CLASS –XI MATHEMATICS NCERT SOLUTIONS

Limits & Derivatives

Exercise 13.1
Answers

1. lim x + 3 = 3 + 3 = 6
x →3

 22   22 
2. lim  x −  =  π − 
x→ p
 7   7 
lim π r 2 = π × (1) = π
2
3.
r →1

4 x + 3 4 × 4 + 3 19
4. lim = =
x→4 x − 2 4−2 2
x10 + x5 + 1 ( −1) + ( −1) + 1 1 − 1 + 1 −1
10 5

5. lim = = =
x →−1 x −1 −1 − 1 −2 2
( x + 1) −1  ( x + 1) − 1
5 5
0
6. lim =  form  =
x →0 x 0  ( x + 1) − 1
Putting x + 1 = y, as x → 0, y → 1
( y) −1
5

= 5 × (1) = 5 ×1 = 5
5 −1
∴ lim
y →0 y −1

7. lim
3x 2 − x − 10  0
form

= lim
( x − 2 )( 3x + 5 ) = lim ( 3x + 5 ) = 6 + 5 = 11
x→2 x 2 − 4  0  x →2 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x→2 ( x + 2 ) 2+2 4

8. lim 2
x 4 − 81
= lim
( x 2 + 9 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
= lim
( x 2 + 9 ) ( x + 3)
x →3 2 x − 5 x − 3 x →3 ( x − 3)( 2 x + 1) x →3 ( 2 x + 1)
=
( 9 + 9 )( 3 + 3) = 18 × 6 = 108
( 2 × 3 + 1) 7 7
ax + b a × 0 + b
9. lim = =b
x → 0 cx + 1 c × 0 +1
2
 16   16  16 
 z  − (1)  z + 1 z − 1
2
1
z 3 −1  0  = lim  z 6 + 1
1
    
10. lim 1
z →1  0 form = lim
 z →1 1
= lim
z →1 1 z →1
 
z −1
6
z −1
6
z −1
6  
1
= (1) 6 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2

ax 2 + bx + c a (1) + b (1) + c
2
a+b+c
11. lim 2 = = =1
x →1 cx + bx + a
c (1) + b (1) + a c+b+a
2

1 1 x+2
+
x+2 1 1 1 −1
12. lim x 2 = lim 2 x = lim × = lim = =
x →−2 x + 2 x →−2 x + 2 x →−2 2 x x + 2 x →−2 2 x 2 × ( −2 ) 4

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in

Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks
 sin ax  sin ax ax  a sin ax a a
13. lim = lim  ×  = lim = ×1 =
x →0 bx x → 0
 ax bx  b x → 0 ax b b
   
sin ax  sin ax 1   sin ax 1 ax 
14. lim = lim  × ax ×  = lim  × × 
x → 0 sin bx x →0
 ax sin bx x →0 ax sin bx bx 
× bx  
 bx   bx 
 
a  sin ax 1  a a
= lim  ×  = × 1× 1 =
b x →0  ax sin bx  b b
 bx 
sin (π − x )  0 
15. lim  form 
x →π π ( π − x )
0 
Putting x = π + y as x → π , y → 0
sin (π − π − y ) sin ( − y ) − sin y 1 sin y 1 1
= lim = lim = lim = lim = ×1 =
y →0 π (π − π − y ) y →0 −π y y → 0 −π y π y → 0 y π π
cos x cos 0 1
16. lim = =
x →0 π − x π −0 π
2
 x x
 2sin cos 
cos 2 x − 1 1 − cos 2 x 2
= lim 
2sin x 2 2
17. lim = lim = lim
x → 0 cos x − 1 x → 0 1 − cos x x→0 x x → 0 x
2sin 2 2sin 2
2 2
x x
4sin 2 cos 2
= lim 2 2 = lim 4 cos 2 x = 4 x 1 = 4
x →0 x x→0 2
2sin 2
2
 
ax + x cos x  0   ax x cos x  a 1 1 
18. lim form  = lim  +  = lim  × + 
x →0 b sin x  0  x →0  b sin x b sin x  x →0  b sin x b sin x 
 x x cos x 
 
a 1 1  a 1 a +1
= lim  × + = + =
x →0 b
 sin x b tan x  b b b
 x x 
1 x 0
19. lim x sec x = lim x = lim = =0
x →0 x →0 cos x x →0 cos x 1
sin ax + bx  0 
20. lim form 
x → 0 ax + sin bx  0
 
