Wireless

UNIT-5
Introduction to Wireless LAN 802.11x

Technologies
MISSION VISION CORE VALUES

CHRIST is a nurturing ground for an individual’s Excellence and Service Faith in God | Moral Uprightness
holistic development to make effective contribution to Love of Fellow Beings
the society in a dynamic environment Social Responsibility | Pursuit of Excellence
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Deemed to be University
OUTLINE
● Introduction to wireless LAN 802.11X technologies

● Evolution of Wireless LANs
● Introduction to IEEE 802.15x Technologies
● Wireless PAN Applications and Architecture
● Bluetooth
● Introduction to Broadband wireless MAN,802.16 technologies.
Excellence and Service

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Introduction to wireless LAN 802.11X technologies

● Wireless standards were written to provide a wireless extension to the
existing wired standards.
● WLANs goals:
– Seamless roaming
– Message forwarding
– The greatest range of operation
–Support for large number of users
● The IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

creates and finalizes standards for computer networks, amongst other
technologies.
● The IEEE 802.11x specification defines how wireless networks

communicate.
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IEEE 802 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

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IEEE 802.11 Overview
Goals
● Adopted in 1997. •To deliver services in wired networks
Defines; •To achieve high throughput
•To achieve highly reliable data delivery
● MAC sublayer •To achieve continuous network connection.
● MAC management
protocols and services
● Physical (PHY) layers
○ IR
○ FHSS
○ DSSS

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IEEE 802.11x Technologies
● The original standard allowed for data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps.
● Use of either of two spread spectrum modulation techniques
-Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

- Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
● Standard also addressed the use of Infrared (IR) light in physical

layer specifications.
● IEEE 802.11x working groups led to enhancements and extensions to

the original specifications

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● that have raised the maximum data rates

● added new frequencies of operation and attempted to deal with other
issues like
– Interference from other services
– Security concerns
– QOS
– Interoperability between different vendor Access points
● Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity.

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Evolution of Wireless LANs
● Evolution of Wireless LANs has been closely tied to the development of

wired computer networks.
● Moore’s law – Increased reduction in price and size and increased chip
functionality and speed.
● ALOHA Net – 1971, 7 campuses spread over 4 islands to communicate

(network to radio) – Star topology
● In 1980s Ham radio .

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Extensions to 802.11
● Original 802.11 – (IEEE 802.11) maximum rate of 2mbps.

● IEEE 802.11b data rate extension.In 1999 - 802.11 updated – 802.11 b
, 11 Mbps in 2.4 Ghz band (DSSS) –
● In 802.11 a, 54Mbps in newer 5Ghz band (OFDM)
● 802.11 d, allow to operate in other countries – 802.11 b/g, data rate
extension to 54Mbps.
● Refer further extensions (in text book)

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IEEE 802.11 Design issues
● A wireless network has a fundamental uniqueness that sets it apart

from a wired LAN.
● In wired LANs an address is equivalent to a physical address. [IP

address=physical location/hardwired connection]
● In (WLAN) the addressable unit is a station (STA). The STA is a

message destination, but not a fixed location.
● Destination Address Does not Equal Destination Location.

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● Wired (point to point ) connections yield highly predictable and

reliable transmission of signals whereas wireless radio links are
highly unreliable.
● While designing a wireless LAN important but subtle effects to be

considered are
○ Wireless LAN can have actively changing topologies

○ Wireless radio links are not protected from outside EM interference
○ Wireless radio links experience multipath effects and therefore the
usable range of the system varies.
○ WLANs have neither absolute nor observable boundaries , and the
possibility exists that the WLAN lacks full connectivity, that is every
station can hear every other station- Hidden station effect.

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● IEEE 802.11 is required to handle both mobile and portable stations

and deal with battery powered equipment.
● Mobile stations?
● Portable stations may be moved about to different locations within the

WLAN but used while at fixed location.
● Power management schemes must be considered

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Components of IEEE 802.11 architecture (and service sets)

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● Wireless Medium (WM):

○ The medium used to implement a wireless LAN.
● Station (STA):
○ Any device that contains an 802.11 conformant MAC and
PHY interface to the wireless medium.

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Independent basic service set
● The basic service set (BSS) is the basic building block of an

IEEE 802.11 LAN
● The ovals can be thought of as the coverage area within which

member stations can directly communicate
● The Independent BSS (IBSS) is the simplest LAN. It may

consist of as few as two stations.
● The member stations of a BSS can communicate to each other

directly.

