )/(t -t )] (case 7.1.22, source: Ref. 4, p. 84,
c f
Fig. 4.15).
F-48
1.4 1.6
1 1
Semi-infinite solid
q = const
0
2.4
F°:
F-49
Semi-infinite solid
= < / D
"o W
Fo* ,x /2v^r
2 2
-S. 0.4 x
= q
b" e*
2
0.3 - \
r** i^
^ 0.2
—V2-
0.1 = - 1 / 4 -
Opaque—*\
1 1 , 1 ,
0.4 0.8 1.2 20
Fot -*
FIG. 7.10. Temperature distributions in
a s e m i - i n f i n i t e s o l i d with exponential
heating (case 7 . 2 . 9 , source: Ref. 19,
pp. 3-85, Fig. 52).
F-51
1.0 I I
O.ffP^
I
0.04 ->
0.8
O10 «
0.6-
~ 0.4 ^0.40
Cv^
— VV^ —
1.0
I I
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
X
f 0.6 -
0.100 -
0.010 -
0.001
0 1 2 3 4 10 20 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 300 500 700
Fo
FIG. 8.4a. Midplane temperature of an infinite plate of thickness 2S, and convectively cooled,
(case 8.1.7, source: Ref. 12, p. 227 and source: Ref. 5, p. 83, Fig. 4-7).
0.0001 0.0005 0.0010 0.0050 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.50001.000
Fo
FIG. 8.4b. Surface temperature of an infinite plate of thickness 21 and
correction boundary (case 8.1.7.2, source: Ref. 74 p. 226, Fig. 6.6c).
F-54
100.0
5 4
10" 10~
FIG. 8.4e. Relative heat loss from an infinite plate of thickness 21 and
convectively cooled (case 8.1.7, source: Ref. 5, p. 90, Fig. 4-14 and
Ref. 13).
F-55
FIG. 8.5. The function F(a) (case 8.1.12, source: Ref. 1. p. 301, Fig. 14-3).
F-56
-600
-500-
-400
•o -300-
F-57
I I I 1
Fo=joo
/0.3 1.4 "I I
0.3 ma.2- I I
0 1 5
i»7 -
JS/iO.1 1.2 / -
om
0.2 J///J -
J////J QJa
J/////l* 003
XA
1.0 — -
o ff////fl
u.
I
o 0.1 V///SM/J 01
° ' =o 0.8 —
CJ
'—
0.6 -
o 0.5 jfll&Zi &££>'
0 1.0 _
0.4 — / -
"a
i
Ul
CD
-0.1 0.2 -
1 I I I I I i i
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fo
PIG. 8.7. Temperature distribution in an infinite plate with no heat flow at x = 0 and constant heat flux
q at x = S, (case 8.1.18, source: Ref. 9, p. 113, Fig. 15).
0
FIG. 8.8. Temperatures in an infinite plate with constant internal heating q'
and surface temperature tj (case 8.2.1, source: Ref. 9, p. 131, Fig. 20).
F-59
FIG. 8.10. Plate temperature response
for prescribed heat inputs (case 8.2.15,
source: Ref. 19, p. 3-35, Fig. 18).
F-60
(c#tjj/pC6)
FIG. 8 . 1 1 . Temperature response of thin generating p l a t e suddenly exposed t o
constant heat input with surface reradiation: (a) heating, (b) cooling
(case 8 . 2 . 1 6 , source: Ref. 19, p. 3-36, Fig. 1 9 ) .
F-61
FIG. 8.12. Maximum temperature of thin insulated plate suddenly exposed to
circular heat pulse with surface reradiations (case 8.1.50, source: Ref. 19,
p. 3-38, Fig. 20).
1.00
Ka.max-V^f-V
F-63
* 0.4-
0.5 1 5 10 20
Fo
i
(a)
M = n + (n + 1)/Bi 1 n= p C 5 /p C 5
2 2 2 1 1 1 B^ ' h S , / ^
1.0r
10 20
Fo,
(b)
FIG. 8.14b. Temperature response of thick p l a t e (0 £ x <_ 6 ) convectively
1
F-64
50 100 50 100
x/5 = 1
I
50 100 0.5 1 50 100
Fo (dl
FIG. 8.15. Temperature response of thick plate (0 <_ x <_ 6) with insulated rear face x = 6 after sudden
exposure to uniform radiative environment t at x = 0: (a) heating, t[j/t = 0, x/6 = 0 , (b) heating,
g s
= x fi = 1 (c
t n A s °' / ' > heating, t / t = 1/4, x/6 = 1, (d) heating, t / t = 1/4, x/6 = 1 (case
0 a 0 s
50 100 500
500
t /t = 2, x/6 = 1.
0 s
F-67
500
500
FIG. 8.15 (Cont.). Temperature response of thick plate (0 <_ x <_ 6) with
insulated rear face x = 5 after sudden exposure to uniform radiative
environment t at x = 0: (i) cooling, t / t = 4, x/6 = 0 , (j) cooling,
s 0 s
t / t = 4, x/S = 1.
0 s
F-68
FIG. 8.16. Temperature response of thick plate (0 £ x £ 6) with surface
temperature t„ at x = 0, increasing linearly with time and rear face x = 6
insulated or exposed to uniform convective environment tg (case 8 . 1 . 8 ,
source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-60, Fig. 3 3 ) .
F-69
a 0
50 100
(a)
J?
50 100
Fo
(b)
FIG. 8.18. Temperature response of a plate with steady heating qg at x = 9.
and convection boundary at x = 0 to to (a) x/H = 1, (b) x/H = 0 (case 8.1.17,
source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-69, Fig. 41).
F-70
2
QD/2JIS
(a)
to
O
&
1 I I 1 1 1
Thick plate aDIlnb —< 2
x/8 = 1
3 - 0.1—v
0 . 6 ^ \
_^ — -=— —
4
0 - - x \ ^iwir •2§5^o.i
0.3 - \ N % o / / 0 0 8
2 -- 0.2-\\\i ^ ^ / 0 . 0 6 -
O.16-M0 (b)
/ am
0.14-Tyigav 'ss ]/'
/O^/0.04
o.i2-*/2s2S3i0
— Thin plate-'~~~~^4425<2&Zs ^r ^r
* V > ^ ^0.03
^55«P>0 -^^^"C" 0.025
C^^r-o.02
L*^ —•r^ZJ—nnu
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
27T7-/D
F-71
FIG. 8.20. Temperature response of an infinite porous plate after sudden
exposure to a constant heat flux at x = 0 and cooled by steady flow through
plate from x = 6 of a fluid initially at t (a) x/6 = 0 , (b) x/6 = 1 (case
Q
F-72
FIG. 8.21. Temperature response of an infinite plate with a constant heat flux
q at ^ = 0, in contact with a plate at x-± = 6± and insulated on exposed
0
c a s e
surface of second plate x = 6o (
2 8.1.56, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-76,
Fig. 45).
F-73
9 5
A
1 1
W 1 i > i i ' ' 1 '
- 1 x = 6
1 Two-layer plate
= 4
(kj/k^Vo^/aij / 0.2
-\ Vs 1/4^
"^
0.4
\ XT? '12
— 2
""^>i
^_—1- - 0.6
— ——* 4°°~~"
/ 4 1/2 __^
- K,-0* - 0.8
0
r. t 1
t i l l
2 3
J i
4
i
-—o—
1 .
5 6
, 1 ,
7
-
8
1.0
W> Fo,
F-74
FIG. 8.22. Temperature response of an infinite plate exposed to a constant heat
flux q " at xi = 0 and in perfect contact at xx = &i with a plate of thickness
62 insulated at x = 6 (case 8.1.57, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-78, Fig. 46).
2 2
F-75
T
Two-layer plate
2
, m a x sin (*r/D).k —o 2
t t
eqb- O = 5 F 2 +
1%,ax °'/ (" Dk,
n = p C 5 /p C,S =0.1
2 2 2 1 1
Fo\/2ir = a,D/27rS2
F-76
1000
I I I I i
Two-layer plate
P C fi /p C S = 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
100 —
-
-0,0/2*5*
o
T 10
b
t <>
1 -,
0.1
0.01
0
W// / 2 4 6
27rr/D -»
8
/ 1
10 12
1000
Two-layer plate
P C 8 / P i C 6 = 10 a, D/2TT62
2 2 2 1 1
100
0.01
FIG. 8 . 2 3 . (continued),
F-77
I I
43"
F-78
2Fo
1 + 2/Bi
2Fo
1 + 2/Bi
F-79
ha
i
CD
0.001
FIG. 9.1a. Axis temperature for an infinite cylinder of radius r Q (case 9.1.3, source: Ref. 5, p. 84,
Fig. 4-8 and Ref. 12).
FIG. 9.1b. Temperature as a function of axis temperature in an i n f i n i t e
cylinder of radius r (case 9 . 1 . 3 , source: Ref. 5, p. 87 and Ref. 12).
Q
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 a o o o *-
lO 5
0.5
5 ^ 5 5 ^ 5 5 5 ^-y 4< * *
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
F-81
0.11 I . I i I . I ' I • M 0.0011 I I I
0 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.2 3 4 5
mBi{Foj
F-83
T = S(X) T = S(X,)S(X ) 2 T = S(X )S(X )S(X ) 1 2 3
tw'
^ ^ ^ \S 2S,
, * 2 i !
U-V
+ 'yA->
«3
-25, •25,
Infinite rectangular bar Semi-infinite rectangular bar Rectangular parallelepiped
x
i-.
-2r, -2r,
C = cylinder t
T = (t-t )/(t - w' w 0
0.001
Fo, arlh\
"a
i
CO
F-87
0.001 0.005 0.010 0.050 0.100 0.500 1.000 5.000 10.000
Fo, QT/TQ
F-86
i 1 1 r
Fig. 7 . 3 ) .
4Fo
1 + 2/Bi
4Fo
1 + 2/Bi
F-89
100 - I — I — I I I 11 I 1—I—I I I I I I 1—I—I I I 11
•1-
I
Fo
F-90
1.0
0.8
^ffC^:
0.6
i
0.4
0.2
,300'
0 | |0.400
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.004 0.010 0.100
(1-R)
FIG. 10.1. Temperature distribution in a sphere of radius r with initial temperature t^ and surface
0
temperature t (case 10.1.1, source: Ref. 74, p. 127, Figs. 4.15 and 4.16).
0
1.000
•3" 3. 0.050
I
•3
I
ID
0.010
0.005
0.003
0.001
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 70.0110.0 170.0 250.0
Fo
PIG. 10.2a. Center temperature of a conveotively cooled sphere (case 10.1.2, source: Ref. 5, p. 85,
Fig. 4-9 and source: Ref. 12).
10 nr
5
ala° °- ~
3 4
10 10* 10 10
2
Bi Fo
F-93
FIG. 10.3. Temperature of an infinite conductivity medium surrounding a
spherical solid (case 10.1.13, source: Ref. 9, p. 241, Fig. 30).
o
u.
m
"2- -0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Fo
FIG. 10.4. Temperature in a sphere caused by a steady surface heat flux (case
10.1.15, source: Ref. 9, p. 242, Fig. 3 1 ) .
F-94
0-2 0-6 1 -0
R
F-95
10.00
Fo,—
I*
FIG. 10.7a. Transient temperature distribution at the center point (x = y
= z = 0) for various prolate spheroids (case 10.1.21, source: Ref. 72, Fig. 1),
1.0 1 1 i-;tPs
Cylinder,
T-T, 0.6
T T
w- i
F-97
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.8 - ^0.80 ^
Q
y^\^ -^^^-<^^
0.6
b-
JQ 0.4
0.2
-[////^*
t, - t, + bT
n n \i4y\ i i i i t i l l
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Fo
FIG. 10.8. Temperature of a sphere having a ramp surface temperature equal to
t = t + br (case 10.1.4, source: Ref. 74, p. 310, Fig. 7 . 2 ) .
s A
0.5
I I
= 0.4
0.15 -
y—Bi = 100
Bi = » ^ s - " - 0.3
v < l ^ B i = 10 ~~
«o 0.10
Bi= 10 - ^ N
/
^-Bi = 1 Bi=i—*/** S / v >X -_ 0.2
^*—Bi = 0 Bi=0^
0.05 -- ffl\
\v\- 0.1
R=1
I 1
6Fo
1 + 2/Bi
F-98
100.0 T 1 I I I II
1/Bi :
10.0
CMQ
1000.0
FIG. 10.10. Central temperature of a sphere with uniform internal heating and
convection boundary (case 10.2.9, source: Ref. 90).
2 ' 3
(h2/p7k)(t
• >f- ' " ' I ' m -t)r
s
m
F-99
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.50 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
2
(b /pck)r->-
100
s
0.05 -
0.01
0.005 0.01 5 10 50 100
50 100 500 1000
(h?/pck)r
F-100
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
2
{b t%/pck)r
5 10 50 100
50 100 500 1000
F-101
1.0
T—r
0.8
0.6
b/Zv^"
* 0.4
Semi-infinite solid
0.2 t = const
w
I L
0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1
Fo:
x1
• ? 0.6 -
0.01 0.05
F°x2
F-102
(b)
-ww
Semi-infinite solid
r
{h/pH)(t -t )V ^7a"=1
a d
10
w«w
Semi-infinite solid
(h/pH)(t -t )Vyd"=2
a d
0.01
0.1 0.5 1 10
r/r d - 1
Semi-infinite solid
q" = const
•a
5 10
50 100
Wr )-1
d
F-104
TABLE 1.1. Mean and maximum temperature excesses and their ratio for
electrical coils of rectangular and circular cross sections, 8 = t - t,
J
m mean I
8„ = t - t„ (case 1.2.8, source: Ref. 3, p. 220, Table 1 0 - 3 ) .
0 max 0
(2k/q'"a )9 2
m 0.66 0.625 0.58 0.28 0.32
(2k/q "a )eI 2
Q 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.59 0.64
6 9 0.66 0.625 0.58 0.52 0.485 0.475 0.50
* " n/ 0
hw/k
1000 200 100 20 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 0.001
Q/ke 8.603 6.827 5.984 3.971 3.107 0.792 0.097 0.01 0.001
% Error 1 . 8 0.5 0.3 0.08 0.C5 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
P-105
TABLE 1 . 3 . Conductance data for heat flow normal to wall cuts in an i n f i n i t e
plate (case 1.1.37, source: Ref. 19, p. 3-124). These groups of data are for
the four kinds of wall e l a t e s shown in case 1.1.37.
F-106
TABLE.2.1 Values of A. for a triangular cooling array of cylinders (case 2.2.18, source:
Ref. 64, Table 2 ) .
B/l Q
>1 [•/'•) ;-h &
3 A
4 *5 A
6
A
7
2
4.0 -5.05072(10~ ) -8.089K10" ) 4
-1.262(10" ) 5
-1.97<10" ) 7
-3.08(10~ ) 9
-4.8(10" ) n
-7(10" ) 13
2 -4
2.0 -5.04988 dO" ) -8.0542(10 ) -1.217(10" ) 5
-1.64(lO ) -7
-1.33(10" ) 9
2.8(10" ) U
2(10" ) 12
2
1.5 -5.02447(10~ ) -6.9920(10" ) 4
-1.374(10" ) 6
8.34(10~ ) 7
5.23(10~ ) 7
2.4-(10" ) 9
8(10 ) - 1 1
4
1.3 -4.90792(10~ ) 2
-2.1203(10* ) 6.354(10" ) 5
5.42(10"^) 2.99(10~ ) 7
1.3(10" ) 8
4(10" ) 10
4
1.2 -4.69398(10~ ) 2
6.7812(10" ) l.W " ) 4
1.31(10 ) -5
6.27(10~ ) 7
1.7(10 ;) T 8
-K10" ) 1 0
5
1.175 -4.60073 (10" ) 2
1.0619(10" ) 3
2.2!i. :i.0~ ) 4
+1.56(10~ ) 6.32(10" ) 7
9.8(10*7 ) 10
-2(10" ) 9
2
1.15 -4.48345(10~ ) 1.5384(10~ ) 3
2.736(10" ) 4
1.76(10-9) 4.2K10" ) 7
-5 (10" ) 8
-7(10~ ) 9
1.10 -4.15694(10" ) 2
2.8029(10~ ) 3
3.782(10" ) 4
1.08(10"9) -2.40(10" ) 6
-5 (10" ) 7
-5(10" ) 9
1.05 -3.68059(10 ) -2
4.3358(10 ~ ) 3
I
6
3.169(10~ ) 4
5.67(lO ) -5 S
-1.51(10~ ) -1,7(10T ) -9(10" ) 8
TABLE; 2 . 2 . Values of 6. for a square cooling array of cylinders (case 2 . 2 . 1 9 , source: Kef. 64, Table i ) .
3
«,
s / E
o «1 i:i 6
3 «4 h 8
6 7
X 6 -0
4.0 -1.25382 (10" ) -1.0583(10" ) 2
-6.120(10" ) 4
-3.898(10 ) _5
-2.42(10" ) -1.5(10" ) 7
-8
(10 -)
9
do" )
6
2.0 -1.25098 (10" ) 1
-1.0428(10" ) 2
-5.713(10" ) 4
-3.177(10" ) 5
-1.39{10~ ) -2 (10 ) -8
3
6
1.5 -1.22597(10" ) 1
-9.060!(10~ ) 3
-2.08 (10~ ) 4
3.33 ( 1 0 ) -5
8.1 (10~ ) 1 (10 ) -6
1 (10" ) 7
7
1.3 -1.17022 (10" ) 1
-5.995 (10" ) 3
6.13 (10~ ) 4
1.83 -4
(10 ) 3.1 (10~ ) 5
4 (10 ) -6
4 do" )
5 6 7
1.2
- 1
-1.10421 (10 ) -2.387 (10" ) 3
1.566(10" ) 3
3.50 -4
(10 ) 5.3 (10~ ) 6 (10" ) 5 (10~ )
5
1.15 -1.05352 (10" ) 1
3.172 (10" ) 4
2.233(10" ) 3
4.44 (10" ) 4
5.8 (10~ ) 4.3(10" ) 6
1 dO" ) 8
5 6
1.1 -9.3721 (10" ) 2
3.6596(10 ) -3
2.91K10" ) 3
4.655(10" ) 4
2.44(10~ ) -1.K10" ) 5
- 5 . 3(10~ )
_3 4
1.05 -9.0358 (10~ ) 2
7.310 (10 i 3.210(10~ ) 3
2.06 (10" ) 4
-1.20(10" ) -5.8(10" ) 5
- 1 . 6 dO" ) 5
TABLE 8.1. Values of (t - t,)/(t - t.) for an infinitely wide plate
1 s proportionally
whose surface temperature increases x to time, t = t. + br
proportionally
(case 8 . 1 . 8 , source: Ref. 1, p. 268, Table 13.5),
Fo
X 0.08 0.16 0.20 0.32 0.40 0.80 1.60 2.00 4.00
X
a 0 1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 1
0 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.5 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99 1
1.0 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.85 0.91 1
1.5 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.52 0.58 0.68 0.83 1
2.0 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.36 0.45 0.58 0.77 1
4.0 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.22 0.37 0.64 1
8.0 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.36 1
a> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F-108
TABLE 9 . 1 . Values of (t - t . ) / ( t - t.)
1
s i
for an i n f i n i t e l y long cylinder whose
surface increases proportionally to time
(t - t . = CT) (case 9 . 1 . 2 , source:
Ref. 1, p. 269).
R Fo
0.08 0.16 0.32 0.80
R Fo
0.016 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.80
F-109
F-llO
SECTION 13. MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
e r f x
< > =yf f exp(-z ) dz
n 2n+1
_2_ Y (-l) (x)
f O C S n , a 1 1 V a l u e S f X
V? ^ {2nil)nl ' °
f o t
. 2
1 _ S2E» ( - » ) / l - k _ + L..3__l_.3_ \ large
3 2 5 3 7 U e S
* I* 2x 2 x 2 x " 7 ' of! fx
erf(O) = 0 , erf (<») = 1
i erfc(x) = erfc(x)
1 2
i e r f c ( x ) =.y=exp{-x ) - x erfc(x)
2
i e r f c ( x ) = j [erfc(x) - 2x i e r f c ( x ) ]
n n - 2 n _ 1
2n i e r f c ( x ) = i e r f c ( x ) - 2x i erfc(x)
2
^erf(x) =^exp(-x )
d _, , 4x , 2 .
— erf (x) = - r s exp(-x }
2
dx
13-1
r* M M « N M m
13.2. Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions.
e = 2.71828 . . .
exp(u) = e
u u
e - e"
sinh (u) = 5 , sinh (0) = 0 , sinh (<») = <*•
u u
cosh (u) = - — s - S - , cosh (0) = 1 , cosh (») = <*>
2 u
e -l
tanh (u) = — , tanh (0) = 0 , tanh (<») = 1
Z U
e + 1
13-3
TABLE 13.2. Exponential functions (source: Re:?. 2, pp. 367-9).
u
e~
13-4
TABLE 1 3 . 2 . (Continued).
u
u e e" u
u e u
e~ u
u e u
e" u
13-5
13.3. The Gamma Function.
CO
X _ 1 u
T(x) = / u e" du, x > 0
•'o
x x
r W » x e~ M li + - i - + - i - - -122 571_ "I
V x 1 2 X 2 3 4
L 288X 5184X 2488320x ""J '
1.01 0.99 433 1.21 0.91 558 1.41 0.88 676 1.61 0.89 468 1.81 0.93 408
1.02 0.98 884 1.22 0.91 311 1.42 0.88 636 1.62 0.89 592 1.82 0.93 685
1.03 0.98 355 1.23 0.91 075 1.43 0.88 604 1.63 0.89 724 1.83 0.93 969
1.04 0.97 844 1.24 0.90 852 1.44 0.88 581 1.64 0.89 864 1.84 0.94 261
1.05 0.97 350 1.25 0.90 640 1.45 0.88 566 1.65 0.90 012 1.85 0.94 561
1.06 0.97 874 1.26 0.90 440 1.46 0.88 560 1.66 0.90 167 1.86 0.94 869
1.07 0.96 415 1.27 0.90 250 1.47 0.88 563 1.67 0.90 330 1.87 0.95 184
1.08 0.95 973 1.28 0.90 072 1.48 0.88 575 1.68 0.90 500 1.88 0.95 507
1.C9 0.95 546 1.29 0.89 904 1.49 0.88 595 1.69 0.90 678 1.89 0.95 838
1.10 0.95 135 1.30 0.89 747 1.50 U.C9 623 1.70 0.90 864 1.90 0.96 177
1.11 0.94 740 1.31 0.89 600 1.51 0.88 659 1.71 0.91 057 1.91 0.96 523
1.12 0.94 359 1.32 0.89 464 1.52 0.88 704 1.72 Q.91 258 1.92 0.96 877
1.13 0.93 993 1.33 0.89 338 1.53 0.88 757 1.73 0.91 467 1.93 0.97 240
1.14 0.93 642 1.34 0.89 222 1.54 0.88 818 1.74 0.91 683 1.94 0.97 610
1.15 0.93 304 1.35 0.89 115 1.55 0.88 887 1.75 0.91 906 1.95 0.97 988
1.16 0.92 980 1.36 0.89 018 1.56 0.38 964 1.76 0.92 137 1.96 0.98 374
1.17 0.92 670 1.37 0.88 931 1.57 0.89 049 1.77 0.92 376 1.97 0.98 768
1.18 0.92 373 1.38 0.88 854 1.58 0.89 142 1.78 0.92 623 1.98 0.99 171
1.19 0.92 089 1.39 0.88 785 1.59 0.89 243 1.79 0.92 877 1.99 0.99 581
1.20 0.91 817 1.40 0.88 726 1.60 0.89 352 1.80 0.93 138 2.00 1.00 000
13-6
the p o s i t i v e sign used i f -TT/2 < arg u < 3ir/2 and the negative sign used i f
-31T/2 < arg u < n / 2 .
I (u) - I (u)
v i \—u =
n' ' 2 s i n (nil)
n + 1 + J C (u/2) n+2j
K (u) = ( - l )
n | iln (u/2) + y | I ( u ) n ¥~ J
JMn+j)!
j=0
n+j j -n+2j
:
X " X"ra 1 + m
i j=02 ™ (u/2) C - 3 - Ul
,m=l m=l
U ) ( U ) U ) = U ) u)
h V ' Vl "5V l! V " Vl<
13-7
13.4. Bessel Functions.
Y (u) = — :
n sin (nTf)
n+2j
,Y (u) - 2 U n (u/2) + y) J^u) - J
n ^ ^ " f >",
3=0
3+n 3 n-1
1 1
I "- * I "-
.m=l m=l
Y
3=0
(u/2)" n+2j
(n - j - 1) 1
!v > u
{in (u/2) + Y}J (u) + (u/2) " f
Q
2 1 +
j) "^ ^L
(21)'
( " 7 * l )(3!)'^
x (uu))
V
. yL jir(n
wr" n+2j
+ j + 1)
3=0
( 32) !
v •^ -<-1* - ^ • < - • - ;;|, ;f - * • (»- )l
( 2!(8u) j
1
$ - exp [-u ± (n + J) iri] j 1 + 0 ( i f ) ) ,
V2TTU
13-8
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 1 . Zeco and first-order Bessel functions of the f i r s t kind
(source: Ref 2, pp. 369-71).
u J (u)
0 Jj/U) u J (u)
0 •^(u)
13-9
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 1 . (Continued.)
u J (u)
0
J (u)
x
u J (u)
0 J (u)
L
13-10
TABLE 13.4.1. (Continued.)
_u J (u)
Q J^u) u J (u)
Q J^u)
13-11
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 2 . Zero and first-order Bessel functions of the second kind (source:
Ref. 2 p . 371-3).
u
V u ) ^(u) u v> ^(u)
13-12
TABIS 1 3 . 4 . 2 . (Continued.)
13-13
TABLE 13.4.2. (Continued.)
_u Y (u)
0 Y (u)
1 _u r (u)
0 Y (u)
1
13-14
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 3 . Zero and f i r s t order modified Bessel functions of the f i r s t kind
(source: Ref. 2, p. 373-4).
u I (u)
0 Ij^U) u I (u)
0 I^u)
13-15
TftBLE 13.4.4. Zero and f i r s t order modified Bessel functions of the second kind
(source: Ref. 2, p. 374-5).
13-16
13.5. Legendre Polynomials
+ n<n - 2 n J 1 , * 3) ^ M M + ...."] , „ , „, = 2 6
, n 1 ) / 2 X 3 5 n 2 3
PV (a)
' = (-1)
' " l
2 • 4* • '6 •••
•" (n
" - 1)
TuL- < - ^ C31* > u u u
2
P (u) = 1, P (u) = u, P (u) = (3u - l)/2 ,
Q x 2
3 4 2
P,(u) = (5u - 3u)/2 P.(u) = (35u - 30u + 3)/8 ,
3 4 r
5 3
P (u) = (63u - 70u + 15u)/8, |u|<l
5
n . , , ,.(n+l)/2 2 » 4 * 6 " » (n - 1) f, 1
n(n + 1) 2 u
Q C ) = (-D
n 1 »3 •5 — n L 27"^
^ n(n - 2) (n + 1) (n + 3) 4 ^ T , , c
1 u
+- "-Jj—" u + ••••_] , n = 3, 5, 7, ...,
Q (u) =» (• x..n/2
,_,xn/2 2'4* ' 6 •" n r _ (n - 1)
l)(n
( + 2) 3
"n ' 1 • 3 • 5 ••• (n - 1) L 31 u
13-17
Q (") H
0
^n(^i).|u|<l
2
Q (u) = Q (u) P (u) - 5u /2 + j,
3 0 3
3 2
Q (u) = Q (u) P (u) - 35u /8 + 55u /24 ,
4 Q 4
13-18
TABLE 13.5. The first five Legendre polynomials of the first kind (source:
Ref. 2, p . 375-7).
u Pj/U) P (u)
2 P (u)
3
v»> P (u)
5
13-19
TABLE 13.5. (Continued.)
u p
x (u) P (u)
2
P (u)
3 P (u)
4
P (u)
5
20
TABLE 1 3 . 5 . (Continued.)
u P (u)
x
P (u)
2 P,(u) P (u)
4
P (u)
5
13-21
TABLE 13.5. (Continued.)
u P (u)
x
P (u)
2 P (u)
3 P (u)
4 P (u)
5
13-22
13.6. Sine, Cosine, and Exponential Integrals.
00 x
r C 0 S U
r
Cosine integral: Ci(x) = - I J ) du =8, n(yx) - I *
"x •'o
x
£ i ( e ) = Ei(x)
Si(x) = x ,
U(x) = -x/Zn(l/x)
2
Ci(x) a Ei(-x) a i l ( x ) = Jln(l/yx) = y + S,n(x) - x + {X /A) +
Ci(x) = s i n (x)/x
13-23
TABLE 1 3 . 6 . Values of the s i n e , c o s i n e , logarithmic, and exponential i n t e g r a l s ,
(source: Ref. 18, p. 6-9.)
13-24
TABLE 13.6. (Continued.)
13-25
TABLE 13.6. (Continued.)
13-26
TABLE 13.6. (Continued.)
13-27
TABLE 13.6. (Continued.)
13-28
TABLE 1 3 . 6 . (Continued.)
95 +1.5630 +0.007110 10 4
+1.5709 -0.0000306
100 +1.5622 -0.005149 10 5
+1.5708 +0.0000004
110 +1.5799 -0.000320 10 6
+1.5708 -0.0000004
120 +1.5640 +0.004781 10 7
+1.5708 +0.0
130 +1.5737 -0.007132 » 1/2TI 0.0
13-29
13-30
SECTION 14. ROOTS OF SOME CHARACTERISTIC EQUATIONS
TABLE 14.1. First six roots of X tan \ = C. (Source: Ref. 74, p. 217.)
c X
l X
2 X
3 X
4 X
5 \
0 0.0000 3.1416 6.2832 9.4248 12.5664 15.7080
0.001 0.0316 3.1419 6.2833 9.4249 12.5665 15.7080
0.002 0.0447 3.1422 6.2835 9.4250 12.5665 15.7081
0.004 0.0632 3.1429 6.2838 9.4252 12.5667 15.7082
0.006 0.0774 3.1435 6.2841 9.4254 12.5668 15.7083
0.008 0.0893 3.1441 6.2845 9.4256 12.5670 15.7085
0.01 0.0998 3.1448 6.2848 9.4258 12.5672 15.7086
0.02 0.1410 3.1479 6.2864 9.4269 12.5680 15.7092
0.04 0.1987 3.1543 6.2895 9.4290 12.5696 15.7105
0.06 0.2425 3.1606 6.2927 9.4311 12.5711 15.7118
0.08 0.2791 3.1668 6.2959 9.4333 12.5727 15.7131
0.1 0.0311 3.1731 6.2991 9.4354 12.5743 15.7143
0.2 0.4328 3.2039 6.3148 9.4459 12.5823 15.7207
0.3 0.5218 3.2341 6.3305 9.4565 12.5902 15.7270
0.4 0.5932 3.2636 6.3461 9.4670 12.5981 15.7334
0.5 0.6533 3.2923 6.3616 9.4775 12.6060 15.7397
0.6 0.7051 3.3204 6.3770 9.4879 12.6139 15.7460
0.7 0.7506 3.3477 6.3923 9.4983 12.6218 15.7524
0.8 0.7910 3.3744 6.4074 9.5087 12.6296 15.7587
0.9 0.8274 3.4003 6.4224 9.5190 12.6375 15.7650
1.0 0.8603 3.4256 6.4373 9,5293 12.6453 15.7713
1.5 0.9882 3.5422 6.5097 9.5801 12.6841 15.8026
2.0 1.0769 3.6436 6.5783 9.6296 12.7223 15.8336
3.0 1.1925 3.8088 6.7040 9.7240 12.7966 15.8945
4.0 1.2646 3.9352 6.8140 9.8119 12.8678 15.9536
5.0 1.3138 4.0336 6.9096 9.8928 12.9352 16.0107
6.0 1.3496 4.1116 6.9924 9.9667 12.9988 16.0654
7.0 1.3766 4.1746 7.0640 10.0339 13.0584 16.1177
8.0 1.3978 4.2264 7.1263 10.0949 13.1141 16.1675
9.0 1.4149 4.2694 7.1806 10.1502 13.1660 16.2147
10.0 1.4289 4.3058 7.2281 10.2003 13.2142 16.2594
14-1
TABLE 1 4 . 1 . (Continued.)
14-2
TABLE 1 4 . 2 . F i r s t five roots of 1 - \ cot \ = C. ( s o u r c e : Ref. 20 p . 442.)
c \ X
2 h X
4 X
5
0.000 0.0000 4.4934 7.7253 10.9041 14.0662
0.005 0.1224 4.4945 7.7259 10.9046 14.0666
0.010 0.1730 4.4956 7.7265 10.9050 14.0669
0.020 0.2445 4.4979 7.7278 10.9060 14.0676
0.030 0.2991 4.5001 7.7291 10.9069 14.0683
0.040 0.3450 4.5023 7.7304 10.9078 14.0690
0.050 0.3854 4.5045 7.7317 10.9087 14.0697
0.060 0.4217 4.5068 7.7330 10.9096 14.0705
0.070 0.4551 4.5090 7.7343 10.9105 14.0712
0.080 0.4860 4.5112 7.7356 10.9115 14.0719
0.090 0.5150 4.5134 7.7369 10.9124 14.0726
0.100 0.5423 4.5157 7.7382 10.9133 14.0733
0.200 0.7593 4.5379 7.7511 10.9225 14.0804
0.300 0.9208 4.5601 7.7641 10.9316 14.0875
0.400 1.0528 4.5822 7.7770 10.9408 14.0946
0.500 1.1656 4.6042 7.7899 10.9499 14.1017
0.600 1.2644 4.6261 7.8028 10.9591 14.1088
0.700 1.3525 4.6479 7.8156 10.9682 14.1159
0.800 1.4320 4.6696 7.8284 10.9774 14.1230
0.900 1.5044 4.6911 7.8412 10.9865 14.1301
1.000 1.5708 4.7124 7.8540 10.9956 14.1372
1.500 1.8366 4.8158 7.9171 11.0409 14.1724
2.000 2.0288 4.9132 7.9787 11.0856 14.2075
3.000 2.2889 5.0870 8.0962 11.1727 14.2764
4.000 2.4557 5.2329 8.2045 11.2560 14.3434
5.000 2.5704 5.3540 8.3029 11.3349 14.4080
6.000 2.6537 5.4544 8.3914 11.4086 14.4699
7.000 2.7165 5.5378 8.4703 11.4773 14.5288
8.000 2.7654 5.6078 8.5406 11.5408 14.5847
9.000 2.8044 5.6669 8.6031 11.5994 14.6374
1.0.000 2.8363 5.7172 8.6587 11.6532 14.6870
11.000 2.8628 5.7606 8.7083 11.7027 14.7335
16.000 2.9476 5.9080 8.8898 11.8959 14.9251
21.000 2.9930 5.9921 9.0019 12.0250 15.0625
14-3
TABLE 1 4 . 2 . (Continued.)
c \ x 2
h h X
5
m X X_ X X X
1 2 3 4 5
0 2.4048 5.5201 8.6537 11.7915 14.9309
1 3.8317 7.0156 10.1735 13.3237 16.4706
2 5.1356 8.4172 11.6198 14.7960 17.9598
3 6.3802 9.7610 13.0152 16.2235 19.4094
4 7.5883 11.0647 14.3725 17.6160 20.8269
14-4
TABLE 14.4. First six roots of X J (X ) - CJ (X ) = 0.
ft (Source: Ref. 74.
n x n u n
p. 217)
c h X
2 X
3 \
0 0 3.8317 7.0156 10.1735 13.3237 16.4706
0.01 0.1412 3.8343 7.0170 10.1745 13.3244 16.4712
0.02 0.1995 3.8369 7.0184 10.1754 13.3252 16.4718
0.04 0.2814 3.8421 7.0213 10.1774 13.3267 16.4731
0.06 0.3438 3.8473 7.0241 10.1794 13.3282 16.4743
o.oe 0.3960 3.8525 7.0270 10.1813 13.3297 16.4755
0.1 0.4417 3.8577 7.0298 10.1833 13.3312 16.4767
0.15 0.5376 3.8706 7.0369 10.1882 13.3349 16.4797
0.2 0.6170 3.8835 7.0440 10.1931 13.3387 16.4828
0.3 0.7465 3.9091 7.0582 10.2029 13.3462 16.4888
0.4 0.8516 3.9344 7.0723 10.2127 13.3537 16.4949
0.5 0.9408 3.9594 7.0864 10.2225 13.3611 16.5010
0.6 1.0184 3.9841 7.1004 10.2322 13.3686 16.5070
0.7 1.0873 4.0085 7.1143 10.2419 13.3761 16.5131
0.8 1.1490 4.0325 7.1282 10.2516 13.3835 16.5191
0.9 1.2048 4.0562 7.1421 10.2613 13.3910 16.5251
1.0 1.2558 4.0795 7.1558 10.2710 13.3984 16.5312
1.5 1.4569 4.1902 7.2233 10.3188 13.4353 16.5612
2.0 1.5994 4.2910 7.2884 10.3658 13.4719 16.5910
3.0 1.7887 4.4634 7.4103 10.4566 13.5434 16.6499
4.0 1.9081 4.6018 7.5201 10.5423 13.6125 16.7073
5.0 1.9898 4.7131 7.6177 10.6223 13.6786 16.7630
6.0 2.0490 4.8033 7.7039 10.6964 13.7414 16.8168
7.0 2.0937 4.8772 7.7797 10.7646 13.8008 16.8684
8.0 2.1286 4.9384 7.8464 10.8271 13.8566 16.9179
9.0 2.1566 4.9897 7.9051 10.8842 13.9090 16.9650
10.0 2.1795 5.0332 7.9569 10.9363 13.9580 17.0099
15.0 2.2509 5.1773 8.1422 11.1367 14.1576 17.2008
20.0 2.2880 5.2568 8.2534 11.2677 14.2983 17.3442
30.0 2.3261 5.3410 8.3771 11.4221 14.4748 17.5348
40.0 2.3455 5.3846 8.4432 11.5081 14.5774 17.6506
50.0 2.3572 5.4112 8.4840 11.5621 14.6433 17.7272
60.0 2.3651 5.4291 8.5116 11.5990 14.6889 17.7807
80.0 2.3750 5.4516 8.5466 11.6461 14.7475 17.8502
100.0 2.3809 5.4652 8.5678 11.6747 14.7834 17.8931
00 2.4048 5.5201 8.6537 11.7915 14.9309 18.0711
14-5
TABLE 14.5. First five roots of J (X )Y (CX ) = Y ( X ) J ( C X ) .
0 n 0 n Q n 0 n (Source:
Sef. 9, p. 493.)
_h \ ^5_
1.2 15.7014 31.4126 47.1217 62.8302 78.5385
1.5 6.2702 12.5598 18.8451 25.1294 31.4133
2.0 3.1230 6.2734 9.4182 12.5614 15.7040
2.5 2.0732 4.1773 6.2754 8.3717 10.4672
3.0 1.5485 3.1291 4.7038 6.2767 7.8487
3.5 1.2339 2.5002 3.7608 5.0196 6.2776
4.0 1.0244 2.0809 3.1322 4.1816 5.2301
14-6
TABLE 14.6. F i r s t s i x roots of tan(X > = -X /C.
n (Source: Hef. 74, p. 322.)
c \ X
2 X
3 X
4 X
5 \
0 1.5708 4.7124 7.8540 10.9956 14.1372 17.2788
0.1 1.6320 4.^335 7.8667 11.0047 14.1443 17.2845
0.2 1.6887 4.7544 7.8794 11.0137 14.1513 17.2903
0.3 1.7414 4.7751 7.8920 11.0228 14.1584 17.2961
0.4 1.7906 4.7956 7.9046 11.0318 14.1654 17.3019
0.5 1.8366 4.8158 7.9171 11.0409 14.1724 17.3076
0.6 1.8798 4.8358 7.9295 11.0498 14.1795 17.3134
0.7 1.9203 4.8556 7.9419 11.0588 14.1865 17.3192
0.8 1.9586 4.8751 7.9542 11.0677 14.1935 17.3249
0.9 1.9947 4.8943 7.9665 11.0767 14.2005 17.3306
1.0 2.0288 4.9132 719787 11.0856 14.2075 17.3364
1.5 2.1746 c
.0037 8.0385 11.1296 14.2421 17.3649
2.0 2.2889 5.0870 8.0962 11.1727 14.2764 17.3932
3.0 2.4557 5.2329 8.2045 11.2560 14.3434 17.4490
4.0 2.5704 5.3540 8.3029 11.3349 14.4080 17.5034
5.0 2.6537 5.4544 8.3914 11.4086 14.4699 17.5562
6.0 2.7165 5.5378 8.4703 11.4773 14.5288 17.6072
7.0 2.7654 5.6078 8.5406 11.5408 14.5847 17.6562
8.0 2.8044 5.6669 8.6031 11.5994 14.6374 17.7032
9.0 2.8363 5.7172 8.6587 11.6532 14.6870 17.7481
10.0 2.8628 5.7606 8.7083 11.7027 14.7335 17.7908
15.0 2.9476 5.9080 8.8898 11.8959 14.9251 17.9742
20.0 2.9930 5.9921 9.0019 12.0250 15.0625 18.1136
30.0 3.0406 6.0831 9.1294 12.1807 15.2380 18.3018
40.0 3.0651 6.1311 9.1986 12.2688 15.3417 18.4180
50.0 3.0801 6.1606 9.2420 12.3247 15.4090 18.4953
60.0 3.0901 6.1805 9.2715 12.3632 15.4559 18.5497
80.0 3.1028 6.2058 9.3089 12,4124 15.5164 18.6209
100.0 3.1105 6.2211 9.3317 12.4426 15.5537 18.6650
00 3.1416 6.2832 9.4248 12.5664 15.7080 18.8496
14-7
-1
\4-i
SECTION 15. CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS.
e = 2i7182818.
Hn 10 = 2.3025851.
•n = 3.1415926.
Y = 0.5772156. (Euler's constant)
Standard acceleration
of gravity g Q = 9.80665 m/s
2
= 32.1742 f t / s
Stefan-Boltzmann
1 2 2 4
constant a = 1.355 x 1 0 " cal/s'cm -K
1 2 2 4
= 1712 x 1 0 ~ Btn/hr'ft -R
8 2 4
= 5.673 x 10" W/ra 'K
Universal gas
constant R = 8.3143 J/mol«K
= 0.08205 &*atm/mol*K
= 1 . 9 8 5 9 Btu/lbm'mol'R
= 1545.33 ft*lbf/lhm*mol*R
4
= 6.41 x 10~ J/kg-mol-K
15-1
15.3. Conversion Factors.
ym A in. ft yd
1 m 1 100 10 6
10 1 0
39.37 3.280 1.0936
1 cm 0.01 1 10 4
10 8
0.3937 0.0328 0.0109
lUm io- 6
10" 4
1 10 4
0.3937 x 1 0 - 4
0.0328 x 1 0 " 4
0.0109 x 1 0 " 4
1 A ID" 10
10" 8
io- 4
1 0.3937 x 1 0 - 8
0.0328 x 1 0 ~ 4
0.0109 x 1 0 - 8
2 . 2
cm m in. ft 2
y« 2
- 4
1 cm 2
1 lO" 4
0.1550 1.07639 1.1960 x 1 0
1 m = 10 4
1 1550 10.7639 1.1960
- 4
1 in. = 2
6.4516 6.4516 x 1 0 " 4
1 6.9444 7.7160 x 1 0
1ft 2
= 929.034 929.034 x 1 0 - 4
144 1 0.11111
1 yd 2
= 8361.307 8361.307 x 1 0 " 4
1296 9 1
TABLE 15.3. Conversion factors for volume.
3
can in. 3
ft ml liter ;gal
-6
1 cm 3
= 1 610.23 x 10~ 4
35.3145 x 1 0 - 4
999.972 x 1 0 - 3
999.972 x 10" 264.170 x 1 0 ~ 6
1 in. 3
= 16.3872 ;i 5.7870 x 1 0 - 4
16.3867 16.3867 x 10"-3 432.9"00 x 1 0 " 5
1ft 3
= 283.170 x 10 2
1728 1 28.3162 x 1 0 3
28.3162 7.4805
1 ml = 1.000028 610.251 x 1 0 - 4
353.15 1 x 1 0 - 7
1 0.001 264.178 x 1 0 ~ 6
lb slugs g kg ton
3 3
1 kg = 2.2046 6.8521 x 10~ 10 1 1.1023 x l o - 3
3
lhm/ft slug/in. lbm/ii i. lbm/gal g/cm
3
1 lbm/ft = 1 0.03108 5.787 x 1 0 - 4
0.13386 0.01602
3
1 slug/ft = 32.174 1 0.01862 4.3010 0.51543
3
1 lbni/in. = 1728 53.706 1 231 27.680
3
1 lbm/gal = 7.4805 0.2325 4.329 x 10~ 1 0.11983
1 g/cra 3
= 62.428 1.9403 0.03613 8.345 1
15-4
TABLE 1 5 . 6 . Conversion factors for pressure.
2
lbf/in. 2
dyne/cm kgf/cm 2
in. H(j nun Hg in. H O atm bar
1 lbf/in. = 1 2
689.473 0.07031 2.0360 51.715 27.71 0.06805 0.06895
2
x 10
2
1 dyne/cm = 145.0383 1 101.972 295.299 750.062 4.0188 986.923 lO" 6
-7 -7 -4 -9
X 10 ' x io" 8
x 10 - 6
x 10 *
x 10 '
1 kgf/cm 2
= 14.2234 980.665 1 28.959 735.559 394.0918 967.841 980.665
3 3 3
x 10 x 10 x 10"
1 in. Hg = 0.4912 338.64 0.03453 1 25.40 13.608 0.03342 0.03386
15-
2
x 10
Ul 1 ram Hg = 0.01934 1333.223 1.3595 0.03937 1 0.5358 1.315 1.333
-3 3
x XQ x 10~ x 10
1 in. H o 2 = 0.03609 24.883 2.537 0.0735 1.8665 1 2.458 2.488
3
x 10 2
x 10" 3
x 10" x 10 - 3
abs joule/h cal/g r.T. cal/gm Btu/lb fflb£/lbm i n t . kW hr/g hp hr/lb ftV
n II
- 4
1 Btu/hr'ft- F 4.13 x 1 0 - 3
1 12 1.73 x i o
- 6
2
1 Btu/hr'ft - F/in. 3.45 x 1 0 - 4
0.0833 1 1.44 x 1 0
n
1 W/m C 23.89 5780 69350 1
II
m /s = 38,750 10 4
3600 1
TABLE 15.12. Conversion factors for heat flux.
4
cal/sec-cm -°C = 7376 4.186 x 10" 1 36000
5
kcal/hr-m -°C 2
= 0.2049 1.163 x 10" 8
2.778 x 10" 1
15-9
Is-10
SECTION 16. CONVECTION COEFFICIENTS
6 8
jp = 0.022 Pr°' Re°" , 0.5 < Pr < 1.0 (constant heat rate)
5 9
jp = 0.0155 Pr°" Re°" , 1.0 < Pr < 20
f 3 0 9
= 0.011 Pr°- Re - , Pr < 20
hs
— = 4.118 (constant heat rate on both sides)
hs
— = 2.693 (constant heat rate on one side, other side insulated)
16-1
hs
— = 3.77 (constant surface temperature on both sides)
— = 2.43 (constant surface temperature on one side, other side insulated)
s = spacing of plates
16.3. Forced Flow Parallel to Smooth Semi-Infinite Flat Plates Laminar Flow.
16.3.1. Laminar flow:
— = 0.332 P r 1 / 3
Re x
1 / 2
[l - ' X /X)
t 0
3 / 4
]~ 1 / 3
, (constant surface
temperature)(Source: Ref.7)
X = unheated starting length
X = distance from leading edge
5 1 / 3 1 / 2 3 / 4 1 / 3
I = 0.453 P r Re x [l - ( X / X )
Q ]~ , (constant heat rate)
(Source: Ref. 21)
16.3.2. Turbulent flow (Source: Ref. 21):
6 0 8 9 / L 0 1 / 9
| * = 0.0295 P r ° ' R e - x [ l - (X /X) - Q ]~ , (constant surface
temperature)
h ( d d Nu..
i o- i> 11
9
k
1 -
«W t
d d Nu
V o - i> oo
k
1 - (q./q )9*
n
i! ^o o
(Subscripts i and o refer to inner and outer surfaces, q is surface heat flux,
Nu., and Nu _ are inner and outer surface Nusselt numbers when only one
11 OO
surface is heated and 6 is an influence coefficient given in Table 16.1.)
16-2
TABLE 1 6 . 1 . Tube-annulus solutions for constant heat rate i n f u l l y developed
laminary flow and temperature p r o f i l e s .
_ —
r.r Nu.. Nu 9. ®
i o 11 oo l o
0
CO 4.364 CD
0
8.499 4.883 0.905 0.1041
0.2
6.583 4.979 0.603 0.1823
0.4
5.912 5.099 0.473 0.2455
0.6
5.580 5.240 0.401 0.299
0.8
5.385 5.385 0.346 0.346
1.0
8 4 4 5 4
7 (d - d.) - 0.023 Re°" Pr°" (d / d . ) ° ' , R e A j 1 0 , & d = d - A.
k o i Ad o l Ad o l
0 4 5 3
" - 1 . " Pr * H^- [ l - ( 6 / 9 0 ) ] , 0 < 9 < 80°
3 1
J * = 0.43 + C Re™ P r ° -
K a
TABLE 1 6 . 2 .
R e
d C m
1-4,000 0.533 0.500
4,000-40,000 0.193 0.618
40,000-400,000 0.0265 0.805
16-3
16.6. Forced Flow Normal to Spheres.
6 0 , 3 3
r ^ = 0.37 R e ° ' Pr , 20 < Re^, < 150,000
k d a
6 0 3 3
^K = 2 + 0.37 Re°" P ar ' , Re,,
d < 20
1/2 1 / 4 1 / 4 4
jp = 0.508 (Pr) (0.952 + P r ) ~ (Gr ) x , GrPr < 1 0
5 7 / 5 2 / 3 2 / 5 2 / 5 4
jj = 0.0295 ( P r ) [l + 0.494 ( P r ) ]" (Gr) , GrPr > 1 0
1
f = C (Gr Pr, d
TABLE 16.3.
Gr p d r C m
5
0-10~ 0.40 0
5 _:L
IO~ -IO 0.97 1/16
-1 4
10 -10~ 1.14 1/7
4 9
10 -10 0.53 1/4
9 12
10 -10 0.13 1/3
16-4
16.9. Free Convection From Horizontal Square Plates.
m
• ^ = C (Gr P r ) , L = plate dimension
K L
TABLE 16.4.
Condition Gr pr
it
Upper surface heated or
5 7
lower surface cooled 10 - 2 x 1 0 0.54 1/4
Lower surface heated or
5 1 0
upper surface cooled 3 x 10 - 3 x 1 0 0.27 1/4
Upper surface heated or
7 1 0
lower surface cooled 2 x 10 - 3 x 1 0 0.14 1.3
— = 2 + 0.43 (Gr. P r ) 1 / , 4
f 10° < Gr. Pr < 1 0 5
K a a
r 1 Gr s < 2,000
1 / 4 1 / 9
0.18 (Gr ) (s/L) f 2,000 < Gr < 20,000
s s
1 / 3 1 / 9 7
I 0.065(Gr ) (s/L) , 20,000 < Gr < 10
s s
16-5
k e = effective thermal conductivity
s = width of air space
L = length of air space
1 / 4 4 5
0.195 (Gr ) , 1 0 < Gr < 4 x 10
5 S
1 / 3 5
0.068 (Gr ) , 4 x 1 0 < Gr
s s
1/3
-1/3
1.47 Re^ , Re. < 1800
P (P
a a - P )g
v
1/3
4
p g
= 0.007 Rejj°' , Re fc > 1800
<V A " < V
Re. = (4hAt )/i„ u„
v H
X, vw £v &
At = temp difference between saturated vapor and wall
in = heat of evaporation
Po,ko,po = viscosity, thermal conductivity and density of liquid
at saturation vapor temp
1/4
^ = 0.725
16-6
16.13. Fool Boiling,
1 / 2
_^p_^_i . r^f™ i (source: Re£ . X9,
Surface-fluid combination C n
sf
Water-nickel 0.006 1.0
Water-platinum 0.013 1.0
Water-copper 0.013 1.0
Water-brass 0.006 1.0
CCl.-copper 0.013 1.7
Benzene-chromium 0.101 1.7
ii-Pent ane- chromi urn 0.015 1.7
Ethyl alcohol-chromium 0.0027 1.7
Isopropyl alcohol-copper 0.0025 1.7
35% K CO -copper 0.0054 1.7
50% K C0 -copper
3 0.0027 1.7
n-Butyl alcohol-copper 0.0030 1.7
16-7
•'•i.
Ib-S
SECTION 17. CONTACT COEFFICIENTS
0,8
hr/k = (IT/4) [l + 8 5 ( P / S ) ]
k = thermal conductivity of the gas phase
P = contact pressure
r = height of a micro-element of roughness plus the height of the wave
for one surface
S = permissible rupture stress
k
k
K
= 2
f
1 + 8 y (v/v) (a + a L 2 -3 j- a )/Pr(y + 1 ) ^ + a
2 2
3
4CTAG E t 2
+ £ + E E E
1 2 " 1 2
17-1
k_ = fluid conductivity at zero contact pressure
Pr = Prandtl number
V = mean molecular velocity
Y = ratio of specific heats
v = kinematic viscosity evaluated at t
a = accommodation coefficient
e = surface emissivity
o = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
K = conductivity number, I: (k + k )/2k k
k. = conductivity of first solid evaluated at
17-2
TABLE 17.1. Interface conditions for contact data given in Fig. 17.2.
Roughness
RMS (uin.) Fluid
Block in Temp
Curve Material Finish 1 2 Gap (°F) Condition
a Cold rolled steel Shaped 10CQ-1000 Air 200 Parallel cuts, rusted
b Cold rolled steel Shaped 1000-1000 Air 200 Parallel cuts, clean
c Cold rolled steel Shaped 1000-1000 Air 200 Perpendicular cuts, clean
d Cold rolled steel Milled 125-125 Air 200 Parallel cuts, rusted
e Cold rolled steel Milled 125-125 Air 200 Parallel cuts, clean
f Cold rolled steel Shaped 63-63 Air 200 Perpendicular cuts, clean
g Cold rolled steel Shaped 63-63 Air 200 Parallel cuts, clean
h Cold rolled steel Lapped 4-4 Air 200 Clean
i 416 Stainless Ground 100-100 Air 200
J 416 Stainless Ground 100-100 Air 400
k 416 Stainless Ground 30-30 Air 200
1 416 Stainless Ground 30-30 Air 400
m Stainless Milled 195-195 Air Clean
1
* Sexier 1
5X10"
17-5
20 />'V ~p2/3
h i
17-6
0.016
0.014
Parallel
cuts
0.012
0.010 r-
0.008
Perpendicular
cuts
0.006 -
c
o
c o
o
0.004
0.002
17-7
ft-%
Tlarmal prgpattlea of M 1 K M « M t i ' . i
"I - » '
J
Uq/ifi . io" MAa-u - 10 " m/««ii « in l»Vn .o to« 30 90 ioo ion 4os too Mo IOOO uoo
JUiBlnm Fata 1.70 O.U 1.4 1.01 115. 117. 13.) 3.0 2.4 1.4 1.1 7.1
1034 (4.51 Ca, l , S t KQI 3.TT O.M 1.1 0.9* 0.01 0.11 0.40 0.(1 1.0 1.4
901* ( 4 . U Hg. 0.51 Mol 3.15 0.10 1.1 0.91 0,00 0.17 0.40 D.*J 0.11
tot* ii.i\ * ? , o.*» %%\ 3.70 O.M 3.1 0.1) O.M 1.7 3.1 3.1 3.0
•arUIuMi rare 1.15 1.14 3.0 0.9) II.0 14.0 40.0 9.9 3.01 1.41 1.1* 1.07 D.19 0.7)
avail*i Puta 7.1* 4.54 ».H 1.) t.O 3.3 1.4. 1.1 0.(7 0.11 0.T1 3.45 0.(1
Copp»ti tan l.M 0.34 4.0 IK. 105. 13.3 4.1 I.I 3.1 1.1 l.T l.f 1.*
CCMMcelal tuans* ( t « *"1 I.H 0.41 I.I 0.90 O.IB 0.43 0.11 1-3
I l l i c i t MM* (3St 1st 1.47 0.41 1.1 0.19 0.51 0.14 1.1 1.5
•ml bin ( l i t i n , 0.1* 5tii I.U 0.31 0.75 0.33 D.ll 1.01
Sanaa l U n t (31* «". 15» Nil 1.59 0.40 0.35 D.D7 O.011 0.OT 0.15 0.17 0.30
C*tonlc*«l (10t Ml. 3t la) i.li 0.30 1.5 0.44 0.11 0.30 0.11 D.ll
conatantan (404 Mil l.fD 0.43 0.21 O.Df 0.01 0.15 0.17 0.19
Mmiaanln 1131 Rn, n Ml 1.11 0.40 0.13 0.07 O.015 0.011 3.012 0.11 0.17 0.1B
Soldi Fora H-12 O.U 1.3 1.17 34.3 19.0 4.3 3.5 ].] 1.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.C
Irani run 7.n 0-43 o.ao T.l 13.0 l.T 1.) O.M 0.(1 0.51 a.U 0.11 0.30
Mcauaht two. i < a . » c> i.n O.tt O.ID 0.17 0.51 0.11 0.)1
Stay caat Iron (3.01 C, O.tt 311 7.15 D.42 0.31 0.10 9.31 0.34 0.11 0.33 0.30
SAI 10H ataal (D.ll C, 0.3* Mnl 7.U 0.47 0.44 a.u D.DI 0.33 0.14 0.43
AMI U4D ataal 11.M HI. 0.TI CrJ 7.H 0.44 0.3* 0.10 0.34 D.ll 0.11 0.11 O.J*
tflckal atsal IM Ml, O.tt Hnj 7.H 0.44 0.29 o.oa 0.10 0.34 0.)) 0.14 0.13
Invar (3U VI, SI Co) • .00 0.4C O.I4 a.00 0.13 0.14 0.11 0,73
SAI 4130 i t H l (11 Cr, 0.51 Hn> 7, I t 0.44 0.41 o.u 0.0( 0.1C 0.1T 0.37
M i l M4 auLalaa* (1)» Ci. 1M HI) 7.W 0.30 0.15 0.001 0.031 D.Of 0.04 0.13 0.17 0.2a 0.33 0.31 0.1>
MSI H i atalnlasa ,U» Cr, U t Mil 0.00 0.44 0.14 0.001 D.031 O.M 0.09 9.13 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.3) 0.35
ludi Part 11.34 0.13 0.11 1.71 0.51 0.44 0.40 0.37 0.14 O.lt
Soldat IK* lb. 101 SB) 10.30 0.37
Soldar ISO* Pn> SOI So) I.H 0.11 0.44 0.3*
Lit bloat nra 0.53 1.17 0.77 0.37 f.l 7.2 3.) 1.1 0.(1 0.71
•UoaaaiBBi fun 1.74 1.00 1.9. 0.10 11.7 11.1 >.» 1.7 1.* V.5 1.5 1.5
(ft U. It 11) 1.14 1.00 O.70 0.10 0.50 0.(3 O.U
(131 AI, » Si) 1.11 o.»i i
O.St 0.11 0.10 0.44 O.fl
Moljbdanuai Pur a ID. 33 0.39 1.4 0.5* 1.45 3.77 1.0 l.( 1.4 1.1 1.) 1.1 1.1 l.D
•Ickali Fata 4.10 0.49 0.91 (.0 l.i ).4 l.t 1.1 D.IO 0.44 0.(7 0.T3 D.T(
OmanlcUl I4.H Alt 1.2* 0.94 0.19 0.04
Nonal (301 Cu, L41 Fa) 1.14 0.4) 0.23 0.0} 0.04 0.14 0.17 0.30
Inoootl X-TS0 l i l t Cr, I t Fa) 4.51 a.M n.ia ti.OJ 0.010 0.035 0.0(5 0.045 O.10 0.1) 0.17 0.21 0.35 0.2*
MlduoM (10« Cr) 1.40 0.45 0.11 0.0) 0.14 0-i.J O.U 0.35 0.31
NlcUca* V (241 Fa, 1** Cr] O.U 0.44 0.10 0.01 O.U 0.15 0.11 0.33 O.K
Mfobluai Poia 1.97 0.37 0.94 3.3 3.1 0.71 0.51 0.51 0.19 0.11 0.41 0.44 0.4*
PlltltaU Plica 31.45 0.13 0.71 U.) 4.1 1.1 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.71 0.74 0.71 0.13
Plateoliau Fota 1*.I4 0.19 0.(7 0.3] O.U 0.41 0.10
ttarlaai Fata 31.04 0.14 0.41 0.1* 14.0 1.4 O.M 0.40 0.51 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.41 0.4(
IllVMt FBI* 10.41 0.34 4.3 1.71 1(1. II. 7.0 4.5 4.1 4.3 4.1 .1 1.7 1.1
Starling CT.lt Cm 10. Jl 1.5
Mttaldu Fun li.l 0.14 0.91 0.3S O.S1 o.st 0.10 0.9) 0.9) 0.(0 9.41
YnngitFnt Iu» M.J 0.11 I.t 0.73 3.4 2.0 1.* 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
Tltanliai Fu» 4.IL 0.90 0.33 0.10 O.U 0.39 0.39 0.1) 0.30 0.21 0.33
A-U0 ft (SI Al, 3-S» tat 4.41 0.91 0.075 0.0} 0.0*1 O.U 0.14
Oranlnai Fata IF.07 0.13 O.ll 0.13 0.22 0.35 o.ia O.M a.M 0.44 0.4*
Ilnei Puta 7.U O.lf 1.2 0.43
18-1
TABLE I B . 2 . Thermal p c o p e r t i e s o£ m i s c e l l a n e o u s s o l i d s ( s o u r c e i ReEs. 35 t o 3B).
3
(kg/m ) (m /s) x 10 10 K 400 600 BOO 1000 1200
Ceramics) ( F o l y c r y s t a l U n e , 99.5%
purity,96% solid)
3.B4 0.79 36.0 0.12 550, 260. 160. 100. 80.
BeO 2.97 1.00 272.0 0.92 4240. 1960. 1110. 700. 470.
HgO 3.21 0.92 4B.0 0.16 750. 350. 220. 140. 90.
SiO (high p u r i t y fused) 2.21 0.75 1.4 0.008 11. 15. 18. 22. 29.
Th0 2
9.58 0.23 13.0 0,06 1B0. 100. 70. 50. 40.
Tio 2
3.91 Q.71 6.0 0.03 100. 70. 50. 40. 30.
Glassesi
Boco&Uicate (Pycex) 2.21 0.71 1.1 0.007
Soda l i m e (75% S i 0 ) 2 2.52 0.66 0.9 0.005 8. 11.
Vitreous s i l i c a (1001 S i c y 2.21 1.00 1.4 0.006 11. 15.
Z i n c ccown (65% Si(> ) 2 2.60 0.67 1.1 0.006 9. 13.
00
I Insulations: (Foe high temps.)
to 2.70 G.B3 5.2 0.02
Alumina, f u s e d (90% M ^ )
Asbestos p a p e r ( l a m i n a t e d ) 0.35 D.B4 0.046 0.002 0.73
Diatomaceoi-a e a r t h
s i l i c a (powder) 0.79 l.U 1.3
F i r e b r i c k (50% SiO ,
37% A 1 0 J2 3
0.B1 0.92 0.34 0.005 5.2 6.6 8.4 10.
Magnesite (S5% MgO) 0.19 1.13 0.050 0.002 0.C1
Micro q u a r t z f i b e r (Hlanket) 0.05 0.84 0.036 0.005 0.48 0.89 1.3 1.7
Rockwool (loose)' 0.16 0.046 0.66 1.0 1.3
Ziroonia (grain) 1.81 0.90 0.18 0.002 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.8 3.5
2
P r o p e r t i e s at 300 II Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y ( k ) , <W/m*K) x 1 0 "
P. c. k. a.
Material 3
(kg/a ) x 10" 3
(J/kg'R) x 1 0 _ U
K/m'K 3
| n / s ) * 10* 10 K 20 50 100 200 400 GOO BOO 1000 1200
Plasticac
A c r y l i c , PMKA ( P l e x i g l a s ) 1.18 1.4G 0.16 0.001 0.6 0.7 1.2
Nylon 6 1.16 1.59 0.25 0.001 0.3 0.9
Polyvinyl chloride (rigid) 1.40 1.00 0.15 0.001 1.5 1.6 1.5
T e f l o n , PTPB 2.16 1.05 0.40 0.002 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.S 4.5 5.5
Polyethylene, high denaity D.95 2.30 0.E0 0.002
Rocks:
Granite 2.60 0.79 3.4 0.017 30. 24.
Harble 2.50 0.88 1.8 O.00B 17. 11.
Sandstone 2.20 0.92 5.3 0.026 44. 30.
Shale 2. GO 0.71 1.8 0.010 15. 14.
Miscellaneous:
Carbon black (powder) 0.19 0.84 0.021 0.001
Carbon (petroleum coke) 2.10 0.84 1.9 0.011 21. 25. 2B. 30.
Graphite (*TJ|
(H t o g r a i n s ) * 1.73 0.B4 129.0 0.89 5. 25. 170. 580. 1200. USD. 950. 770. 640.
( 1 to grains) 1.73 0.B4 98.0 0.67 4. 19. 130. 420. B60. 900. 730. 590. 490.
Graphite (cytolytic)
(n t o g r a i n s ) 2.20 0.84 2000.0 10.8 810. 4200. 23000. 50000. 32000. 14600. 9300. 6800. 5300.
( 1 t o graina) 2.20 0.84 9.0 0.05 270. 1100. 1000. 390. 150. 70. 40. 30. 20.
Concrete 2.20 0.67 l.B 0.012
Hlca 1.96 0.88 0.43 0.002
Rubber (hard) 1.19 1.88 0.16 0.001
mp. k, PF c. Y
Metal K W/m'k kg/m 3
kJ/kg -k kJ/kg
18-4
TABLE 18.4. Room temperature total emissivities (source: Ref. 3 7 ) .
18-5
TABLE 18.5. Total emissivities of miscellaneous materials (source; Ref. 3 7 ) .
18-6
TABLE 1 8 . 6 . Electrical r e s i s t i v i t y of sane canon metals (source: Ref. 37).
"Trade mark.
18-7
XABI£ 18.7. Thermal conductivity integrals of miscellaneous materials (source: Hef. 76).
A 7- -2
0 = 7 Ik.) r k = J k d t , W/m x 10
C a p p e r 8 3 t e e l
TeffPr Hi-purity A 1 u Bl i n u m Stain Znconel Soft G l a s s a n d p l a s t i c s H a t e r i a l
K O.F.E i . e . annealed Brass (Pb) 2024-T4 6063-T5 SHE 1020 less (annealed) solder Jlass nylon perspex Constantan Ag s o l d e r
- 3
6 G. 1 166 0.053 0.060 0.,850 0.088 0.0063 0.0133 0.425 2.. 1 1 x 1 0 - 3
0..32 x 1 0 1.18 x 10" 3
0.024 0.059
8 14. 5 382 0.129 0.197 2. 05 0.231 0.0159 0.0348 1.05 4..43 0..B0 2.38 0.066 0.14B
10 2 5 . .2 636 0.229 0.347 3..60 0.431 0.0293 0.0653 1.03 6,. 8 1 1,. 4 8 3.59 0.128 0.26S
15 6 1 . .4 1270 0.594 0.872 9.,00 1.17 0.0816 0.1B2 4.IB 13 . 1 4,,10 6.69 0.375 0.6B8
JO 110 1790 1.12 1.60 16. ,5 2.22 0.163 0.356 6.86 20., 0 0 .23 10.1 0.753 1.25
25 160 2160 1.81 2.51 25. ,8 3.52 0.277 0.592 9.66 27.,9 13. .9 14.4 1.24 1.92
30 22 B 2410 2.65 3.61 36. .5 5.02 0.424 0.B82 12.5 36, ,8 20. ,8 19.6 1.81 2.67
35 285 25BD 3.63 4.91 46. 8 6.74 0.607 1.22 15.3 47. ,1 2 9 . ,0 25.9 2.44 3.52
40 338 2700 4.76 6.41 62. .0 8.67 0.824 1.60 18.1 58. .6 38. .5 33.0 3.12 4.47
50 426 2060 7.36 9.91 89. ,5 13.1 1.35 2.47 23.4 84. .6 60. .4 49.5 4.57 6.62
60 496 2960 10.4 14.1 117 1B.1 1.98 3.45 28.5 115 85. 9 68.3 6.12 9.12
70 554 3030 13.9 IB.9 143 23.6 2.70 4.52 33.6 151 113 BB.5 7.75 12.0
16 5B6 3070 16.2 22.0 158 27.1 3.17 5.19 36.7 175 131 101. 8.75 13.°
90 606 3090 17.7 24.2 167 29.5 3.49 5.66 38. B 194 142 110. 9.43 15.2
90 654 3140 22.0 30.1 190 35.5 4.36 6.85 44.1 240 173 132. 11.1 18.7
100 700 3180 26.5 36.3 211 41.7 5.28 8.06 49.4 292 204 155. 12.8 22.6
120 788 3270 36.5 50.1 253 54.5 7.26 10.6 60.3 40B 269 200. 16.2 31.1
140 874 3360 47.8 65.4 293 67.5 9.39 13.1 71.4 542 336 247. 19.7 40.6
160 956 3440 60.3 82.1 333 80.5 11.7 15.7 82.6 694 405 294. 23.2 51.0
180 1040 3520 ' 73.8 100 373 93.5 14.1 18.3 93.8 050 475 342. 26.9 62.2
200 1120 3600 BB.3 119 413 107 16.6 21.0 105 1030 545 390. 30.6 74.0
290 1320 3800 128 171 513 139 23.4 28.0 133 1500 720 510. 40.6 105
300 1520 4000 172 229 613 172 30.6 35.4 162 1990 895 630. 51.6 138
REFERENCES
R-l
19. W. M. Rohsenow and J. P. Hartnett, Eds., Handbook of Heat Transfer
(McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973).
20. G. E. Myers, A n a l y t i c a l Methods i n Conduction Heat Transfer (McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1 9 7 1 ) .
21. W. M. Kays, Convective Heat and Mass T r a n s f e r (McGraw-Hill, New York,
1966) .
22. J . G. Knudsen and D. L. K a t z , F l u i d Dynamics and Heat Transfer
(McGraw-Hill, New York, 1 9 5 8 ) .
23. W. H. McAdams, Heat T r a n s m i s s i o n , 3rd Ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954).
24. I . I . S h e v t s and E. P. Dyban, "Contact Heat T r a n s f e r Between P l a n e Metal
S u r f a c e s , " I n t . Chem. Eng. ±, 621-241 (1964).
25. H. Fenech and W. H. Rohsenow " P r e d i c t i o n o f Thermal Conductane o f M e t a l l i c
S u r f a c e s i n C o n t a c t , " J . Heat Transfer 8 5 , 1 5 - 2 4 (1963).
26. N. D. F i t z r o y , E d . , Heat T r a n s f e r Data Book (General E l e c t r i c C o . ,
Schenectady, 1970).
27. J . H. VanSant, "Temperature V a r i a t i o n s on t h e S u r f a c e of a S t r i p - H e a t e d
F l a t P l a t e , " J. Heat T r a n s f e r 8 9 , 372-373 (1967).
28. J . H. VanSant, Temperature of a F l a t P l a t e Having A l t e r n a t i n g A d i a b a t i c
and C o n s t a n t Heat Flux S t r i p s on One S i d e , Lawrence Livermore L a b o r a t o r y ,
Livermore, CA, UCRL-7990 (1964).
29. J . H. VanSant, "The Spot I n s u l a t e d P l a t e , " Nuc. Eng. Design 8_, 247-250
(1968).
30. N. R. Des Ruisseau and R. D. Z e r k l e , "Temperature i n S e m i - I n f i n i t e and
C y l i n d r i c a l B o d i e s S u b j e c t e d t o Moving Heat S o u r c e s and S u r f a c e C o o l i n g , "
J . Heat Transfer 92., 456-464 (1970) .
31. K. Kotan and 0 . A. Arnar, "On t h e O p t i m i z a t i o n of t h e D e s i g n Parameters of
P a r a b o l i c R a d i a t i n g F i n s , " ASME Paper 65-HT-42 (1965).
32. M. J . P a s c u a l , S. D. B e c k , and J . E. Zweig, Temperature F i e l d In a S l a b
C o n t a i n i n g An I n s u l a t i n g F i l a m e n t , W a t e r v l i e t A r s e n a l , W a t e r v l i e t , N.Y.,
WVT-6511 ( 1 9 6 5 ) .
33. K. O. B e a t t y , J r . and A. A. Armstrong, The Measurement of Thermal
P r o p e r t i e s o f N o n m e t a l l i c M a t e r i a l s a t E l e v a t e d Temperatures, U . S . Atomic
Energy Coram., Oak R i d g e , TN, ORO-170 ( 1 9 5 6 ) .
34. R. G. W a t t s , "Temperature D i s t r i b u t i o n s i n S o l i d and Hollow C y l i n d e r s Due
t o a Moving C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l Ring Heat S o u r c e , " J . Heat Transfer 9 1 ,
465-470 (1969).
R-2
35. Y. S. T o u l o u k i a n , e t a l . , Thermophysical P r o p e r t i e s o f M a t t e r , V o l s . 1,
2, 4 & 5 (IFI/Plenum, New York, 1 9 7 0 ) .
36. A. P a r r i s h , E d . , Mechanical E n g i n e e r ' s R e f e r e n c e Book, 11th Ed. (CRC
Press, Cleveland, 1973).
37. R. C. W e a s t , E d . , Handbook of Chemistry and P h y s i c s , 55th Ed. (CRC P r e s s ,
Cleveland, 1974).
38. T. B a u m e i s t e r , Ed., Standard Handbook for Mechanical E n g i n e e r s , 7 t h Ed.
(McGraw-Hill, New York, 1 9 6 7 ) .
39. T. Lyman, E d . , Metals Handbook 8 t h E d . , V o l . 1 , " P r o p e r t i e s and S e l e c t i o n
of M e t a l s " (American S o c i e t y f o r M e t a l s , M e t a l s Park, OH, 1 9 6 1 ) .
40. D. M. T e l l e p , Temperature R e s p o n s e of Thin S k i n s Under Low Heat F l u x
C o n d i t i o n s , Lockheed M i s s i l e s and Space C o . , S u n n y v a l e , CA, IAD 3 4 9 ,
(1958).
41. M. P. H e i s l e r , "Temperature Charts for I n t e r n a l Heat G e n e r a t i o n , " T r a n s .
ASME 7B_, 1187-1192 (1956).
42. W. H. H o l t e r and J . H. G r o v e r , " I n s u l a t i o n Temperature for the T r a n s i e n t
Heating of an I n s u l a t e d I n f i n i t e Metal S l a b , " J . ARS 3 0 , 907-908 (1960).
43. J . H. Grover and W. H. H o l t e r , " S o l u t i o n o f t h e T r a n s i e n t Heat Conduction
Equation f o r an I n s u l a t e d I n f i n i t e Metal S l a b , " J e t P r o p u l s i o n 2 7 ,
1249-1252 (1957).
44. R. D. Z e r k l e and J . E. S u n d e r l a n d , "The T r a n s i e n t Temperature D i s t r i b u t i o n
i n a S l a b S u b j e c t t o Thermal R a d i a t i o n , " J„ Heat T r a n s f e r 87, 1 1 7 - 1 3 3
(1965) .
45. D. L. A y e r s , "Transient C o o l i n g o f a Sphere i n S p a c e , " J . Heat T r a n s f e r
92, 180-182 (1970).
46. N. K o n o p l i v and E. M. Sparrow, "Transient Heat Conduction i n
Nonhomogeneous S p h e r i c a l S y s t e m s , " Warme-und S l o f f u b e r t r a g i i n g 3 , 1 9 7 - 2 1 0
(1970).
47. A. B. Newman, "The Temperature-Time R e l a t i o n s R e s u l t i n g From t h e
E l e c t r i c a l Heating of t h e F a c e of a S l a b , " T r a n s . AICHE 3_» 598-613 (1934).
48. M. D. Mikhaylow, "Transient Temperature F i e l d s i n S h e l l s , " NASA,
Washington D . C . , TT F - 5 5 2 , ( 1 9 6 9 ) .
49. C. D. C o u l b e r t e t a l . . Temperature Response o f I n f i n i t e P l a t e and S l a b s
t o Heat I n p u t s of Short D u r a t i o n a t One S u r f a c e , D e p t . E n g . , U n i v . Calif.,
Los A n g e l e s (1951).
R-3
J . A. Kuhn, Temperature D i s t r i b u t i o n i n a F i n i t e S l a b Caused by a Heat
Rate of the Form q(6)=(g /2) (1-Cos 0)6), Lockheed M i s s i l e s and
R-4
65. D. R. Burnett, "Transient Temperature Measurement Errors in Heated Slabs
for Thermocouples Located at the Insulated Surfaces," J. Heat Transfer 83,
505-506 (1961).
66. J. J. Brogan and P. J. Scheider, "Heat Conduction in a Series Composite
Wall," J. Heat Transfer 83, 506-507 (1961).
67. M. R. El-Saden, "Heat Conduction in an Eccentrically Hollow Infinitely
Long Cylinder with Internal Heat Generation," J. Heat Transfer 83, 510-512
(1961).
68. R. S. Fairall, R. A. Belcher, "Unsteady-State Heat Transfer in Solids with
Radiation at One Boundary," J. Heat Transfer 84, 266-267 (1962).
69. Y. T. Tsui and F. K. Tsou, "Ratio of Radial to Total Heat Flow in a
Circular Rod," J. Heat Transfer 85, 285-286 (1963).
70. G. Horvay and M. Dacosta, "Temperature Distribution in a Cylindrical Rod
Moving From a Chamber at One Temperature to a Chamber at Another
Temperature," J. Heat Transfer 86, 265-270 (1964).
71. F. Jackson, "Moving Heat Sources with Change of Phase," J. Heat Transfer
87., 329-339 (1965).
72. A. Hiji-Sheikh and E. M. Sparrow, "Transient Heat Conducti.on in a Prolate
Spheroidal Solid," J. Heat Transfer 88, 331-333 (1966).
73. J. C. Rowley and J. B. Payne, "Steady State Temperature Solution for a
Heat Generating Circular Cylinder Cooled by a Ring of Holes," J. Heat
Transfer Stf, 531-536 (1964).
74. A. V. Luikov, Analytical Heat Diffusion Theory (Academic Press, Mew York,
1968).
75. R. B. Stewart and V. J. Johnson, A Compendium of the Properties of
Materials at Low Temperatures, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder,
WADD Tech Report 60-56, Part IV (1961).
76. Handbook on Materials for Superconducting Machinery (Metals and Ceramics
Information Center, Battelle, Columbus, Jan. 1977).
77. K. J. Mody and M. N. Ozisik, "Melting of a Semi-Infinite Solid with
Non-Linear Heat Transfer at the Boundary," Letters in Heat and Mass
Transfer, 2, 487-494 (1975).
78. B. T. F. Chung and L. T. Yeh, "Freezing and Melting of Materials with
Variable Properties and Arbitrary Heat Fluxes," AIAA Journ., 14, No. 3,
388-390 (1976).
R-5
79. E. Hahne and V. Grigull, "Formfaktor Und Form-widerstand Der Stationaren
Mehrdimensionalen Warmeleltung," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 18,
751-767 (1975).
80. A. A. Irlev, "Steady State Heat Conduction in an Eccentric Annulus,"
Heat Transfer-Soviet Research, J3, no. 3, 164-171 (1976).
81. A. Muzzio, "Approximate Solution for Corrective Fins with Variable
Thermal Conductivity," J. Heat Transfer, 680-682 (1976).
82. J. J. Brogan and P. J. Schneider, "Heat Conduction in a Series Composite
Wall," J. Heat Transfer, 506-508, Nov. 1961.
83. C. Kippenham and D. F. Schnell, "A Note on Heat Transfer Through Sheet
Fins," J. Heat Transfer, 293-295 (1964).
84. G. C. Sin, "Heat Conduction in the Infinite Medium with Lines of
Discontinuities," J. Heat Transfer, 293-298 (1965).
85. W. Fagan and S. Leipziger, "Nonuniform Cooling of a Heat-Generating
Cylinder or Sphere," J. Heat Transfer, 257-264, Aug. 1966.
86. G. E. Schneider, "Thermal Resistance of a Cylinder with Two Diametrically
Opposite, Symmetrical Isothermal Caps," J. Heat Transfer, 465-467, 1975.
87. E. I. Griggs, D. R. Pitts, and A. B. Goyal, "Conductive Shape Factors for
a Circular Cylinder Centered in a Rectangular Slab Having One and Two
Adiabatic Surfaces," J. Heat Transfer, 129-130 (1973).
88. R. A. Schmitz, "Heat Flux Through a Strip Heated Flat Plate," J. Heat
Transfer, 201-202 (1970).
89. A. M. Poindexter, "Temperature Charts for Simple Shapes in a Linearly
Changing Environment," J. Heat Transfer, 562-564 (1970).
90. F. M. Young and C. R. Savino, "Time-Temperature Charts for One-Dimensional
Conduction with Uniform Internal Heat Generation," J. Heat Transfer,
207-210 (1970).
91. P. J. Smith and J. Sucec, "Efficiency of Circular Fins of Triangular
Profile," J. Heat Transfer, 181-182 (1969).
92. J. H. Van Sant, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, unpublished work.