Dividing numerator and denominator by ax,

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in

Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks
 sin ax bx sin ax bx b
+ + 1+
= lim ax ax = lim ax ax = a =1
x →0 ax sin bx x → 0 ax sin bx bx b
+ + × 1+
ax ax ax bx ax a
 1 cos x  1 − cos x
21. Given: lim ( cos ec x − cot x ) = lim  −  = lim
x →0

x → 0 sin x sin x  x →0 sin x
x x
2sin 2 sin
= lim 2 = lim 2 = lim tan x = 0
x →0 x x x → 0 x x →0 2
2sin cos cos
2 2 2
tan 2 x  0 
22. Given: lim  form 
π π 0 
2 x−
x→

2
π π
Putting x = + y as x → , y → 0
2 2
π 
tan 2  + y 
= lim 2  = lim tan (π + 2 y ) = lim tan 2 y = lim tan 2 y × 2 = 1 x 2 = 2
y →0 π π y →0 y y →0 y y →0 2y
+ y−
2 2
2 x + 3 x≤0
23. Given: f ( x ) = 
3 ( x + 1) x>0
Now lim f ( x ) = lim 2 x + 3 = 2 x 0 + 3 = 3
x →0 x →0

And lim f ( x ) = lim 3 ( x + 1) = 3 (1 + 1) = 3 x 2 = 6

x →1 x →1

 x − 1
2
x ≤1
24. Given: f ( x) =  2
− x − 1 x >1
L.H.L. lim f ( x ) = lim− ( x 2 − 1)
x →1− x →1

Putting x = 1 − h as x → 1, h → 0
lim (1 − h ) − 1 = lim 1 + h 2 − 2h − 1 = ( 0 ) − 2 × 0 = 0
2
∴
2

h →0   h →0
R.H.L. lim f ( x ) = lim+ ( − x 2 − 1)
x →1+ x →1

Putting x = 1 + h as x → 1, h → 0
lim  − (1 + h ) − 1 = lim  −1 − h 2 − 2h − 1 = − ( 0 ) − 2 × 0 = −2
2
∴
2

h→ 0   h →0
x
 x≠0
25. Given: f ( x) =  x
0 x=0


Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in

Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks
 x
L.H.L. lim− f ( x ) = lim−
x →0 x →0 x

Putting x = 0 − h as x → 0, h → 0
0−h −h h
∴ lim = lim = lim = −1
h →0 0 − h h →0 − h h →0 − h

x
R.H.L. lim+ f ( x ) = lim+
x →0 x →0 x

Putting x = 0 + h as x → 0, h → 0
0+h h h
∴ lim = lim = lim = 1
h →0 0 + h h →0 h h→0 h

Here, L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L.

Therefore, this limit does not exist at x = 1.
x
x x≠0
26. Given: f ( x) = 
0 x=0

x
L.H.L. lim− f ( x ) = lim−
x →0 x →0 x
Putting x = 0 − h as x → 0, h → 0
0−h −h −h
∴ lim = lim = lim = −1
h →0 0−h h →0 − h h →0 h

x
R.H.L. lim+ f ( x ) = lim+
x →0 x →0 x
Putting x = 0 + h as x → 0, h → 0
0+h h h
∴ lim = lim = lim = 1
h →0 0+h h →0 h h→0 h

Here, L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L.

Therefore, this limit does not exist at x = 0.
27. Given: f ( x) = x − 5
L.H.L. lim f ( x ) = lim− x − 5
x →5− x →5

Putting x = 5 − h as x → 5, h → 0
∴ lim 5 − h − 5 = lim 5 − h − 5 = lim ( −h ) = 0
h →0 h →0 h →0

R.H.L. lim f ( x ) = lim+ x − 5

x →5+ x →5

Putting x = 5 + h as x → 5, h → 0
∴ lim 5 + h − 5 = lim 5 + h − 5 = lim h = 0
h →0 h →0 h →0

Here, L.H.L. = R.H.L.