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● The Independent BSS as an Ad-Hoc Network

○ This mode of operation is possible when 802.11 LAN
stations are close enough to form a direct connection.
● Ad-Hoc Network/Peer to peer network

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Distribution System Concepts
• A BSS may also form a component of an extended form

of an 802.11 network with multiple BSSs.
• The architecture component used to interconnect BSSs
is the Distributed System.
● Distribution System (DS):

○ A system used to interconnect a set of BSSs to create an
ESS.

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● Distribution System Medium (DSM):
○ The medium used by a DS (for BSS interconnections)
○ The DS enables mobile device support by providing the

logical services necessary to handle address to
destination mapping and seamless integration of
multiple BSSs.

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● Distribution System Services (DSS):

○ The set of services provided by the DS which enable the
MAC to transport MSDUs between BSSs within an ESS.
● Access Point (AP):

○ Any entity that has STA functionality and provides
access to the DS.
○ An AP is a STA which provides access to the DS by
providing DS services in addition to Station Services.

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Extended Service Set
● ESS: The large coverage network

○ The DS and BSSs allow 802.11 to create a wireless network
of arbitrary size and complexity.
● Extended Service Set (ESS):

○ A set of interconnected BSSs appears as a single BSS.
○ The ESS network appears the same to an LLC layer as an
independent BSS network.
○ Stations within an ESS can communicate and mobile
stations may move from one BSS to another (within the
same ESS) transparently to LLC.
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● Basic Service Area (BSA):

○ The area within which members of a BSS can communicate.
● Extended Service Area (ESA):

○ The area within which members of a ESS can communicate.
An ESA is larger than or equal to a BSA.

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802.11 - infrastructure network Deemed to be University
Station (STA)
802.11 LAN terminal with access mechanisms
802.x LAN
to the wireless medium and radio
contact to the access point
STA Basic Service Set (BSS)
BSS group of stations using the same
1
1
Acces Porta radio frequency
s l Access Point
Point station integrated into the wireless
Distribution LAN and the distribution system
SystemAcces Portal
ES s bridge to other (wired) networks
S Point Distribution System
BSS interconnection network to form
2
one logical network (EES:
Extended Service Set) based
on several BSS
STA 802.11 LAN STA
2 3
IIT Bombay ICPWC'02

Excellence and Service Source:25
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Integration with Wired LANs
● To integrate the 802.11 architecture with a traditional wired

LAN, a logical architecture component (Portal) is introduced.
● All data from non-802.11 LANs enters the 802.11 architecture

via a portal.

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● The complete set of 802.11 architectural services are:
○ Distribution
○ Association
○ Disassociation
○ Reassociation
○ Access and security control services
○ Integration
○ Authentication

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IEEE 802.11i –Wireless LAN Security
● Computer Hackers
● Surveys of 2004 indicates that existing wireless LANs indicate

the vast majority use either no security or minimal levels of
security.
● Passive monitoring of wireless traffic by using

programs(AirSnort, WEP crack)

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Types of wireless LAN Security Problems
● Eavesdropping
● MAC spoofing
● Dictionary attack
● Man in the middle attack
● Theft of service
● Session hijacking

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Initial IEEE Security
● Supported initial authentication using Wired Equivalent Privacy

(WEP) encryption.

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Introduction to IEEE 802.15x Technologies

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WIRELESS PAN- IEEE 802.15.1
● What is WPAN?
● Difference between WPAN and WLAN.
● Personal operating Space(POS)
● Bluetooth SIG

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● There are two types of topology for Bluetooth – Piconet, Scatternet.
● The Piconet is a small ad hoc network of devices (normally 8

stations) as

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● One is called Master and the others are called Slaves

● All slave stations synchronizes their clocks with the master
● Possible communication - One-to-one or one-to-many
● There may be one station in parked state
● Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern/ID
● Each master can connect to 7 simultaneous or 200+ inactive (parked)
slaves per piconet

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● A Scatternet is the linking of multiple co-located piconets

through the sharing of common master or slave devices.
● A device can be both a master and a slave.

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Comparison

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Components of Bluetooth Architecture

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LAYER1 :RADIO LAYER
Transmitter characteristics :each device is classified into power 1 ,2 and 3 based on long range, ordinary
range and short range devices.

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LAYER 2:BASE BAND LAYER

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Layer 3 Link Manager Protocol

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Layer 4: Host Controller Interface

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Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol

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LAYER 7:

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LAYER 7:SERVICE DISCOVERY PROTOCOL

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Wireless PAN Applications and Architecture
BASIC WPAN CHARACTERISTICS
Both WLAN and WPAN appears to be similar in their ,however WPAN

has been designed to support transportable types of computing .The
WPAN standard has been designed to support more personal devices.
Three fundamental ways in which these two technologies differ.
● WPAN Power levels and coverage areas
● Media control techniques
● Network life span or duration

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WPAN Power levels and coverage areas
● WPAN is typically deployed to ensure as large as coverage area as

possible.
● This translates into power levels of approximately 100mW, with

coverage distances of approximately 100 meters, supplied by radio
base stations (access points).
● A WPAN uses low power consumption to enable true mobility.
● Personal devices are able to achieve low-power modes of operation

that allow several devices to share data through the use of WPAN
technology.

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Media control techniques
● To support different types of applications which require different

levels of QoS –the basic structure of WPAN standard consists of the
formation of ad hoc networks
● Ad hoc networks are controlled by a single member of the PAN

Known as master –other members (slaves).
● Master will be able to poll the slave members of a WPAN to

determine the required bandwidths.
● Management information database (MIB) to facilitate end to end

network in case of WLAN whe ras not required for WPAN

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Network life span or duration
● For communications -WPAN a master must exist
● If the master does not participate in communication the adhoc

network will not exist.
● A device can create a connection as long as needed and

therefore the network has finite life span.

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Introduction to WMAN IEEE 802.16x Technologies
○ Physical layers and MAC layers for fixed point –to- multi
point broad band wireless access (BWA) .
○ The MAC sublayer is structured to provide support for

multiple physical layer implementations over a broad range
of frequencies in the micro wave and millimetre wave
regions.
○ Started in 1999 to promote innovative and cost-effective

broad band wireless products.

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● WMAN provide network access to buildings through exterior

antennas communicating with a central radio base station over a
point to multipoint radio link.

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Typical Deployment

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● A wireless MAN base station is typically located on a tall

building to provide an unobstructed or line-of-sight path
between the subscriber stations and the base station antennas.
● IEEE 802.16a physical layer standard provides for NLOS

operations.
● The highest possible data rates.is still dependent upon base

station to radio subscriber station radio channel characteristics.
● In all cases ,a direct LOS path will provide the best channel
transmission characteristics.

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● To increase system capacity, a wireless MAN base station

usually supports numerous antenna sectors

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● Frequency Re-use schemes can be used.

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UNIT-5

Introduction to Wireless LAN 802.11x

MISSION VISION CORE VALUES

● Introduction to wireless LAN 802.11X technologies

Excellence and Service

Introduction to wireless LAN 802.11X technologies

● The IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

● The IEEE 802.11x specification defines how wireless networks

IEEE 802 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

Excellence and Service

IEEE 802.11 Overview

Excellence and Service

IEEE 802.11x Technologies

● The original standard allowed for data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps.

● Use of either of two spread spectrum modulation techniques

-Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

● Standard also addressed the use of Infrared (IR) light in physical

● IEEE 802.11x working groups led to enhancements and extensions to

Excellence and Service

● that have raised the maximum data rates

● Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity.

Excellence and Service

Evolution of Wireless LANs

● Evolution of Wireless LANs has been closely tied to the development of

● ALOHA Net – 1971, 7 campuses spread over 4 islands to communicate

● In 1980s Ham radio .

Excellence and Service

Excellence and Service

● Original 802.11 – (IEEE 802.11) maximum rate of 2mbps.

Excellence and Service

IEEE 802.11 Design issues

● A wireless network has a fundamental uniqueness that sets it apart

● In wired LANs an address is equivalent to a physical address. [IP

● In (WLAN) the addressable unit is a station (STA). The STA is a

● Destination Address Does not Equal Destination Location.

Excellence and Service

● Wired (point to point ) connections yield highly predictable and

● While designing a wireless LAN important but subtle effects to be

○ Wireless LAN can have actively changing topologies

Excellence and Service

● IEEE 802.11 is required to handle both mobile and portable stations

● Portable stations may be moved about to different locations within the

● Power management schemes must be considered

Excellence and Service

Components of IEEE 802.11 architecture (and service sets)

Excellence and Service

● Wireless Medium (WM):

Excellence and Service

Independent basic service set

● The basic service set (BSS) is the basic building block of an

● The ovals can be thought of as the coverage area within which

● The Independent BSS (IBSS) is the simplest LAN. It may

● The member stations of a BSS can communicate to each other

Excellence and Service

Excellence and Service

● The Independent BSS as an Ad-Hoc Network

● Ad-Hoc Network/Peer to peer network

Excellence and Service

Distribution System Concepts

• A BSS may also form a component of an extended form

● Distribution System (DS):

Excellence and Service

● Distribution System Medium (DSM):

○ The medium used by a DS (for BSS interconnections)