THREADS

Thread is a continuous helical groove of specified cross-

section produced on the external or internal surface. A
screw thread formed on a cylinder is known as straight or
parallel screw thread, while screw thread formed on a cone
or frustum is known as tapered screw thread.

Axis of a thread: This is an imaginary line running

longitudinally through the centre of the screw.

Crest: Crest of thread is the top most surface joining the

two sides.

Root: Root of thread is the bottom of the groove between the

two flanks.

Flank: Flank of thread are straight edges which connect the

crest with root of thread.

Pitch: Pitch of a thread is the distance measured parallel

to the axis from a point on a thread to the corresponding
points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane and
on the same side of axis.

Depth of thread: Depth of a thread is the distance between

the crest and root of the thread.

Major diameter: It is an imaginary largest diameter of

thread which would touch the crests of internal or external
thread.
Minor diameter: It is an imaginary smallest diameter of
thread which would touch the roots of an external thread.
Pitch diameter: It is a theoretical diameter between the
major and minor diameter of screw threads.

Helix angle: On straight thread, it is the angle made by the

helix of the thread at the pitch line with the axis.

Lead angle: On straight thread, it is the angle made by the

helix of the thread at the pitch line with plane
perpendicular to the axis. Lead angle is measured in an
axial plane.

Flank angle: Flank angle is the angle made by the flank of a

thread with the perpendicular to the axis of a thread.

Included angle: Included angle is the angle between the

flanks or slope of the thread measured in an axial plane.

The lead: It is the distance the nut moves parallel to the

screw axis when the nut is given one turn. For a single
thread as shown in the figure above, the lead is the same as
the pitch of the screw thread.

The tensile stress area ( 𝐴𝑇 ) is the area of an unthreaded

rod with the same tensile strength as a threaded rod. It is
the effective area of a threaded rod to be used for stress
calculations. The diameter of this unthreaded rod is the
average of the pitch diameter and the minor diameter of the
threaded rod.

Thread Conventions

Different Types of Thread Profiles:

1. Square Threads
2. V-Threads
3. ACME Threads
4. Buttress Threads
5. Whitworth Threads
1.) Square Threads

2.) V-Threads

3.) ACME Threads

4.) Buttress Threads

5.) Whitworth Threads

Standardization:

 The American National (Unified) thread standard defines

basic thread geometry for uniformity and
interchangeability

 American National (Unified) thread

 UN normal thread
 UNR greater root radius for fatigue applications

 Metric thread
 M series (normal thread)
 MJ series (greater root radius)

 Coarse series UNC

 General assembly
 Frequent disassembly
 Not good for vibrations
 The “normal” thread to specify
 Fine series UNF
 Good for vibrations
 Good for adjustments
 Automotive and aircraft

 Extra Fine series UNEF

 Good for shock and large vibrations
 High grade alloy
 Instrumentation
 Aircraft

Basic profile for metric M and MJ threads:

Visible screw threads - For visible screw threads, the

crests of threads should be defined by a continuous thick
line (type A), and the roots of threads by a continuous thin
line (type B).

Hidden screw threads - For hidden screw threads, the crests

and the roots should be defined by dashed lines.

Sections of threaded parts – For threaded parts shown in

section, hatching should be extended to the line defining
the crest of the thread.
METRIC THREAD STANDARDS

Identification for a metric, coarse, external thread:

M 8 × 1.25 - 4 g 6 g
External Major Diameter

Tolerance Grade

External Pitch Diameter

Tolerance Grade

Pitch

Major Diameter

Metric
UNIFIED THREAD STANDARDS

Identification for a Unified, coarse, internal thread:

𝟏
- 20 × UNC - 2 A
𝟒
External Thread

Class Of Fit

Coarse Thread Series

Unified Thread Form

Threads per inch

Outside Diameter

Identification for a Unified, coarse, External thread:

𝟏
𝟒
- 20 × UNC - 2 B
Internal Thread

Class Of Fit

Coarse Thread Series

Unified Thread Form

Threads per inch

Outside Diameter
STRESS INDUCED IN BOLTS
1. Shear Stress (torsional in the root of the threaded
portion)
16T
Ss =
π Di 3

Where:

Di = Inside Diameter, mm or in
T = Torque, N-mm or lb-in
SS = Shearing Stress, Mpa or psi
2. Tensile Stress (at the root or stress area)
Fa Fa
St = =
Ar As

Where:

Fa = Applied Load, N or lb
Ar = Root Area, mm2 or in2
As = Stress Area, mm2 or in2
St = Tensile Stress, Mpa or psi
3. Compression Stress (at the threads)
Fa
Sc = π
(D −Di 2 )NT
4 o
2

Where:

NT = No. of Threads
Do = Outside Diameter, mm or in
Di = Inside Diameter, mm or in
 Fa = Applied Load, N or lb
Sc = Compressive Stress, Mpa or psi
4. Shear Stress (simple on the threads at the root)
Fa
Ss =
π 𝐷𝑖 𝑡 𝑁𝑇

Where:

NT = No. of Threads
Do = Outside Diameter, mm or in
Di = Inside Diameter, mm or in
Fa = Applied Load, N or lb
Ss = Shear Stress, Mpa or psi
5. For Practical Design
A. From Vallance

Sw = C Ar 0.418
Where:

Sw = Permissible Working Stress, psi

Ar = Stress Area (vallance), mm2 or in2
C = Bolt Constant
= 1000 for bronze
= 5000 for carbon steel
= 1500 for alloy steel
B. From Faires
Sy
Sd = As 0.50
6
Where:

Sd = Design Tensile Stress, psi

Sy = Yield Strength in tension, psi
As = Stress Area, mm2 or in2
Note: 6 is not a factor of safety
6. Applied Load
A. From Vallance

Fa = C Ar1.418
Where:

Fa = Applied Load, lb
Ar = Stress Area (vallance), mm2 or in2
C = Bolt Constant
= 1000 for bronze
= 5000 for carbon steel
= 1500 for alloy steel
B. From Faires
Sy
Fe = As1.50
6
Where:

Fe = Tensile Load (faires), psi

Sy = Yield Strength in tension, psi
As = Stress Area, mm2 or in2
Note: 6 is not a factor of safety

7. Working Strength of the Bolt

W = St [0.55d2 -0.25d]
Where:
W = Working Strength, lb
St = Allowable Working Stress, psi
d = Bolt Diameter, in
8. Bolt Spacing
π Dbc
Z =
NT

Where:
Z = Bolt Spacing
Dbc = Bolt Circle Diameter, in
NT = Total Number of Bolts
9. Bolt Circle Diameter

Dbc = Di + 2Db
Where:

Di = Inside Diameter of the Cylinder, mm or in

Dbc = Bolt Circle Diameter, in
Db = Bolt Diameter, mm or in
10. Depth Tap
A. For Brittle Materials
h = 1.5D
B. For Steel (Vallance)
h = 1.25D
C. For Steel/Wrought Iron (Faires)
h = D
Where:
 D = Nominal Diameter, mm or in
h = Depth of Tap, mm or in
11. Initial Torque
A. From Vallance

T = 0.20Fa D
B. From Faires

T = 0.20Fi D

T = 0.15Fi D
Where:

Fa = Applied Load, N or lb
Fi = Initial Tension, N or lb
D = Nominal Diameter, mm or in
T = Torque, N-mm or lb-in
0.15 = Constant for Lubricated
0.20 = Constant for as received
12. Initial Tension

Fi = 1600D
Where:

Fi = Initial Tension, N or lb
D = Nominal Diameter, mm or in
Note:
a. Conservative Design uses root diameter in calculation the
area handling the load.
b. Latest design uses the stress area as the area handling
load.
13. Bolt Elongation

δb = (lead)(number of turns)
POWER SCREW
1. Torque Required to Overcome Collar Friction
Dm ro +ri
Tf = fc W( ) = fc W( )
2 2
Where:

fc = Coefficient of Friction on Collar

W = Load, N or lb
ro = Outside Radius, mm or in
ri = Inside Radius, mm or in
Dm = Mean Diameter, mm or in
Tf = Frictional Torque, N-mm or lb-in
2. Torque Applied to Turn the Screw
A.For Square Threads
a.1.Raising the load
WDm tanα+f
Tf = [ ]
2 1−f tanα
a.2.Lowering the Load
WDm tanα−f
Tf = [ ]
2 1+f tanα
Where:

α = Lead Angle, deg

f = Coefficient of Friction
Dm = Mean Diameter, in
W = Load, lb
Tf = Frictional Torque on the Threads, lb-in
B.For ACME Threads
b.1.Raising the load
WDm 0.968tanα+f
Tf = [ ]
2 0.968−f tanα
b.2.Lowering the Load
WDm 0.968tanα−f
Tf = [ ]
2 0.968+f tanα
Where:

α = Lead Angle, deg

f = Coefficient of Friction
Dm = Mean Diameter, in
W = Load, lb
Tf = Frictional Torque on the Threads, lb-in
C.For Trapezoidal Threads
c.1.Raising the load
 WDm 0.966tanα+f
Tf = [ ]
2 0.966−f tanα
c.2.Lowering the Load
WDm 0.966tanα−f
Tf = [ ]
2 0.966+f tanα
Where:

α = Lead Angle, deg

f = Coefficient of Friction
Dm = Mean Diameter, in
W = Load, lb
Tf = Frictional Torque on the Threads, lb-in
D.For American Standard Threads
d.1.Raising the load
WDm 0.866tanα+f
Tf = [ ]
2 0.866−f tanα
c.2.Lowering the Load
WDm 0.866tanα−f
Tf = [ ]
2 0.866+f tanα
Where:

α = Lead Angle, deg

f = Coefficient of Friction
Dm = Mean Diameter, in
W = Load, lb
Tf = Frictional Torque on the Threads, lb-in
3. Total Torque Required to Operate the Screw

T = Tf + Tc
Where:

T = Total Torque, N-mm or lb-in

Tf = Frictional Torque on the Threads, lb-in
Tc = Frictional Torque on the Collar, lb-in
4. Power Input if the Screw

Pi = 2 𝜋 T N
Where:

T = Total Torque, N-mm or lb-in

N = Rotative Speed, rpm or rps
Pi = Power Input, kW or Hp
5. Power Output of the Screw

Po = W V
Where:
W = Load, N or lb
V = Velocity, m/s or ft/s
Po = Power Output, kW or Hp
6. Efficiency
Po WV
e = =
Pi 2πTN

Where:
W = Load, N or lb
V = Velocity, m/s or ft/s
T = Total Torque, N-mm or lb-in
N = Rotative Speed, rpm or rps
Pi = Power Input, kW or Hp
Po = Power Output, kW or Hp
7. Linear Velocity
V = N L
Where:
V = Velocity, m/s or ft/s
N = Rotative Speed, rpm or rps
L = Lead, mm or in
8. Lead Angle
L
α = tan−1 (πD )
m

Where:
L = Lead, mm or in
Dm = Meam Diameter, mm or in
α = Lead Angle, deg
9. Lead
L = P (for single thread)
L = 2P (for double thread)
L = 3P (for triple thread)
Where:
L = Lead, mm or in
P = Pitch, mm or in
10. Outside Diameter
L
Do = Di +
2
Where:
 L = Lead, mm or in
Di = Inside Diameter, mm or in
Do = Outside Diameter, mm or in
FROM MACHINERIES HANDBOOK
11. Screw Diameter
1
50(Hp) 2.3
d = [ ]
DN
Where:
d = Screw Diameter, in
Hp = Horsepower, Hp
D = Shaft Diameter, in
N = Rotative Speed, rpm
12. Trasmitted Power

D 4
Hp = ( ) N
4.6
Where:
D = Shaft Diameter, in
N = Rotative Speed, rpm
13. Shaft Diameter

L 1.5
D = ( )
8.95
Where:
L = Length, ft
D = Diameter, in

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
2
1. If the pitch of screw is , find the thread per inch.
9
Given:
2
P =
9
Solution
1
P =
no.of threads per inch
2 1
=
9 no.of threads per inch
9
No. of threads per inch =
2
No. of threads per inch = 4.5

2. What is the working strength of a 2 inches bolt which is

screwed up tightly in a pack joint when the allowable
working stress is 12,000 psi?
Given
D = 2 inches
W = 12,000 psi
Solution

W = St (0.55d2 - 0.25d)

12,000 = St (0.55(2) – 0.25(2))

St = 20,400 lbs
3
3. Compute how many inch diameter set screws required to
8
transmit 3 HP at a shaft speed of 1000 rpm. The shaft
diameter is 1 inch.
Given
3
Set screw diameter =
8
P = 3 HP
N = 1000 rpm
Shaft diameter = 1 inch
Solution DNd2.3
DN
HP = d2.3
50
(1)(1000)
HP = 3/82.3
50

HP = 2.09 hp per set screw

3 hp
No.of set screws =
2.09 hp per set screws

= 1.43 say 2 set screws

4. An eyebolt is lifting a block weighing 350 lbs. the

eyebolt is of SAE C1040 material. Su = 67 ksi and Sy = 55
ksi. What is the stress area of the bolt if it is under the
unified coarse series thread?
Given
Fe = 350 lbs

Su = 67 ksi = 67,000 psi

Sy = 55 ksi = 55,000 psi
Solution
Sy
Fe = As1.5
6
55,000
350 = As1.5
6

As = .1134 in2

5. What is the frictional HP acting on a collar loaded with

100 kg weight? The collar has an outside diameter of 100mm
and internal diameter of 40mm. The collar rotates at 1000
rpm and coefficient of friction between the collar and the
pivot surface is 0.15.
Given
W = 100 kg
Fc = 0.15
N = 1000 rpm
Do = 100 mm

Di = 40 mm
Solution
fcW(ro +ri ) 0.15(100x0.00981)(0.05+0.02)
T = frictional torque = =
2 2
T = .00515 kN-m
P = 2πTN
P = 2π(.00515)(1000)
1 HP
P = .539 KW x = 0.723 HP
0.746KW

6. A 2 inch single threaded, square screw has a TPI of 2 and

coefficient of friction of 0.2. What is the efficiency?
Given
D = 2 inch
TPI = 2
f = 0.2
Solution
 1 1
Pitch = = = 0.5 inch per tooth
TPI 2
0.5
Depth = = 0.25 in
2

Dm = 2 – 0.25 = 1.75 in
P 0.5
Tan ø = = = 0.091
πDm π(1.75)

Tan ø(1−f Tan ø) 0.09(1−0.2(0.091))

e = = = 30.7%
Tan ø+f 0.091+0.2

7. A double thread acme screw driven by a motor at 400 rpm

raises the attached load of 900 kg at a speed of 10 meters
per minute. The screw has a pitch diameter of 36mm. the
coefficient of friction on threads is 0.15. the friction
torque on the thrust bearing of the motor is taken as 20% of
the total torque input. Determine the motor power required
to operate the screw.
Given
N = 400 rpm
W = 900 kg
v = 10 m/min
Dp = 36 mm
f = 0.15

Tf = 20%T
Solution
Solving for the lead
V 10
N = = 400 =
lead lead
Lead = 25mm
lead 25
Tan x = = = 0.221
πDm π(36)

Solving for the torque required to raise the load:

WDm cos ∅tanx+f
T = ( )
2 cos∅−ftanx

Where ∅ = 14.5° for a standard acme thread

900(.036) cos14.5°(0.221)+0.15
T = ( ) = 6.306 kg-m
2 cos14.5°−0.15(0.221)

Total torque = 6.306 + 0.20T

T = 7.8825 = 7.8825(0.00981)=0.077327

Power =2πTN = 2π(0.077327)(400/60)= 3.239 KW

8. A 12 cm x 16 cm air compressor is operating with a

maximum pressure of 10 kg/cm2 there are 5 bolts with a yield
stress of 4500 kg/cm2 with a flange pressure of 100 kg/cm2.
Determine the size of UNF bolts in inches
Given
12 x 16 compressor
P = 10 kg/cm2
n = 5
Sy = 4500 kg/cm2
Pf = 100 kg/cm2
Solution
F = force on the cylinder head
π
= P x A = 10 ( )(122)=1131kg
4
Load per bolt = 1131/5 = 226.2 kg
Sy
Fe = As1.5
6

Where:
Fe = 226.2x2.205 = 499lbs
Sy = 4500x2.205x 2.542 = 64,016 psi
64,016
499 = As1.5
6

As = 0.1298 in2
From table AT14,p.588,Faires
Size of UNF bolts =1/2 inch

9. Two 70-mm sellers standard square and a single threaded

screw with a pitch of 10mm are used to raise and lower a
hydraulic gate weighing 550 kN. A 570 rpm electric motor
operates the screws. The coefficient of collar and thread
friction are 0.03 and 0.13 respectively. The mean diameter
of the collar is 100mm. if the gate rises at the rate of 650
mm/min, determine the rpm of the scews
Needed given
L = P = 12mm
S = 650 mm/min
Solution
S 650
Rotative speed of screws = = = 65 rpm
L 10

10. A single square thread power screw is to raise a load of

70kN. The screw has a major diameter of 36 mm and a pitch of
6mm. The coefficient of thread friction and collar friction
are 0.13 and 0.10 respectively. If the collar mean diameter
is 90mm and the screw turns at 60 rpm, find the combined
efficiency of screw and collar.
Given
W = 70 kN
D = 36mm
P = 6mm
f = 0.13
fc = 0.10
Dc = 90mm
N = 60 rpm
Solution
For square thread
Depth of thread = P/2 = 6/2 = 3mm
Dm = 36 -3 = 33mm
Lead = P = 6mm
Lead 6
Tan x = = = 0.057874
πDm π(33)

tanx(1−ftanx)
e = fcDc
tanx+f+ (1−ftanx)
Dm

0.057874(1−0.13(0.057874))
= (0.10)(90) = 0.12526 = 12.526%
0.057874+0.13+ 33
(1−0.13(0.057874))

11. A 5000-lb. gear box is provided with a steel (as rolled

B1113) eyebolt for use in moving it. What size bolt should
be used: (a) if UNC threads are used? (b) If UNF threads are
used? (c) If the 8-thread series is used? Explain the basis
of your choice of design factor.
Solution:
B1113, as rolled
s y  45 ksi (Table AT-7)
Fe  5000 lb
sy  3 
 As  2
1
i5.6, sd   D  in 
6  4 

3
For D  in
4
Sd = 0.4Sy
Sd = 0.4(45,000) = 18,000psi
Fe 5000
As    0.2778 sq.in.
sd 18 ,000

Table AT 14 and Table 5.1

(a) UNC Threads

3
Use D  in , As  0.334 sq .in.
4

(b) UNF Threads

3
Use D  in , As  0.373 sq .in.
4

(c) 8-Thread Series

Use D  1 in , As  0.606 sq .in.

12. A motor weighing 2 tons is lifted by a wrought-iron eye

bolt which is screwed into the frame. Decide upon a design
factor and determine the size of the eyebolt if (a) UNC
threads are used, (b) UNF threads are used. Note: Fine
threads are not recommended for brittle materials.

Solution:
Table AT-7

Wrought iron, s y  25 ksi

sd  0.4 sy  0.425  10 ksi  10,000 psi

 Fe 22000 
As    0.4 sq.in.
sd 10 ,000

Table AT 17

(a) UNC Threads

7
Use D  in , As  0.462 sq.in.
8

(b) UNF Threads

7
Use D  in , As  0.509 sq .in.
8

13. A wall bracket, Figure shown, is loaded so that the two

top bolts that fasten it to the wall are each subjected to a
tensile load of 710 lb. The bolts are to be cold forged from
AISI C1020 steel with UNC threads, neglecting the effect of
shearing stresses, determine the diameter of these bolts if
they are well tightened.

Figure:

Solution:

Cold forged, AISI C1020

s y  66 ksi (Table AT-7)

Fe  710 lb
sy  3 
Fe   As  2  D  in 
3

6  4 
 66,000
 As  2
3
710 
6
3
As  0.161 sq.in. , D  in
4

Table AT 14 , UNC Threads

9
Use D  in , As  0.1820 sq.in.
16

14. A connection similar to the Figure, is subjected to an

external load Fe of 1250 lb. The bolt is made from cold-
finished AISI B1113 steel with UNC threads. (a) Determine
the diameter of the bolt if it is well tightened. (b)
Compute the initial tension and corresponding approximate
tightening torque if si  0.85s y (i5.8).

Figure:

Solution:
Cold-finished AISI B1113
Table A-7, s y  72 ksi
Fe  1250 lb
sy
(a) Fe   As  2
3

6
72,000
 As  2
3
1250 
6
3
As  0.2214 sq.in. , D 
in
4
Table AT 14 , UNC Threads
 5
Use D  in , As  0.2260 sq.in.
8

(b) si  0.85s y  0.8572,000  61,200 psi

Initial Tension
Fi  si As  61,2000.2260  13,831 lb
Tightening torque
T  CDFi
5
T  0.2 DFi  0.2 13,831  1729 in  lb
8

15. One method of estimating the initial tensile stress in a

tightened bolt is to turn the nut until it is snug, but with
no significant stress in the bolt. Then the nut is turned
through a predetermined angle that induces a certain unit
strain corresponding to the desired stress. A ¾ - in. bolt
of the type shown in Fig. 5.4, Text, is turned down until,
for practical purposes, the diameter of the entire shank is
the minor diameter. The material is AISI 4140, OQT 1200 oF.
The grip is 5 in. and the effective strain length is
estimated to be 5.3 in. If the initial tensile stress at the
root diameter is to be about 75 % of the yield strength,
through what angle should the nut be turned after it is just
snug? The threads are UNC and the parts being bolted are
assumed to be rigid.

Solution:

For ¾ in., UNC

Dr  0.6273 in

As  0.334 sq.in.

Th in.  10
AISI 4140, OQT 1200 oF

s y  115 ksi

s  0.75115  86.25 ksi

 sL

E
L  5.3 in

1
Pitch, p  in  0.10 in
10



p
360  o


sL
pE

360o 


86,2505.3 360o   55o
0.1030 106 

16. Two 70 mm Sellers’ standard square and single threaded

screws with a pitch of 12mm are used to raise and lower
hydraulic gate weighing 550 kN. A 570 rpm electric motor
operates the screws. The coefficient of collar and thread
friction are 0.03 and 0.13, respectively. The mean diameter
of the collar is 100mm. If the gate rises at the rate of 650
mm/min, determine the rpm of the screws.

Solution:
550
W = axial load per screw = = 275 kN
2

H = height of the threads = 7/16 of pitch = (7/16)(10) =

4.375 mm
d = mean diameter of screw threads = OD – h = 70 – 4.375 mm
= 65.625 mm
L = lead of thread = p = 10 mm
f = coefficient of the friction = 0.13 = tanα; α = 7.4 ®
fc = coefficient of collar friction = 0.03
Dc = mean diameter of the collar = 100 mm
S = speed of rise = 650 mm/min
S 650
Rotative speed of screws = L
= 10
= 65 rpm
17. From Problem 16, determine the size of motor required to
lift the gate if the mechanical efficiency is 85 percent for
the speed reducing equipment.

Solution:
L 10
Tan α = πD = π(65.625) = 0.0485

α = 2.77
Tf = torque required to raise the load and overcome thread
friction
D 65.625
= w ( 2 ) tan(∝ +∅) = (275,000) ( ) tan(2.77 + 7.4) = 1618.69 N − mm
2

Tc = torque required to overcome collar friction

Dc 100
= W = ( 2 ) fc = (275,000) ( ) (0.03) = 412.5 × 103 N − mm
2

For 2 screws, the total torque required to raise the load

and overcome friction is

Tt = (2screws)(Tf + Tc) = 2(1618.69 + 412.5)(103 ) = 4062.38 × 103 N − mm =

4062.38 N − m
18. A load of 60 KN is to be raised by a short jack. The
screw has an outside diameter of 64 mm and an Acme single
thread having a pitch 0f 12 mm. Collar friction is
negligible and the height of the threads may be assumed to
be one-half the pitch. If the coefficient of the friction is
0.2, determine the torque required to raise the load.

Solution:
Pitch, p = 12mm
h = height of threads = 0.50p = 6 mm
D = mean diameter = OD – h = 64 – 6 = 58 mm
β = 14.5 for Acme threads
= 7 for Buttress thread
f = coefficient of thread friction = tan α = 0.20
Cos β = cos 14.5 = 0.9681
Tf = torque required to raise the load and to overcome
thread friction
D tan∝ +f/ cos β
= W ( 2 ) (1−ftan ∝/cosβ)

L 12
Tan α = (πD) = (π×58) = 0.066
 58 0.066+ 0.20/0.9681
Tf = 60 x ( 2 ) (1−0.20x0.066/09681) = 480.86 kN − mm = 480.86 N − m

19. From Problem 18, determine the efficiency of the screw.

D 60x58
To = torque without friction = W ( 2 ) tan ∝= ( ) (0.066) =
2
114.84 N − m
to 114.84
Efficiency = ( tf ) = (480.86) = 0.2388 = 23.8%

20. From Problem 18, determine the maximum resultant stress

in the screw and torque transmitted over that section that
carries the load.

Solution:
dr = root diameter = OD - 2h = 64 – 12 = 52mm
16T
Ss = shearing stress = (πd2 ) = 17.41 Mpa

Ar = root area = 0.7854(522 ) = 2124mm2

w 60 000
Sc = compressive stress = (Ar) = ( 2124 ) = 28.25Mpa

Sc2 28.252
Ss(max) = √Ss2 + = √17.412 + = 22.41 Mpa
4 4

St(max)= 2Ss(max) = 2 x 22.41 = 44.84 Mpa

21. A single square thread power screw is to raise a load of

70 KN. The screw has a major diameter of 36 mm and a pitch
of 6 mm. The coefficient of thread friction and collar
friction are 0.13 and 0.10 respectively. If the collar mean
diameter is 90 mm and the screw turns it 60 rpm, find the
combined efficiency of screw and collar.

Solution:
For square thread.

Depth of thread = ½ p = ½ (6) = 3mm

Do = 36 – 3 = 33 mm
Lead = 6 mm
Lead 6
Tan ∝ = πDm = π(33) = 0.057874
 tanx(1−ftanx)
e = fcDc
tanx+f+ (1−ftanx)
Dm

0.057874(1−0.13(0.057874))
= 0.10(90) = 0.12526 = 12.526%
0.057874+0.13+ 33
(1−0.13(0.057874))

22. From Problem 21, Find the power input to the screw.
Solution:
V = velocity = 6(60) = 360 mm/min = 6 mm/sec
Power input = 70(0.006)/0.12526 = 3.3353 kW

23. A double square-threaded screw is used to raise a load

of load of 100 kN at a velocity of 1.0 m/min. Outside
diameter of thread and pitch are 70 mm and 25 mm,
respectively. Collar friction coefficient is 0.12, thread
friction coefficient is 0.10. Mean diameter of collar is 125
mm. Determine the power required to drive the screw.
Solution:
n= 2(for double threaded screws)
L = Lead = n x pitch = 2 x 25 = 50 mm
h = height of threads = (7/16)(pitch) = (7/16)(25) = 10.9375
mm
L 50
Tan α = πD = π(59.0625) = 0.2695

α = 15.08®

tan ∅ = f = 0.10

∅ = 5.71®
S 1000
RPM of screw = = = 20
L 50

Tf = torque required to raise the load and to overcome

thread friction
D 59.0625
= W ( 2 ) tan(α + ∅) = (100) ( ) tan20.79° = 1121.19 kN − mm =
2
1121.19 N − m
Tc = torque required to overcome collar friction
WDcfc 100(125)(0.12)
= = = 750 kN − mm = 750 N − m
2 2

Tt = torque required to raise the load and to overcome

thread and collar frictions
Tt = Tf + Tc = 1121.19 +750 = 1871.19 N-m
P = 2πTN = 2π(1871.19)(20/60) = 3919 W = 3.93 kW

24. From Problem 23, determine the efficiency of the screw.

Solution
To = torque required to raise the load without friction
D 59.0625
= W ( 2 ) tan ∝ = (100) ( ) tan15.08° = 795.7 kN − mm = 795.7 N − m
2
To 795.7
E = = 1871.19 = 42.68%
Tt

25. To raise a load W a single square-thread screw of 55 mm

outside diameter is used. The nut makes 0.08 turn per mm at
the end of an axial travel. A force of 500 N is applied at
the nut in a 1.0 m lever arm. The depth h of the thread may
be taken as 7/16 of the pitch. Assuming the mean radius of
the collar to be 40 mm, the coefficients of friction as 0.14
determine the weight W.
Solution:
1
L = = 12.5 mm
0.08

p = pitch equal to L for single-threaded screw = 12.5 mm

h = (7/16)(12.5) = 5.46875 mm
D = OD – h = 55 – 5.46875 = 49.531 mm
L 12.5
tan ∝ = πD = π(49.531) = 0.0803

α = 4.59®

tan ∅ = f = 0.14
∅ = 7.96°
Tan(∝ +∅) = tan12.55° = 0.222
Tt = total torque applied = (500N)(1.0m) = 500 N-m
D Dc
Tt = Tf + Tc = W ( 2 ) tan(∝ +∅) + W ( 2 ) fc
49.531
500 = W ( ) (0.222) + W(40)(0.14)
2

500 = 11.0979 W
W = 45.05 kN = 45 053 N
26. From the Previous Problem, Determine the efficiency of
the screw without collar friction.

Solution:
E = efficiency without collar friction
tan∝ 0.0803
= = = 0.3617 or 36.17 %
tan∝+∅ 0.222

27. From Problem 15, determine the efficiency of the screw

with collar friction.
Solution
To = torque required to raise the load without friction
D 49.531
= W ( 2 ) tan ∝ = (45.05) ( ) (0.0803) = 89.59 kN − mm = 89.59 N − m
2

E = efficiency with collar friction

To 89.59
= = = 0.1791 or 17.91 %
Tf 500

28. From Problem 15, Find the maximum direct stress in the
screw.
Solution
Dr = root diameter = OD – 2h = 55 – 2(5.46875) = 44.0625 mm
16T 16(500 x 103 )
Ss = shearing stress = (πd2 ) = = 29.76 MPa
π(44.06252 )

w 45 050
Sc = compressive stress = (Ar) = ( 44.0625 2 ) = 29.5Mpa
π( )
2

Sc2 29.52
Ss(max) = √Ss2 + = √29.762 + = 33.2 Mpa
4 4

St(max)= 2Ss(max) = 2 x 33.2 = 66.4 Mpa

29. A square thread power screw has a major diameter a=of

32-mm and a pitch of 4-mm with double threads, and it is to
be used in an application similar to that of the figure
below. Applicable data are thread and collar coefficient of
friction equal to 0.08, collar diameter of 40-mm, and a load
of 6.4-kN per screw. Determine:

a. Thread depth, thread width, mean or pitch diameter, minor

diameter, and lead.
b. Torque required to rotate the screw “against” the load.
c. Torque required to rotate the screw “with” the load.
d. Overall efficiency.

Square And Acme Threads with Preferred Pitches for Acme

Threads

Screw Thread with Thrust Collar

(a) From the square thread figure above, it can be seen the
thread depth and width are the same and equal to half
the pitch, or 2-mm. Also
 P 4
dm = d - = 32 - = 30mm
2 2
dr = d – P = 32 – 4 = 28mm
l = nP = 2 x 4 = 8mm
(b) For a square thread, the torque required to raise the
load is:
Fdm l+ μπdm Fμ d
Tr = ( ) + c c
2 πdm −μl 2

6,400 x 0.030 0.008+ π(0.08)(0.030) 6,400 x 0.08 x 0.040

Tr = ( ) +
2 π(0.030)−0.08(0.008) 2

Tr = 15.94 + 10.24 = 26.2Nm

(c) The torque required to lower the load, rotate the screw
with the aid of the load is:

Fdm μπdm −l Fμc dc

TL = ( ) +
2 πdm +μl 2
6,400 x 0.030 π(0.08)(0.030)−0.008 6,400 x 0.08 x 0.040
TL = ( ) +
2 π(0.030)+0.08(0.008) 2

TL = -0.47 + 10.24 = 9.8Nm

The negative sign in the first term indicates the screw

alone is not self-locking and would rotate under the action
of the load except for the fact collar friction is present;
and, must be overcome, too. That is, torque required to
rotate the screw “with” the load is less than necessary to
overcome collar friction alone.

(d) Overall efficiency is:

Fl 6,400 x 0.008
ɳ = = = 0.31
2πT 2π(26.2)

30. A single square-thread power screw has an input power of

3 kW at a speed of 1 rev/s. The screw has a major diameter
of 36 mm and a pitch of 6 mm. The frictional coefficients
are 0.14 for the threads and 0.09 for the collar, with a
collar friction radius of 45 mm.

a. Find the axial resisting load F and the combined

efficiency of the screw and collar.
b. Indicate whether the screw is self-locking or not.
c. Find the most critical section and determine safety factor
assuming that the load is static. Nut and power screw are
made of AISI 1040 HR steel.

For A
Root Diameter;
dr = d-p = 36-6
dr = 30mm
Mean Diameter;
p 6
dm = d - = 36-
2 2
dm = 33mm
Lead;
l = p = 6mm
Input Torque;
P 3kW
T = = rev rad
n 1 ∗2π
s rev

T = 477N-m
Fdm l+ πμdm
T = ( ) + μc r c F
2 πdm − μl

33x10−3 m [(6x10−3 )]m+[π(0.14)(33x10−3 )]m

477N-m = F +0.09(45x10−3 )mF
2 [π(33x10−3 )]m−[0.14(6x10−3 )]m
F = 65kN
Overall efficiency;
Work Output Fl
e = =
Work Input T2π

65kN(6x10−3 )m
e =
477N−m(2)π
e = 0.13 or 13%

For B
Self-locking is obtained for square threads when µ > tgλ
Where:
l
λ = tg −1
πdm

𝟔
In this problem 0.14 > so screw is self-locking alone.
𝛑(𝟑𝟑)

For C
Compressive stress between collar and nut;
F 4F 4(65x103 N)
σc = = =
Ar πdr 2 [π(30x10−3 )m]2

σc = 92MPa
Shear stress due to collar torque between collar and nut;
Tc C 16(μc rc F) 16(263x103 N−mm)
τ = = =
J πdr 3 π(303 )
τ = 49.6MPa
Combined stress between collar and nut;

σ 92 2 2
τmax = √( c) + τ2 = √( ) + 49.62
2 2

τmax = 67.6MPa
Shear stress between the motor and the nut;
16T 16(477x103 N−mm)
τ = 3 =
πdr π(30)3

τ = 90MPa

Average thread shear stress;

F F 65x103 N
τ = = pH = 60
As πdr 2 p π(30)( )
2

τ = 23MPa
Average bearing stress in the screw threads;
F F 65x103 N
σb = = H = 60
Ab π(d2 −dr 2 ) p π(362 −302 ) 6

σb = 5.2MPa
The safety factor;
 Sy
Ssy ⁄
n = = 2
τ τ

Where: Sy = 290MPa from Table A-20

290MPa
( 2
)
n = = 1.6
90MPa