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in

Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks
 Therefore, this limit exists at and x = 5 lim− f ( x ) = 0.
x →5

a + bx x <1

28. Given: f ( x) =  4 x = 1 and lim f ( x ) = f (1)
x →1
b − ax x >1

⇒ lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (1) = 4
x →1− x →1

⇒ lim f ( x ) = 4 and lim f ( x ) = 4 ……… (i)

x →1− x →1+

Now lim f ( x ) = lim− ( a + bx )

x →1− x →1

Putting x = 1 − h as x → 1, h → 0
∴ lim  a + b (1 − h )  = lim [ a + b − bh ] = a + b ……….(ii)
h→0 h →0

Again lim f ( x ) = lim+ ( b − ax )

x →1+ x →1

Putting x = 1 + h as x → 1, h → 0
∴ lim b − a (1 + h )  = lim [b − a − ah] = b − a ……….(ii)
h→0 h →0

Putting values from eq. (ii) and (iii) in eq. (i), we get
a + b = 4 and b − a = 4
On solving these equation, we get a = 0 and b = 4
29. Given: f ( x ) = ( x − a1 )( x − a2 ) .... ( x − an )
Now lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − a1 )( x − a2 ) .... ( x − an ) = ( a1 − a1 )( a1 − a2 ) .... ( a1 − an )
x → a1 x → a1

= 0 × ( a1 − a2 ) .... ( a1 − an ) = 0
Also lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − a1 )( x − a2 ) .... ( x − an ) = ( a − a1 )( a − a2 ) .... ( a − an )
x →a x→a

 x +1 x<0 − x +1 x<0
 
30. Given: f ( x) =  0 x=0 ⇒ f ( x) =  0 x=0
 x −1 x>0 x −1 x>0
 
∴ lim f ( x ) exists for all a ≠ 0.
x →0

Now L.H.L. lim− f ( x ) = lim− x + 1

x →0 x →0

Putting x = 0 − h as x → 0, h → 0
∴ lim 0 − h + 1 = lim − h + 1 = lim h + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
h →0 h →0 h →0

Also R.H.L. lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x − 1

x →0 x →0

Putting x = 0 + h as x → 0, h → 0
∴ lim 0 + h − 1 = lim h − 1 = lim h − 1 = 0 − 1 = −1
h →0 h →0 h →0

Here, L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L.

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in

Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks
 Therefore, this limit does not exist.
lim ( x 2 − 1) = (1) − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
2
31. Since
x →1

f ( x) − 2
∴ lim =π ⇒ lim  f ( x ) − 2  = 0
x →1 x2 −1 x →1

⇒ lim f ( x ) = 2
x →1

32. Both lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) exist.

x →0 x →1

∴ lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x )

x → 0− x →0 x →1− x →1

lim f ( x ) = lim− ( mx 2 + n ) = lim  m ( 0 − h ) + n  = lim  mh 2 + n  = n

2
Now
x → 0− x→0 h →0   h →0
And lim f ( x ) = lim+ ( nx + m ) = lim  n ( 0 + h ) + m  = lim [ nh + m] = m
x → 0+ x →0 h →0 h →0

∴ lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) ⇒ n=m ……….(i)

x → 0− x →0

Therefore, for lim f ( x ) exists we need m = n.

x →0

Again lim f ( x ) = lim− ( nx + m ) = lim  n (1 − h ) + m  = lim [ n − nh + m ] = n + m

x →1− x →1 h→ 0 h →0

lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( nx 3 + m ) = lim  n (1 + h ) + m  = lim  n (1 + h3 + 3h 2 + 3h ) + m  = n + m

3
And
x →1 x →1 h →0   h →0
∴ lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) ⇒ n+m = n+m
x → 0− x →0

Therefore, lim f ( x ) exists for any integral value of m and n.

x →0

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in

Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks