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TAUCS Copyright and License
TAUCS Version 2.0, November 29, 2001. Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003 by Sivan Toledo,
Tel-Aviv University, stoledo@tau.ac.il. All Rights Reserved.
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Table of contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Objective of this manual.................................................................................... 1
1.2 Overview of Advanced Nonlinear Solution ...................................................... 2
1.2.1 Choosing between Solutions 601 and 701.................................................. 4
1.2.2 Units ........................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Structure of Advanced Nonlinear Solution ....................................................... 7
1.3.1 Executive Control....................................................................................... 7
1.3.2 Case Control ............................................................................................... 9
1.3.3 Bulk Data.................................................................................................. 11
1.3.4 Terminology used in Advanced Nonlinear Solution ................................ 13
2. Elements ................................................................................................................ 14
2.1 Rod elements ................................................................................................... 21
2.1.1 General considerations ............................................................................. 21
2.1.2 Material models and formulations............................................................ 22
2.1.3 Numerical integration............................................................................... 22
2.1.4 Mass matrices ........................................................................................... 22
2.1.5 Heat transfer capabilities .......................................................................... 23
2.2 Beam elements ................................................................................................ 23
2.2.1 Beam geometry and cross-sections ........................................................... 24
2.2.2 Beam element formulations....................................................................... 28
2.2.2.1 Kinematics .............................................................................. 28
2.2.2.2 Linear formulation ................................................................. 30
2.2.2.3 Materially-nonlinear-only formulations................................. 30
2.2.2.4 Large displacement formulation ............................................ 31
2.2.2.5 Mass matrices......................................................................... 33
2.2.2.6 Elastic beam element ............................................................. 35
2.2.2.7 Elastic-plastic beam element.................................................. 36
2.2.3 Heat transfer capabilities .......................................................................... 41
2.2.4 Beam element modeling hints ................................................................... 41
2.3 Shell elements.................................................................................................. 42
2.3.1 Basic assumptions in element formulation............................................... 44
2.3.2 Material models and formulations............................................................ 51
2.3.3 Shell nodal point degrees of freedom....................................................... 51
2.3.4 Composite shell elements (Solution 601 only)......................................... 58
2.3.5 Numerical integration............................................................................... 61
2.3.6 Mass matrices ........................................................................................... 62
2.3.7 Heat transfer capabilities .......................................................................... 63
1. Introduction
1.1 Objective of this manual
This Theory and Modeling Guide serves two purposes:
ref. KJB • The implicit method can use much larger time steps since it is
Section 9.2 unconditionally stable. However, it involves the assembly and
solution of a system of equations, and it is iterative. Therefore, the
computational time per load step is relatively high. The explicit
method uses much smaller time steps since it is conditionally
stable, meaning that the time step for the solution has to be less
than a certain critical time step, which depends on the smallest
element size and the material properties. However, it involves no
matrix solution and is non-iterative. Therefore, the computational
time per load step is relatively low.
• Note that the explicit solution provided in Solution 701 does not
use reduced integration with hour-glassing. This technique reduces
the computational time per load step. However, it can have
detrimental effect on the accuracy and reliability of the solution.
• Since the explicit time step size depends on the length of the
smallest element, one excessively small element will reduce the
stable time step for the whole model. Mass-scaling can be applied
to these small elements to increase their stable time step. The
implicit method is not sensitive to such small elements.
1.2.2 Units
SOL 601,N
SOL 701
Output related
SET Set definition
DISPLACEMENT Displacement output request
VELOCITY Velocity output request
ACCELERATION Acceleration output request
STRESS Element stress/strain output request
SPCFORCES Reaction force output request
GPFORCE Nodal force output request
GKRESULTS Gasket results output request
TITLE Output title
SHELLTHK Shell thickness output request
THERMAL Temperature output request
FLUX Heat transfer output request
Contact related
BCSET Contact set selection
BCRESULTS Contact results output request
Notes:
• The Bulk Data section contains all the details of the model.
Advanced Nonlinear Solution supports most of the commonly used
Bulk Data entries. In many cases, restrictions are imposed on some
of the parameters in a Bulk Data entry, and in some other cases,
different interpretation is applied to some of the parameters to
make them more suitable for nonlinear analysis. Several Bulk Data
entries are also specific to Advanced Nonlinear Solution.
Element Connectivity
CBAR CMASS1 CPLSTS3 CQUADX CTRAX3
CBEAM CMASS2 CPLSTS4 CQUADX4 CTRAX6
CBUSH CONM1 CPLSTS6 CQUADX8 CTETRA
CBUSH1D CONM2 CPLSTS8 CROD RBAR
CDAMP1 CONROD CPYRAM CTRIA3 RBE2
CDAMP2 CPENTA CQUAD4 CTRIA6 RBE3
CELAS1 CPLSTN3 CQUAD8 CTRIAR
CELAS2 CPLSTN4 CQUADR CTRIAX
CGAP CPLSTN6
CHEXA CPLSTN8
Element Properties
EBDSET PBCOMP PCOMP PLPLANE PROD
EBDADD PBEAM PDAMP PLSOLID PSHELL
PBAR PBEAML PELAS PMASS PSOLID
PBARL PBUSH PELAST PPLANE
PBUSH1D PGAP
Material Properties
CREEP MAT8 MATHE MATT1 PCONV
MAT1 MAT9 MATHEV MATT2 PLCYISO
MAT2 MAT11 MATHEM MATT3 PLCYKIN
MAT3 MATCID MATHP MATT4 PLCYRUP
MAT4 MATG MATPLCY MATT5 RADM
MAT5 MATS1 MATT8 RADMT
MATSMA MATT9 TABLEM1
MATT11 TABLES1
MATTC TABLEST
MATVE
Loads, Boundary Conditions and Constraints
BCPROPS FORCE MPC PLOADX1 TABLED1
BEDGE FORCE1 MPCADD RFORCE TABLED2
BGSET FORCE2 PLOAD RFORCE1 TEMP
BOLT GRAV PLOAD1 SPC TEMPD
BOLTFOR LOAD PLOAD2 SPC1 TIC
BSURFS MOMENT PLOAD4 SPCADD TLOAD1
DLOAD MOMENT1 PLOADE1 SPCD
MOMENT2
Heat Transfer Loads and Boundary Conditions
BDYOR CONV QHBDY TEMPBC
CHBDYE QBDY1 QVOL
CHBDYG QBDY2 RADBC
Contact
BCPROP BCRPARA BCTPARA BEDGE BSURF
BCPROPS BCTADD BCTSET BLSEG BSURFS
Notes:
1. NXSTRAT is the main entry defining the solution settings for Advanced
Nonlinear Solution.
2. Only a few PARAM variables are supported. Most are replaced by
NXSTRAT variables.
3. TMCPARA is the main entry defining the solution settings for heat
transfer and TMC models.
4. TSTEP is used for both static and dynamic analyses.
2. Elements
• Advanced Nonlinear Solution supports most of the commonly
used elements in linear Nastran analyses. Some of these elements
are modified to be more suitable for nonlinear analysis.
2D Solid Elements4
CPLSTN3 PPLANE, PLPLANE 3-node triangular 2D plane
strain element
CPLSTN4 PPLANE, PLPLANE 4-node quadrilateral 2D plane
strain element
CPLSTN6 PPLANE, PLPLANE 6-node triangular 2D plane
strain element
CPLSTN8 PPLANE, PLPLANE 8-node quadrilateral 2D plane
strain element
CPLSTS3 PPLANE, PLPLANE 3-node triangular 2D plane
stress element
CPLSTS4 PPLANE, PLPLANE 4-node quadrilateral 2D plane
stress element
CPLSTS6 PPLANE, PLPLANE 6-node triangular 2D plane
stress element
CPLSTS8 PPLANE, PLPLANE 8-node quadrilateral 2D plane
stress element
CQUAD PLPLANE 4-node to 9-node quadrilateral
2D plane strain element with
hyperelastic material
CQUAD4 PLPLANE, PSHELL1 4-node quadrilateral 2D plane
strain element
CQUAD8 PLPLANE, PSHELL1 4-node to 8-node 2D plane
strain element
CTRIA3 PLPLANE, PSHELL1 3-node triangular 2D plane
strain element
CTRIA6 PLPLANE, PSHELL1 3-node to 6-node triangular
2D plane strain element
R-Type Elements
RBAR None Single rigid element
RBE2 None Multiple rigid elements
RBE3 None Interpolation constraint
element
Other Elements
CGAP PGAP 2-node gap element
CONM1, CONM2 None Concentrated mass element
CBUSH1D PBUSH1D Rod Type Spring-and-Damper
Connection
CBUSH PBUSH Generalized Spring-and-
Damper Connection
Notes:
Note:
Note:
Z
w2
Y G2
w1 l v2
X
G1 u2
l
v1
u1
ref. KJB • Note that the only force transmitted by the rod element is the
Sections 5.3.1, longitudinal force as illustrated in Fig. 2.1-2. This force is constant
6.3.3 throughout the element.
Z P
Y
X
area A
s
Stress constant over
P cross-sectional area
• See Tables 2-2 and 2-3 for a list of the material models that are
compatible with rod elements.
• The same lumped mass matrix is used for both Solution 601 and
Solution 701.
• Figs 2.2-1 and 2.2-2 show the beam element along with its local
coordinate system (r,s,t). The r direction always lies along the
neutral line of the beam (line connecting nodes GA and GB). The
orientation of the s and t directions is defined using the v vector
defined in the CBAR or CBEAM entries.
Notice that, for the Hermitian beam element, (r,s,t) are not
isoparametric coordinates, rather (r,s,t) have the same units as the
global coordinates.
Fig 2.2-2 also shows the degrees of freedom at the local nodes.
These degrees of freedom are defined in the local coordinate
system.
End B
Plane 1 r (xelem)
s (yelem) l
node GB
End A t (zelem)
node GA
_
qs
-
_ qr
v _u
s
l
_
r GB w _
Z
l qt
GA t
X Y
s
S11
S 10
S5 S8
S7
l
S2 S9
S1 GB
S4 l S12
GA S3
S6 t
Z
X Y
A : Cross-sectional area
L : Beam length
(do not confuse the polar moment of inertia I rr with the Saint-
Venant torsional constant J )
I st : Product of inertia:
I st = ∫ stdA
A
If s-t axes are coincident with the principal axes of the section then
I st = 0 .
Cross-sections
2.2.2.1 Kinematics
u = un − θ t s + θ s t
v = vn − θ r t
w = wn + θ r s
dwn
θs = −
dr
dv
θt = n
dr
un = L1u 1 + L2u 2
vn = H1v 1 + H 2θt1 + H 3v 2 + H 4θt 2
wn = H1w1 − H 2θ s1 + H 3 w2 − H 4θ s2
θ r = L1θ r1 + L2θ r2
dH1 1 dH 2 1 dH 3 2 dH 4 2
θs = − w + θs − w + θs
dr dr dr dr
dH dH dH dH
θt = 1 v 1 + 2 θt1 + 3 v 2 + 4 θ t 2
dr dr dr dr
r r
L1 = 1 − , L2 =
L L
r2 r3 r2 r3
H1 = 1 − 3 2 + 2 3 , H 2 = r − 2 + 2 ,
L L L L
2 3 2 3
r r r r
H3 = 3 2 − 2 3 , H4 = − + 2
L L L L
z
Vs2
Vr2
x y
GB Vt2
Vs1
Vr1
GA Vt1
a) Before deformation
Vs1
Vr1 Vs2
GA
Vt1 Vr2
GB Vt2
GB
y
y x
v
y
v x
-
-v
⎡1 1 ⎤
⎢3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
6
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 13 6 I tt
+ 0 0 0
11L I
+ tt 0
9
−
6 I tt
0 0 0 −
13L
+
I tt ⎥
⎢ 35 5 AL2 210 10 AL 70 5 AL2 420 10 AL ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 13 6 I ss 11L I 9 6I 13L I ⎥
+ 0 − − ss 0 0 0 − ss 0 − ss 0
⎢ 35 5 AL2 210 10 AL 70 5 AL2 420 10 AL ⎥
⎢ I rr I rr ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 3A 6A ⎥
⎢ 2
L 2I 13L I L 2
I ⎥
⎢ + ss 0 0 0 − + ss 0 − − ss 0 ⎥
⎢ 105 15 A 420 10 AL 140 30 A ⎥
⎢ L2 2I 13L I L2 I tt ⎥
⎢ + tt 0 − tt 0 0 0 − − ⎥
M = ρ AL ⎢
105 15 A 420 10 AL 140 30 A ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ 13 6 I tt 11L I tt ⎥
⎢ + 0 0 0 − − ⎥
⎢ 35 5 AL2 210 10 AL ⎥
⎢ 13 6 I ss 11L I ss ⎥
⎢ + 0 + 0 ⎥
35 5 AL2 210 10 AL
⎢ ⎥
⎢ I rr
0 0 ⎥
⎢ 3A ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ L
+
2 I ss
0 ⎥
⎢ 105 15 A ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ L2 2I
symmetric + tt ⎥
⎢⎣ 105 15 A ⎥⎦
⎡ AE ⎤
⎢ L 0 0 0 0 0 −k11 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 12 EI tt
0 0 0
6 EI tt
0 − k22 0 0 0 k26 ⎥
⎢ L3 (1 + φ2 ) L2 (1 + φ2 ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 12 EI ss −6 EI ss ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 − k33 0 k35 0 ⎥
L3 (1 + φ3 ) L2 (1 + φ3 )
⎢ ⎥
⎢ GJ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 − k44 0 0 ⎥
L
⎢ ⎥
⎢ EI ss (4 + φ3 ) EI ss (2 − φ3 ) ⎥
K=⎢ 0 0 0 − k35 0 0
L(1 + φ3 ) L(1 + φ3 ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ EI tt (4 + φ2 ) EI tt (2 − φ2 ) ⎥
⎢ 0 − k26 0 0 0
L(1 + φ2 ) L(1 + φ2 ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ k11 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ k22 0 0 0 −k26 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ k33 0 − k35 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ k44 0 0 ⎥
⎢ k55 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ symmetric k66 ⎥⎦
24(1 +ν )
φ2 = I tt , Assh > 0
L2 Assh
= 0, Assh = 0
24(1 + ν )
φ3 = 2 sh
I ss , Atsh > 0
L At
= 0, Atsh = 0
• Note that torsional warping effects are only taken into account
by the selection of the torsional constant J.
u = ... + stα1 + ( s 3t − st 3 ) α 2
s Integration points
equally spaced
1 2 3 ...
Ä Ä Ä Ä
r
r=0 r=L
t
a) Integration point locations in r-direction
Integration points
t equally spaced
HEIGHT s
Ä
Ä
Ä
1 2 3
WIDTH
b) Integration point locations in s-direction
t Integration points
Ä
equally spaced
s
ÄÄÄ
3
2
1
c) Integration point locations in t-direction
Integration points
s
equally spaced
1 2 3 ...
Ä Ä Ä Ä
r
r=0 r=L
t
a) Integration point locations in r-direction
t
Integration points
equally spaced
3 Ä
...
2Ä
R 1Ä
Ä s
t
Integration points
equally spaced
... Ä 3 2
R Ä
1
Ä s
Ä
• The beam element has the same heat transfer capabilities of the
rod element. See Section 2.1.5 for details.
Beam element
Rigid elements
Hollow square section
l
l
l
l
l
(a) 3-node element (b) 4-node element
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
(c) 6-node element (d) 8-node element
For the Timoshenko beam theory, the structure is the beam, and
for the Reissner/Mindlin plate theory, the structure is the plate
under consideration. In shell analysis, these assumptions
correspond to a very general shell theory. See the reference below
for more details:
Notes:
1. Only for Solution 601
2. With ELCV = 1 in NXSTRAT entry
• Table 2.3-2 lists the features and capabilities available for the
shell element types mentioned above.
G8 s
G7
G3
G1
G6 r
G5
Midsurface nodes G2
Y × Vnk
V1k =
Y × Vnk
2
For the special case when the Vnk vector is parallel to the Y axis,
the program uses the following conventions:
and
( L1 L+2L2 ) a
0 k+1
a Vn
0
0 k
Vn Vn
l l
k k+1
L1 L2
Angle = 90°
t
l
Vn
l
l
Z Final configuration
Angle ¹ 90°
Y
X
b) Due to displacements and deformations (with shear)
t
s
t
s
s
r
r
r= s´t s= t ´ r r
s´t 2 t´r 2
t t
s
t
s
s
r
r
s ´ t , s=t´r
t= r´s , r=
r´s 2 s´t 2 r
• See Tables 2-2 and 2-3 for a list of the material models that are
compatible with shell elements.
• Note that for both 5 and 6 degree of freedom shell nodes, the
translations uk, vk, wk are referred to the chosen displacement
coordinate system.
Number Potential
Node
of DOFs singularity
1 6 Yes
2 5 No
3 6 Yes
4 6 No
5 5 No
6 6 No
7 6 No
8 6 Yes
9 5 No
0 k
Vn is the average of all element director vectors
0 k
Vn
l k
element 1 l
element 2
0 k 0 k
Vn Vn
k k
l l
l
element 1 l
element 2
Fig. 2.3-7: 5 degree of freedom shell node with unique vector at node k
l k
element 1 l
element 2
0 k 0 k
Vn Vn
element 1 element 2
k k
l l
l
element 1 l
element 2
• Not all the cases that lead to a shell node possessing 6 degrees
of freedom (listed at the beginning of this section) may introduce a
singularity at the node.
Zero pivot in
stiffness matrix.
F t
Vn
Moment causes
z infinite rotation.
y Mz
x t
Vn
Reactions at fixities
are zero.
Perpendicular
to both shells
Beams
Not perpendicular
to shells
z
Shell elements y
x
• The conventions for defining the director vectors, the local axes
V1 and V2, and the 5/6 degree of freedom selection are all the same
as those for the single layer shell.
1⎡ ⎛ n i⎞ ⎤
t = −1 + ⎢2 ∑
a ⎣ ⎜⎝ i =1 ⎟⎠
− n
(1 − t )⎥
n
(2.3-1)
⎦
with
i
a and are functions of r and s.
l
1
Y t l
8
5l
X s l 4
r l
a2 2l 7
V3n
l
6
3l V 32
b3
V31 a3
ln E nxx n
G xz nnxy Layer n
a
Layer 1
N N
⎡ n
⎤ t
t
xi = ∑ hk t xik + ∑ ⎢ mkn + t n k ⎥ hk Vnik (2.3-2)
k =1 k =1 ⎣ 2⎦
with
t
xi = coordinate of a point inside layer n in direction i
N = number of nodes
hk = interpolation functions
t
xik = Cartesian coordinates of node k
t
Vnik = component of normal vector t Vnk at node k
ak = total element thickness at node k
j
k = thickness of layer j at node k
mkn = distance between element midsurface and midsurface of
layer n at node k
n n
ak
mkn = − +∑ j
k − k
(2.3-3)
2 j =1 2
• The same integration order is used for both Solution 601 and
701.
! Fig. 2.3-14 shows a 4-node thermal shell element with the shell
midsurface nodes, the nodal director vectors and constructed top
and bottom nodes. The director vectors are automatically calculated
by the program, see Fig. 2.3-15.
l
Shell
l
midsurface
s
l Vkn
l node k
l
l
ak
Z
Thickness at a mid-
l
r surface node is
Y l measured along the
X l director vector Vnk
Director vector is
average of all midsurface
normal vectors at the node
Normal vector to midsurface
Node k
Normal vector to
Element 1 l midsurface
Element 2
l
l
l
l
Thickness l
l
l
l
Thickness
Vkn Vkn
Element 1
l l Element 2
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l l
l
l l l
l
l
l
l l
l l
l l
y l l e zz = 0
y
l l s zz = 0
g xz = 0 s zx = 0
z x l l g yz = 0 z x l l s zy = 0
ezz = u/x
l l
y (linear analysis)
g xz = 0
z x l l
g yz = 0
c) Axisymmetric element
• Note that the extra middle node in the 7-node and 9-node 2-D
elements is automatically added by the program when ELCV is set
to 1 in the NXSTRAT entry. These extra nodes improve the
performance of the 2-D elements as explained later in this section.
The boundary conditions at the added node are predicted from the
neighboring nodes.
CPLSTN31, CPLSTS32
3-node triangle CTRIA35, CTRAX36
CTRIAX3 (with 3 input nodes)
CPLSTN41, CPLSTS42
4-node quadrilateral CQUAD45, CQUADX46
CQUAD4, CQUADX3 (with 4 input nodes)
CPLSTN61, CPLSTS62
6-node triangle CTRIA65, CTRAX66
CTRIAX3 (with 6 input nodes)
CPLSTN61,7, CPLSTS62,7
7-node triangle CTRIA65,7, CTRAX66,7
CTRIAX3,7 (with 6 input nodes)
CPLSTN81, CPLSTS82
8-node quadrilateral CQUAD85, CQUADX86
CQUAD4, CQUADX3 (with 8 input nodes)
CPLSTN81,7, CPLSTS82,7
CQUAD85,7, CQUADX86,7
9-node quadrilateral
CQUAD4,7, CQUADX3,7 (with 8 input nodes)
CQUAD4, CQUADX3 (with 9 input nodes)
q q
x = ∑ hi xi ; y = ∑ hi yi
i =1 i =1
q q
u = ∑ hi ui ; v = ∑ hi vi
i =1 i =1
where
The equations above are for 2-D solid elements that lie in the X-Y
plane. A simple change of variable from y to z describes the 2-D
solid elements in the X-Z plane.
Y
s
4l l
7 3
l
Displacement degrees
of freedom
8l l
9 6 r
l
v2
1l l
5 2 u2
l
y2
Z X
x2
Fig. 2.4-3: Conventions used for the 2-D solid element
(assuming element lies in X-Y plane)
Number of pressure
2-D solid element
DOFs
3-node triangle -
4-node quadrilateral 1
6-node triangle 3
7-node triangle 3
8-node quadrilateral 3
9-node quadrilateral 3
• See Tables 2-2 and 2-3 for a list of the material models that are
compatible with 2-D solid elements.
ref. KJB
• The basic continuum mechanics formulations of 2-D solid
Sections 6.2 and elements are described in ref. KJB, pp. 497-537, and the finite
6.3.4 element discretization is given in ref. KJB pp. 538-542, 549-555.
ref. KJB • Note that all these formulations can be mixed in the same finite
Section 6.8.1 element model. If the elements are initially compatible, then they
will remain compatible throughout the analysis.
ref. KJB • The 4-node quadrilateral element uses 2×2 Gauss integration for
Sections 5.5.3, the calculation of element matrices. The 8-node and 9-node
5.5.4 and 5.5.5 elements use 3×3 Gauss integration. See Fig 2.4-4(a).
s
s
r r
a) Rectangular elements
r
1-point 4-point 7-point
b) Triangular elements
l l l ll l l l l
l
l l l l l
l l l
l l l
l l l l
l l l l l
l l
l
l
l l l l l
l l l l l l l l
l l l l l
l l l
l l l l l l
l l l
l l
l l l l
l l l
l
l
l l l l
l l l l l l
l l
l l l
l l
l l
l l
l l l l
l l l l l
l l
l l
l
Note:
1. Only for Solution 601
q q q
x = ∑ hi xi y = ∑ hi yi z = ∑ hi zi
i =1 i =1 i =1
q q q
u = ∑ hi ui v = ∑ hi vi w = ∑ hi wi
i =1 i =1 i =1
t
Z 7
l
w8 l
18
19
l
l
6
v8 15 l
8l l
20 l l
l l 17
l 5 14
l l l
u8 l 16
3 l
l
l l 10
11 13 l
4l l l 2
s
l
l 9
z4 r 12
l
1
x4 Y
y4
X
where
hi (r, s, t) = interpolation function corresponding to node i
r, s, t = isoparametric coordinates
q = number of element nodes
xi, yi, zi = nodal point coordinates
ui, vi, wi = nodal point displacements
Table 2.5-2: Mixed u/p formulations available for 3-D solid elements
Number of
3-D solid element
pressure DOFs
4-node tetrahedron -
10-node, 11-node tetrahedron 4
6-node wedge 1
15-node, 21-node wedge 4
8-node brick 1
20-node, 27-node brick 4
5-node pyramid 1
13-node, 14-node pyramid 1
• Note that 4 pressure degrees of freedom are used for the 10-
node tetrahedron, the 15-node wedge and the 20-node brick
element. Even though this setting does not satisfy the inf-sup test,
the elements generally perform better than with a single pressure
degree of freedom. Still, it is better to add the midside nodes if
possible. This is done by setting ELCV = 1 in the NXSTRAT
entry.
Support for
3-D solid element incompatible
modes
4-node tetrahedron No
5- to 11-node tetrahedron No
6-node wedge Yes
15-node, 21-node wedge No
8-node brick Yes
20-node, 27-node brick No
5-node pyramid Yes
6- to 14-node pyramid No
• See Tables 2-2 and 2-3 for a list of the material models that are
compatible with 3-D solid elements.
ref. KJB • Note that all these formulations can be used in the same finite
Section 6.8.1 element model. If the elements are initially compatible, they will
remain compatible throughout the analysis.
ref. KJB • The 8-node brick element uses 2×2×2 Gauss integration for the
Sections 5.5.3,
5.5.4 and 5.5.5 calculation of element matrices. The 20-node and 27-node elements
use 3×3×3 Gauss integration.
• The same integration order is used for both Solution 601 and
701.
• The same lumped matrix is used for both Solution 601 and
Solution 701.
ref. KJB • The 27-node element is the most accurate among all available
Page 383
elements. However, the use of this element can be costly.
• Fig. 2.6-1 shows the spring, mass and damper single degree of
freedom elements available in Advanced Nonlinear Solution. They
correspond to a grounded spring, a concentrated mass, and a
grounded damper, respectively.
u q ü
k
l
l
k m
.
u
c c
l l
Single Single
translational rotational
DOF damper DOF damper
Damping C = [c]
k -k
k
K = 1 2
-k k
U1 U2
a) spring element
c -c c
C = 1 2
-c c
U1 U2
b) damper element
m/2 0
Mlumped =
0 m/2 m
m/3 m/6 U1 U2
Mconsistent =
m/6 m/3
c) mass element
y-element
z-element x-element
CID
z y
GA
x
y-element
z-element x-element
CID
y
z
GA, GB x
GA
GB
z-element y-element
(normal to plane) (in plane) GO or (X1,X2,X3)
GA x-element
GB
l l l
qrotation l l l
l
using MPC — small rotations
l l l
l l l
l
3 RBAR elements with
l
one independent node
l
l
l
l
GB
l
GA
l Independent: CNB
Dependent: CMB
Independent: CNA
Dependent: CMA
Class 1:
All 6 degrees of freedom of one point are dependent on those of the
other point. In other words,
Class 2:
One point has all the dependent degrees of freedom (but not all 6 of
them), and all those that are not dependent (missing terms in CMA
or CMB) involve degrees of freedom that do not exist at the slave
node. For example,
Another example,
Class 3:
One point has all the dependent degrees of freedom (but not all 6 of
them). In other words,
or
Class 4:
All 6 degrees of freedom active but not all dependent degrees of
freedom belong to 1 point. For example,
Class 5:
Not all the 6 degrees of freedom are active in the constraint and
rigid element fails criteria for Classes 2 and 3. For example,
Note that there are some other valid settings for RBAR that are
not supported in Advanced Nonlinear Solution.
S S M = Master node
S = Slave node
M M
M S
Rigid link
a) Two element assemblages connected with rigid elements
⎡ Fxq ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ Fxk ⎤
⎢ q⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ Fy ⎥ ⎢ 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢ Fyk ⎥
⎢ Fz ⎥ ⎢
q
0 0 1 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ Fzk ⎥
⎢ q⎥ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢M x ⎥ ⎢ 0 −( z k − z q ) ( y k − y q ) 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ M xk ⎥
⎢M q ⎥ ⎢ (zk − zq ) 0 −( x k − x q ) 0 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ M yk ⎥
⎢ q⎥ ⎢
y
⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ M z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −( y − y ) ( x − x ) 0 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ M zk ⎥⎦
k q k q
0
F q = (S k )T F k (2.7-1)
F q = ∑ (S k )T F k (2.7-2)
k
F k = W k S k XF q (2.7-3)
⎡ w1k ⎤
⎢ k ⎥
⎢ w
2 ⎥
⎢ w3k ⎥
where W k = ⎢ ⎥ is a diagonal
⎢ w4k ⎥
⎢ w5k ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ w6k ⎦⎥
matrix with weighting factors given by WTi and Ci as follows:
F q = ∑ (S k )T W k S k XF q (2.7-4)
k
−1
⎛ ⎞
X = ⎜ ∑ (S k )T W k S k ⎟ (2.7-5)
⎝ k ⎠
Now let
G k = Wk Sk X (2.7-6)
From (2.7-3),
Fk = G k Fq (2.7-7)
(F q )T δ u q = ∑ (F k )T δ u k
k
(2.7-8)
= ∑ (F q )T (G k )T δ u k
k
δ u q = ∑ (G k )T δ u k (2.7-9)
k
u q = ∑ (G k )T u k (2.7-10)
k
r U0
KB
KA - KB
GB
• The initial gap opening is U0. When the gap is closed the
element has a stiffness of KA (should be stiff), and when it is open
the stiffness is KB (should be soft).
• For CONM1, only the diagonal mass terms are supported, and
the resulting mass matrix is given by:
⎡ M 11 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 M 22 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ 0 0 M 33 0 0 0 ⎥
M=⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 M 44 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 M 55 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 M 66 ⎦⎥
⎡M 0 0 0 0 0⎤
⎢0 M 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢0 0 M 0 0 0⎥
M=⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 0 I11 0 0⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 I 22 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 I 33 ⎦⎥
GA GB
• The stiffness and damping act along the axis of the element,
which is the line connecting its two nodes. In large displacement
analysis the element axis is updated with deformation. A fixed
element axis can be specified via the CID parameter in the
CBUSH1D entry.
Notes:
1. Temperature interpolation at the start of the analysis only in Solution 701.
2. With MATS1 TYPE=NELAST.
3. Cannot be used with beam element for SOL 601. Can only be used with rod element
for SOL 701.
4. With MATS1 TYPE=PLASTIC.
5. With MATS1 TYPE=PLASTIC and TID pointing to a TABLEST entry.
6. With MATS1 TYPE=PLASTIC and TID pointing to a TABLES1 entry.
7. Only Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden and Sussman-Bathe hyperelastic materials are available
in Solution 701.
Output: The output depends on the element type. Note that as long
as the strains are small, Green-Lagrange strains are practically the
same as engineering strains in the element coordinate system.
Similarly, 2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stresses are practically the same as
Cauchy stresses in the element coordinate system.
This kind of formulation can only be used with 2-D and 3-D solid
elements and with shell elements.
Output:
ULH formulation: Cauchy stresses and logarithmic
strains in the element coordinate system.
−
Engineering strain: e0 = 0
A
´
A0 D
A0 = initial cross-sectional area
S = final cross-sectional
F = applied force
0 = 0 +D
1 2
− 2
Green-Lagrange strain: ε= 2
0
2 0
⎛ ⎞⎡ d ⎤
e = ln ⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎢=
0 ⎠⎢
∫ ⎥
⎥⎦
⎣ 0
Stretch: λ=
0
• Note that for the small strains assumption to be valid, the strains
should be less than about 2%.
F
Engineering stress: σ=
A0
F σA
Cauchy stress: τ= = 0
A A
F 0 σ
2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stress: S = = 0
A0
F σ
Kirchhoff stress: Jτ = =
A0 0 0
• When the strains are small, the 2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stresses are
nearly equal to the Cauchy stresses from which the rigid body
rotations of the material have been removed.
X = RU (3.1-1)
U = R L Λ R TL (3.1-2)
y R
(t) RL
(0)
x
E R = ln U = R L ln Λ R TL (3.1-3)
X= VR (3.1-4)
V = R E Λ RTE (3.1-5)
E L = ln V = R E ln Λ RTE (3.1-6)
X = XE XP (3.1-7)
XE = R E UE = V E R E (3.18-a,b)
E ER = ln U E , E EL = ln V E (3.1-9a,b)
τ = ( R E ) Jτ R E
T
(3.1-10)
and when the left Hencky strain measure is used, the stress measure
is the (unrotated) Kirchhoff stress Jτ . J = det X is the volume
change of the material, and, using det X P = 1, J = det X E .
With these choices of stress and strain measures, the stresses
and strains are work-conjugate.
The choice of right Hencky strain and rotated Kirchhoff stresses
gives the same numerical results as the choice of left Hencky strain
and (unrotated) Kirchhoff stresses.
For further information, see ref KJB, Section 6.2.2 and also the
following reference:
⎡ ∂ tu ⎤
L = ⎢ t i ⎥ = XX −1 (3.1-11)
⎣⎢ ∂ x j ⎦⎥
D=
1
2
( L + LT ) (3.1-12)
W=
1
2
( L − LT ) (3.1-13)
ε J = D +Wε J − ε J W (3.1-14)
t +∆t
ε J = t ε J + ( D∆t ) +( W∆t ) t ε J − t ε J ( W∆t ) (3.1-15)
t TH
e ij = α ( tθ − 0θ ) δ ij (3.1-16)
t TH
ije = tα ( tθ − 0θ ) δ ij (3.1-17)
where
t
α=
(
1
θ − θ)
t 0 (
α ( tθ )( tθ − θ REF ) − α ( 0θ )( 0θ − θ REF ) )
(3.1-18)
t TH
e
ij = α i ( tθ − 0θ ) δ ij (no summation over i ) (3.1-19)
L
Secant to curve
Length, L
LREF
qREF q
Temperature, q
Fig. 3.1-3: Length of bar vs. temperature
L − LREF
ε TH =
LREF
ε TH (θ )
α (θ ) =
θ − θ REF
t
ε TH = α ( tθ ) ( tθ − θ REF ) − α ( 0θ )( 0θ − θ REF )
t
0 σ = C t0e
t
τ = C tt ε*
t
0 σ = C ( t0 e − t0 eTH )
where t0 eTH are the thermal strains. A similar t0 εTH or t0 ε*TH term is
added for the large displacement formulations. The calculation of
thermal strain is detailed in Section 3.1.6.
• This material model is available for the rod, 2-D solid, 3-D
solid, beam, and shell type elements.
and
resulting in
The MAT2 entry can also be used to define a shell material with
only in-plane orthotropy:
⎡ ex ⎤ ⎡ 1 νθ x ν zx ⎤ ⎡ σx ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − − 0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Ex Eθ Ez
⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ν xθ 1 ν zθ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ eθ ⎥ ⎢ − − 0 ⎥ ⎢ σθ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ Ex Eθ Ez
⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ν xz νθ z 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ez ⎥ ⎢ − − 0 ⎥ ⎢ σz ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Ex Eθ Ez ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ γ zx ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢σ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ Gzx ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ zx ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 ν zx ⎤
⎡ ex ⎤ ⎢ − 0 ⎥ ⎡ σx ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Ex Ez ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ν 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ez ⎥ = ⎢ − xz 0 ⎥ ⎢ σz ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Ex Ez ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ γ zx ⎥⎦ ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎢σ ⎥
⎣⎢ Gzx ⎦⎥ ⎣ zx ⎦
⎡ 1 − ν yx ν xy ν zx + ν yxν zy ⎤
⎡ ex ⎤ ⎢ − 0 ⎥ ⎡ σx ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Ex Ez ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ν +ν ν 1 − ν yz ν zy ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ez ⎥ = ⎢ − xz yx xy
0 ⎥ ⎢ σz ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Ex Ez ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ γ zx ⎥⎦ ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎢σ ⎥
⎣⎢ Gzx ⎦⎥ ⎣ zx ⎦
⎛ E1 E E ⎞
ν 21ν 32ν 13 < 0.5 ⎜1 −ν 212 −ν 322 2 −ν 132 3 ⎟ ≤ 0.5
⎝ E2 E3 E1 ⎠
ν ji ν ij
=
Ei Ej
• Note that the material unloads along the same curve, so that no
permanent inelastic strains are introduced.
∫ σ dε = ∫ σ dε
T
(3.3-1)
1 1
E0ε 2 = εT C0ε (3.3-2)
2 2
1 T
dε = ε C0 dε (3.3-3)
E0ε
σ
σ= C0 ε (3.3-4)
E0ε
or
σ
σ= σe (3.3-5)
E0ε
t +∆t
σ e = C0 t +∆t ε (3.3-6)
I1e
r =C (3.3-7)
t +∆t
σe
t +∆t
σ e = E0 t +∆t ε (3.3-8)
t +∆t
σ c = −t +∆t σ (−t +∆t ε ) (3.3-10)
1 + r t +∆t 1 − r t +∆t
t +∆t
σ= σt + σc (3.3-11)
2 2
t +∆t σ
t +∆t
t +∆t
σ= σe (3.3-12)
E0 εt +∆t
Stress
s6 l
s5 l
s4 l
e1 e2 e3
s3 e4
l
e5 e6 Strain
l s2
l s1
Stress
Point 3
´
Point 1 Point 2
´ ´
Strain
n
l
Gap D
Gap element L
(between nodes m and n)
m
l
Stress
D
_
L
Strain
• These models can be used with the rod, 2-D solid, 3-D solid,
beam (plastic-bilinear only), and shell elements.
Stress
0s
y
Bilinear stress-strain curve
Strain
s3
(1,1,1) s3
Ö 23
0
sy
Ö 23
0
sy
s2 s1 s2
Elastic region
s1
a) Principal stress space b) Deviatoric stress space
Stress Stress
B ET B ET
A A
0s ts 0s
y y y
E E 2 0sy
Strain E Strain
E ts
y E
E D C
D ET
C
ET
a) Bilinear isotropic hardening b) Bilinear kinematic hardening
Stress Stress
B B
A A
ts
0s y
0s 2 0sy
y y
Strain Strain
ts D C
y
D C
solid, 3-D solid and shell elements (only single layer shell
elements).
• For multilinear plasticity, there is no restriction on the number
of stress-strain points in the stress-strain curve.
• Mixed hardening is available only for bilinear plasticity.
t
fy =
2
( s ⋅ s ) − tσ y2 = 0
1 t t 1
3
t
fy =
2
(
1 t
s − t α ) ⋅ ( t s − t α ) − 0σ y2 = 0
1
3
where t α is the shift of the center of the yield surface (back stress
tensor) and 0 σ y2 is the virgin, or initial, yield stress.
In the von Mises model with mixed hardening, the following
yield surface equation is used:
t
fy =
2
(
1 t
s − t α ) ⋅ ( t s − t α ) − tσ y2 = 0
1
3
where
t
σ y = 0σ y + ME p e p
dα = C p (1 − M ) de p
t
2 p
e =∫
P
t
de ⋅ de p
0
3
∑
P
t
e = ∆e p
all solution steps
P 2 p
where ∆ e = ∆e ⋅ ∆e p and ∆e p is the tensor of plastic strain
3
increments in a solution step. Because of the summation over the
P
solution steps, the calculated value of t e is referred to as the
accumulated effective plastic strain.
• This material model can be used with the rod, 2-D solid, 3-D
solid, Hermitian beam and shell elements. However this material
model cannot be used with the CQUAD8 shell element, or with the
composite shell element.
Strain
Time
Stress
Stress
Strain Strain
Stress
Stress
Strain Strain
Stress
Strain
Fig. 3.4-5: Response predictions using the plastic-bilinear and plastic-multilinear models
Stress Stress
Strain Strain
Stress
Strain
t +∆t
τ =t +∆t s + t +∆tτ m I
t +∆t
e= t +∆t
e′ + t +∆t em I
Strain
Time
Strain Strain
Stress Stress
Strain
Time
t +∆t
s = 2G ( t +∆t e′ − t +∆t e P )
where κ and G are the bulk modulus and shear modulus, and
t +∆t P
e is the plastic strain ( ε P in ref LC). Thermal strains are not
included in the above equations, but are included in the program
when there are thermal effects.
1 2 1
t +∆t
fy = t +∆t
s − t +∆t α − t +∆t
σ y2 = 0
2 3
where t +∆t
α is the back stress tensor ( X and X′ in ref LC, note
that back stress is always deviatoric) and t +∆t
σ y is the yield stress
( σ Y + R or k in ref LC). The norm of a symmetric tensor a is
defined as a = a : a . The yield condition is always evaluated
at time t + ∆t .
Fig. 3.4-9 shows the yield condition.
Flow rule: The flow rule states that the direction of plastic strain
increments is normal to the yield surface.
directions of ∆e P = directions of ( t + β ∆t
s− t + β∆t
α)
s3
t+Dt
fy=0
t+Dt
s
t+Dt
a
2 t+Dts
y
3
s1 s2
s3
Ds t+Dt
ts s
t+Dt
Da a
ta
2 t+Dts
y
2 ts 3
3 y
s1 s2
a) Overview
DeP parallel to n
2GDe’ 2GDe’
ts -2GDeP ts
n -2GDeP
t+Dt
t+Dt
s s
2 t +∆t 2
fm = e P − t +∆t ξ − t +∆t q 2 = 0
3
e3P
t+Dt
fm=0
t+Dt
eP
t+Dt
x
3 t+Dtq
2
e1P
e2P
The differential rules used for the evolution of the strain memory
surface are
dq = η (directions of de P ) : (directions of ( t eP − t ξ )) de P
and
directions of dξ = directions of ( t e P − t ξ )
in which the symbol <> means that <u>=0 when u<0, and <u>=u
when u>0. The incremental versions of these rules are
and
n
t+Dt
t
eP De P eP
t+Dt
Dx x
tx
3 t+Dtq
2
3 tq
2 Dx parallel to n
q
e1P
x1
Time
Bilinear hardening:
σ y = 0σ y + EP t +∆t e P
t +∆t
sy q=q2
q=q1 R
Memory-exponential
Q(q2 ) hardening
Q(q1)
0
sy
Q Exponential hardening
0
sy
Multilinear hardening
(ePi , syi)
Bilinear hardening
0
sy EP
eP
Fig. 3.4-14: Dependence of stress radius on accumulated
effective plastic strain
Multilinear hardening:
Exponential hardening:
t +∆t
σ y = 0σ y + Q(1 − exp(−b t +∆t e P ))
σ y = 0σ y + t +∆t R
t +∆t
where t +∆t R is the change in the size of the yield surface. t +∆t
R is
defined using the differential equation
dR = b( tQ − t R)de P
t +∆t
and is calculated using R = t R + ∆R ,
∆R = b( t +∆t Q − t +∆t R)∆e P . t +∆tQ is the asymptotic change in
yield surface size, and is calculated as
t +∆t
Q = Q( t +∆t q ) = QM − (QM − Q0 ) exp(−2µ t +∆t q)
t +∆t
α = ∑ t +∆t α ( m )
2 (m) P
dα ( m ) = h de − ζ ( m ) t α ( m ) de P
3
t +∆t
α ( m ) = A ( m ) − ( A ( m ) − t α ( m ) ) exp(−∆b( m ) )
2 h( m )
where A = (m)
(directions of ∆e P ) , ∆b( m ) = ζ ( m ) ∆e P .
3ζ (m)
relation
∆σ h ⎛ ∆e P ⎞
= tanh ⎜ ζ ⎟ +σ y
2 ζ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Thus, given several cycles for different cyclic strains, the material
constants can be estimated using the above formula.
s
B
A EP 2sy
Ds
eP
DeP
MATPLCY entry
PLCYISO entry
PLCYKIN entry
The parametrs of this entry are used to specify the constants for the
kinematic part of the plastic-cyclic model.
PLCYRUP entry
The parametrs of this entry are used to specify the constants for the
rupture part of the plastic-cyclic model. Rupture is based on the
accumulated effective plastic strain.
Conversion formulas
Plastic-bilinear to plastic-cyclic:
Plastic-multilinear to plastic-cyclic:
strain(i) stress(i)
aeps(i) sr(i)
• The thermal isotropic model is available for the rod, 2-D solid,
3-D solid and shell elements.
• In the data input for the analysis, the nodal point temperatures
must be defined for all time steps. See Section 5.6.
• For these models, the elastic moduli, the shear moduli, the
Poisson's ratios and the coefficients of thermal expansion defined
in Section 3.2 are input as piecewise linear functions of the
temperature, as illustrated in Fig. 3.5-1. Linear interpolation is used
to calculate the material properties between input points.
E n
l l
tn
t
E l l
l l l l
q1 tq q2 q3 q4 q1 tq q2 q3 q4
Temperature Temperature
a
l
ta
l
l l
q1 tq q2 q3 q4
Temperature
l
l
r
l
Integration points
1 l
Temperature t q1 l
ref. KJB
• The thermal elasto-plastic and creep models include the effects
Section 6.6.3 of
Isotropic elastic strains, via the MAT1 entry
Thermal strains, t ersTH , via the MATT1 or the MAT1 entries.
Time-independent plastic strains, t ersp , via the MATS1 entry
Time-dependent creep strains, t ersC , via the CREEP entry, or
the CREEP and MATTC entries.
t
σij = t Cijrs
E
( t ers − t ersP − t ersC − t ersTH ) (3.6-1)
• Note that the thermal, plastic and creep parts of these material
models are optional. If, however, the omitted strain components
result in one of the material models detailed in one of the previous
sections, then the program will select that material model.
Notes:
1. "No" means that this strain is not included in the material. "Yes" means that this strain is
included in the material description, and that the material constants for this strain are
temperature-independent. "Temp-dep" means that this strain is included in the material
description, and that the material constants for this strain are temperature-dependent.
• These material models can be used with the rod, 2-D solid, 3-D
solid, and shell elements.
• Note that the constitutive relations for the thermal, plastic and
creep strains are independent of each other; hence the only
interaction between the strains comes from the fact that all strains
affect the stresses according to Eq. 3.6-1. Fig. 3.6-1 summarizes the
constitutive description for a one-dimensional stress situation and a
bilinear stress-strain curve.
Area A
l l
tq tP
Temperature
Stress
ts
ts (t q)
T( q)
tE t
yv
tE(tq)
Strain
teP (time independent)
teE (time independent)
Creep
strain
teC (time dependent)
t Time
ref. M.D. Snyder and K.J. Bathe, "A Solution Procedure for
Thermo-Elastic-Plastic and Creep Problems," J. Nuclear
Eng. and Design, Vol. 64, pp. 49-80, 1981.
• The plastic strains are calculated using the von Mises plasticity
model (see Section 3.4) with temperature-dependent material
parameters (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, stress-strain curves,
...).
1t t 1t 2
t
fy = s ⋅ s − σ yv
2 3
t
fy =
2
(
1 t
s − t α ) ⋅ ( t s − t α ) − tσ y2v
1
3
dα ij = t CdeijP
2 t E t ET
t
C=
3 t E − t ET
E ET
EP =
E − ET
q1
Stress
ET 1
syv1
q2
E1
syv2 ET2 ..
. .
..
E2 qi
syvi
ETi
Ei
Strain
(a) Uniaxial relation of stress versus total strain
Stress q1
E1 ET1
syv1
E1 - ET q2
1
..
syv2 E2 ET2 .
.. E2 - ET
. 2 qi
syvi Ei ETi
Ei - ET
i
Plastic strain
Stress 3 4
2
1
qi
e 1i e i2 ei3 e4i Strain
3 4
1 2
qi+1
3
1
e i+1 2
e i+1 e i+1 e 4i+1
Temperature
a) Stress-strain curves input data
Stress 4q
3 i
2
Interpolated
yield curve 1
tq
4 Plastic
3
1 2 qi+1 strain
P2 P3
e i+1 e i+1
Temperature
b) Yield curves
• Two creep laws are currently available in Solution 601. The first
called the Power creep law is obtained by setting TYPE = 300 in
the CREEP material entry. The second creep law called the
Exponential creep law is obtained by setting TYPE = 222 in the
CREEP material entry. The Power creep law is currently supported
for the elastic-creep, thermal elastic-creep, plastic-creep and
thermal plastic-creep material models. The Exponential creep law
is currently supported only for the elastic-creep and plastic-creep
material models.
t
e C = a ⋅ tσ b ⋅ t d
t
(
e C = F( σ ) ⋅ 1 − e
− R ( σ ) ⋅t
) + G( σ ) ⋅ t
with
( )
F( σ ) = a ⋅ eb ⋅ σ ; R( σ ) = c ⋅ ( t σ ) ; G( σ ) = e ⋅ e f ⋅ σ
t d
( t
)
in which a through f are material constants from the CREEP
material entry.
ref. C.E. Pugh, J.M. Corum, K.C. Liu and W.L. Greenstreet,
"Currently Recommended Constitutive Equations for
Inelastic Design of FFTF Components," Report No. TM-
3602, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, 1972.
1
⎡3 ⎤2
t +∆t
σ = ⎢ t +∆t sij t +∆t sij ⎥
⎣2 ⎦
1
⎡2 ⎤2
e = ⎢ ( t eijC − eijorig )( t eijC − eijorig ) ⎥
t C
⎣3 ⎦
( eC ) = (teC ) + ( a0 t +∆tσ a1 )
1/ a2 1/ a2 1/ a2
t +∆t
∆t
t +∆t
t +∆t e C −t e C
eC =
∆t
where e C ( t +∆t
σ , t +∆tθ , t ) is the generalized uniaxial creep law
d e C ( t +∆tσ , t +∆tθ , t ) . Then calculate
and e C
( t +∆t
σ, t +∆t
θ, t ) =
dt
the effective creep strain and effective creep strain rate at time
t + ∆t using
t +∆t
e C = e C ( t +∆tσ , t +∆tθ , t ) , t +∆t
e C = e C ( t +∆tσ , t +∆tθ , t ) .
4) Calculate t +∆t
γ using
t +∆t
3 eC
t +∆t
γ=
2 t +∆t
σ
∆eijC = ∆t t +∆t
γ t +∆t
sij
ref. KJB • The stresses and strains at the integration points are evaluated
Section 6.6.3 using the effective-stress-function algorithm.
t +∆t
σ (i ) = t +∆t C E ( t +∆t e(i ) − t +∆t e P (i ) − t +∆t eC (i ) − t +∆t eTH ) (3.6-1)
is solved separately for the mean stress and for the deviatoric
stresses. In this equation the index (i) denotes the iteration counter
in the iteration for nodal point equilibrium. For easier writing this
index will be dropped in the discussion to follow. The mean stress
is calculated as
t +∆t
t +∆t
σm =
1− 2
E
t +∆t
ν
( t +∆t
em − t +∆t eTH ) (3.6-2)
1
t +∆t
s= ⎡ t +∆t e′′ − (1 − α ) ∆t τ γ t s ⎤⎦ (3.6-3)
t +∆t
aE + α ∆t τ γ + ∆λ ⎣
t +∆t
t +∆t E t
where aE = , s = deviatoric stress at the start of the
t +∆t
1+ ν
time step and α is the integration parameter used for stress
evaluation ( 0 ≤ α < 1) . The creep and plastic multipliers τ γ and
∆λ are functions of the effective stress t +∆t
σ only, and they
account for creep and plasticity; also
t +∆t
e′′ = t +∆t
e′ − t e P − t eC
The zero of Eq. (3.6-4) provides the solution for the effective stress
t +∆t
σ , where
a = t +∆t aE + α ∆t τ γ + ∆λ
b = 3 (1 − α )∆t t +∆t eij′ t sij
c = (1 − α ) ∆t tσ
3 t +∆t
d2 = eij′′ t +∆t
eij′′
2
e = t e P + ∆λ t +∆t s
t +∆t P
e = t eC + ⎡⎣(1 − α ) t s + α
t +∆t C t +∆t
s ⎤⎦ ∆t τ γ
• This material model can be employed with the 2-D solid and
3-D solid elements.
Cij = 2ε ij + δ ij (3.7-1)
I1 = Ckk , I2 =
2
( I1 − Cij Cij ) ,
1 2
I 3 = det C (3.7-2a,b,c)
1 2 1
− −
I1 = I1 I 3 3 , I 2 = I 2 I 3 3 , J = I 3 2 , (3.7-3a,b,c)
the stretches λi where the λi ’s are the square roots of the principal
stretches of the Cauchy-Green deformation tensor; and the reduced
stretches:
1
λi = λi ( λ1λ2 λ3 )
−
3 (3.7-4)
Note that
J = λ1λ2 λ3 (3.7-5)
1 ⎛ ∂W ∂W ⎞
Sij = ⎜ + ⎟ (3.7-6)
2 ⎜⎝ ∂εij ∂ε ji ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ ∂Sij ∂Sij ⎞
Cijrs = ⎜ + ⎟ (3.7-7)
2 ⎝ ∂ε rs ∂ε sr ⎠
(3.7-8)
where Cij are material constants , and I1 and I 2 are the first and
second strain invariants at time t, referring to the original
configuration (see ref. KJB, Section 6.6.2 for the definitions of the
strain invariants).
Note that constants Aij used in the MATHP material entry are
identical to Cij constants used in MATHE and in the equation
above.
1
WV = κ ( J − 1)
2
(3.7-9)
2
p = −κ ( J − 1) (3.7-10)
E
κ= with ν = 0.499 (3.7-13)
3 (1 − 2ν )
2G (1 + ν )
κ= = 500G for ν = 0.499 (3.7-14)
3 (1 − 2ν )
This rule of thumb can be used to estimate the bulk modulus in the
absence of experimental data. However, lower values of the bulk
modulus can be used to model compressible materials.
9
⎛µ ⎞
WD = ∑ ⎜ n ⎡⎣λ1α n + λ2α n + λ3α n − 3⎤⎦ ⎟ (3.7-15)
n =1 ⎝ α n ⎠
1 1
WV = κ ( λ1λ2 λ3 − 1) = κ ( J − 1)
2 2
(3.7-16)
2 2
1 9
G= ∑ µnα n
2 n =1
(3.7-17)
3 9
E= ∑ µnα n
2 n =1
(3.7-18)
WD = N KT [
1
2
( I1 − 3) +
1
20 N
( I12 − 9 ) +
11
1050 N 2
( I13 − 27 )
(3.7-19)
+
19
7000 N 3
( I1 − 81) + 673750 N 4 ( I1 − 243)]
4 519 5
κ ⎡ ( J − 1) ⎤
2
WV = ⎢ − ln J ⎥ (3.7-20)
2⎢ 2 ⎥⎦
⎣
κ⎛ 1 ⎞
p=− ⎜J − ⎟ (3.7-21)
2⎝ J ⎠
µn ⎡ αn ⎤
( )
N
1
W =∑ αn αn
⎢λ1 + λ2 + λ3 − 3 + J −α n β n − 1 ⎥ (3.7-22)
n =1 α n ⎣ βn ⎦
N
µn α
WD = ∑ ⎡⎣λ1 + λ2α + λ3α − 3 J 3α / 3 ⎤⎦
n n n n
(3.7-23)
n =1 α n
µn ⎡ ⎤
⎢3 ( J 3 ) (J )
N
1
WV = ∑ α n /3
−1 + −α n β n
−1 ⎥ (3.7-24)
n =1 α n ⎣ βn
3
⎦
1 ⎛ ∂W ∂WD ⎞
SijD = ⎜ D+ ⎟ = 0,
εij = 0 2 ⎜⎝ ∂εij ∂ε ji ⎟⎠
εij = 0
1 ⎛ ∂W ∂W ⎞
SijV = ⎜ V + V⎟ =0
εij = 0 2 ⎜⎝ ∂εij ∂ε ji ⎟⎠
εij = 0
1 9
G= ∑ µnα n
2 n =1
(3.7-25)
9
⎛ 1⎞
κ = ∑ ⎜ β n + ⎟ µnα n (3.7-26)
n =1 ⎝3 ⎠
ν
β= (3.7-27)
1 − 2ν
Theoretical background:
∂WD
τi = + p = w′(ei ) + p (3.7-29)
∂ei
where w′(ei ) ≡ dw / de .
(( − )
∞
w′(e) = ∑τ 2)
1 k
e (3.7-31)
k =0
Original
Deformed
L2
F1
L3 0
L1
A1 = L2 L3 = 0 A1
L1
L1
L1 1 F1
e = e1 = ln 0
e2 = e3 = - e1 t1 = t2 = t3 = 0
L1 2 A1
τ (e) = ET e, e > 0
= EC e, e < 0
where ET and EC are constants greater than zero, has w′′(e) > 0
only if
1
2 ET < EC < 2 ET
5) Given only simple tension data for τ (e) , there are multiple
w′(e) that exactly correspond to τ (e) , for positive e only. Two
such w′(e) are
w′(e) = 0, e < 0
= τ (e), e > 0
and
3 1
E= w′′(0) , G = w′′(0) (3.7-32a, b)
2 2
t(e)
emin,t
emax,t e
2) The range of the cubic spline is between the first and last user-
input data points.
3) Outside the range of the cubic spline, the slope of τ (e) is greater
than zero. This ensures that the asymptotic conditions of
τ (−∞) = −∞ , τ (∞) = ∞ are met.
w’(e)
emin,w’
emax,w’ e
Slope > 0
τ ( e ) − τ ( e)
r = max (3.7-34)
e τ (e )
w′(e) = Ai +1 z + Bi +1 z 3 + Ai (1 − z ) + Bi (1 − z )3 (3.7-35)
⎛ z2 z4 1 − (1 − z ) 2 1 − (1 − z ) 4 ⎞
w(e) = Ci + (ei +1 − ei ) ⎜ Ai +1 + Bi +1 + Ai + Bi ⎟
⎝ 2 4 2 4 ⎠
(3.7-36)
WV = κ ( J ln J − ( J − 1) ) (3.7-37)
p = −κ ln J = −κ ( e1 + e2 + e3 ) (3.7-38)
2) The data set should contain both tension and compression data
(compression data is possibly converted from equibiaxial tension
data, see below). If the data set contains only tension data, the
program will assume that the true stress / true strain curve in
compression is a straight line, which is most likely not a good
assumption.
3) The stresses and strains in the set of stress-strain data points can
be either
eu = −2eb , λu = λb−2 , 0 eu = (1 + 0 eb ) − 1
−2
(3.7-39)
τ u = −τ b , 0 σ u = − 0 σ λ
3
b b
7) The strain range of the data set should contain the range of
strains anticipated during the analysis.
ε th = α (θ − θ 0 ) (3.7-40)
X = X m Xth (3.7-41)
X m = (1 + eth ) −1 X (3.7-43)
Cm = (1 + eth ) −2 C (3.7-44)
ε m = (1 + eth ) −2 ε −
1
2
(1 − (1 + eth ) −2 ) I (3.7-45)
Strain e,
¥
stress s
E
E1 h1
..
E .
a ha
Strain Strain
ga Ga
σ = σ ∞ + ∑ qα (3.7-47)
α
1
qα + qα = β α σ ∞ (3.7-48)
τ α
⎛ t − t′ ⎞
t
qα = ∫ exp ⎜ − α ⎟ β α t ′σ ∞ dt ′ (3.7-49)
0 ⎝ τ ⎠
⎡ ⎛ t − t ′ ⎞ ⎤ t′ ′
t
σ = ∫ E ∞ ⎢1 + ∑ β α exp ⎜ − α ⎟⎥
e dt (3.7-50)
0 ⎣ α ⎝ τ ⎠⎦
⎛ 1 qα ⎞
Dα = qα Γα = qα ( e − g α ) = qα ⎜ e − α ∞ ⎟ (3.7-51)
⎝ β E ⎠
Ψ = Ψ ∞ (e) + ∑ Ψ α ( g α ) (3.7-52)
α
1 ∞ 2
where Ψ ∞ (e) = E e is the strain energy of the elastic chain
2
and Ψ α ( g α ) = E α ( g α ) is the strain energy in the spring of
1 2
2
chain α . In terms of β α , Ψ α ( g α ) = β α Ψ ∞ ( g α ) . The 1D model
is recovered by defining
∂Ψ ∂Ψ
σ= , qα = − (3.7-53a,b)
∂e Γα fixed ∂Γα e fixed
∂Ψ α ∂Ψ α
qα = = .
∂e Γα fixed
∂g α
Finite strain model: The finite strain model is derived from the
potential-based 1D model as follows. The elastic potential is
defined as
Ψ ∞ (ε ) = W (ε ) (3.7-54)
( )
where W ε ij is the strain energy density from the elastic part of
the material model. The potential of each chain α is defined as
∂Ψ ∂Ψα ∂Ψ ∂Ψ
Sij = , Qijα = =− =
∂ε ij ∂ε ij ∂Γαij ∂Gijα
Γijα fixed Γαij fixed ε ij fixed
(3.7-56a,b)
where Sij are the 2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stresses and Qijα is analogous
to the stress qα .
Following exactly the same arguments as in the 1D case, we
obtain
1
Qijα + Qijα = β α Sij∞ (3.7-57)
τα
⎛ t − t′ ⎞
t
Qij = ∫ exp ⎜ − α ⎟ β α t ′ Sij∞ dt ′
α
(3.7-58)
0 ⎝ τ ⎠
⎛ ∆t ⎞
1 − exp ⎜ − α ⎟
⎛ ∆t ⎞ ⎝ τ ⎠ t +∆t S ∞ − t S ∞
t +∆t α
Qij = exp ⎜ − α ⎟ tQijα + β α
⎝ τ ⎠ ∆t
( ij ij )
τα
(3.7-59)
(3.7-59) is exact when Sijα does not change during the time step,
and is more accurate than the formula given by Holzapfel:
⎛ ∆t ⎞ ⎛ ∆t ⎞
t +∆t
Qijα = exp ⎜ − α ⎟ tQijα + β α exp ⎜ − α ⎟ ( t +∆t Sij∞ − t Sij∞ )
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎝ 2τ ⎠
(3.7-60)
∆t
especially when is large.
τα
(
Dα = Qijα Γαij = Qijα ε ij − Gijα ) (3.7-61)
where
∂ 2 Ψα
Grsα = Qijα (3.7-62)
∂Gijα ∂Grsα
∂ 2 Ψα ∂ 2W
α α
=β α
= β α Cijrs . (3.7-63)
∂Gij ∂Grs ∂ε ij ∂ε rs
where the tensor Cijrs is evaluated at the strain state Gijα . The
dissipation calculation requires the solution of a set of simultaneous
linear equations of at most order 6 (in the 3D case) at each
integration point.
If usage=deviatoric,
∂ 2 Ψα α ∂ WD
2
= β = β α ( CD )ijrs (3.7-64)
∂Gijα ∂Grsα ∂ε ij ∂ε rs
where the tensor ( CD )ijrs is evaluated at the strain state Gijα . Here,
the dissipation calculation requires a singular value decomposition
of ( CD )ijrs , since ( CD )ijrs has a zero eigenvalue. A similar
situation applies when usage=volumetric, except that the
corresponding material tensor has only one nonzero eigenvalue.
The procedure given in (3.7-61) to (3.7-64) is only
approximate, since the fundamental assumption Gijα = ε ij − Γαij
strictly speaking only holds for small strain analysis.
dζ 1
= (3.7-65)
dt aT ( tθ )
t
1
ζ =∫
t
dt ′ (3.7-66)
a ( t ′θ )
0 T
The shift function used here is either the WLF shift function,
C1 ( tθ − θ ref )
log10 aT ( tθ ) = − (3.7-67a)
C2 + tθ − θ ref
⎛1 1 ⎞ t
log10 aT ( tθ ) = C1 ⎜ t − ⎟⎟ , θ ≥ θ ref
⎜θ θ
⎝ ref ⎠
(3.7-67b)
⎛1 1 ⎞ t
= C2 ⎜ t −
⎜ θ θ ⎟⎟ , θ < θ ref
⎝ ref ⎠
dqα 1 α dσ ∞
+ α q = βα (3.7-68)
dζ τ dζ
1
qα + qα = β α σ ∞ (3.7-69)
aT (θ )τ α
⎛ ∆ζ ⎞
1 − exp ⎜ − α ⎟
⎛ ∆ζ ⎞ ⎝ τ ⎠ t +∆t S ∞ − t S ∞
t +∆t α
Qij = exp ⎜ − α ⎟ t Qijα + β α
⎝ τ ⎠ ∆ζ
( ij ij )
τα
(3.7-71)
t +∆t
1
∆ζ = ∫ t
aT ( t ′θ )
dt ′ (3.7-72)
Force
h
f
e
c
b
d g
a
Deflection
Note that any permanent set associated with the Mullins effect
is not included in the Ogden-Roxburgh model used here.
The Ogden-Roxburgh model, as implemented in Advanced
Nonlinear Solution, uses the following strain energy density
expression:
1 ⎡1 ⎤
η = 1 − erf ⎢ (Wm − W ) ⎥ (3.7-74)
r ⎣m ⎦
∫ exp ( −u ) du
2
erf( x ) = 2
(3.7-75)
π 0
dφ (η )
= −W (3.7-76)
dη
1 ⎡W ⎤
η m = 1 − erf ⎢ m ⎥ (3.7-77)
r ⎣m⎦
1 ⎡W ⎤
φ (η m ) = (1 − η m ) Wm = erf ⎢ m ⎥ Wm (3.7-78)
r ⎣m⎦
m ⎡Wm ⎛W ⎞ 1 ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ W ⎞2 ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
E
φ = ∫ 0 σ de = ⎢ erf ⎜ m ⎟ − ⎜1 − exp ⎜ − ⎜ m ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
r ⎢m ⎝ m ⎠ π ⎜⎝ ⎜ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎟ ⎟⎥
A ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠⎦
(3.7-79)
where
C
Wm = ∫ 0 σ de (3.7-80)
A
Force
Slope kb
Fb
2 1
Slope k b + Fb2
Slope ka p rm
Deflection
æ 1 éW ù ö
Slope ç 1 - erf ê m ú ÷ k a
è r ë m ûø
Wm = strain energy density at b
B
Dissipation = shaded area
D
A
E e=displacement/
original length
Gasket in-plane
directions
• The gasket model can be used with 3-D solid elements. It can
also be used with small displacement/small strain, large
displacement/small strain formulations.
User input
Last yield
point (rupture
point)
Gasket pressure
Leakage
pressure
Closure strain
Etensile
The point number of the first yield point on the yield curve is
given by the value of p yield (parameter YPRESS). p yield must
match the third, fourth or higher point on the yield curve. For future
reference, the point number corresponding to p yield is denoted
NPOINTS. NPOINTS must be greater than or equal to 3.
For each point on the main loading curve higher than the first
yield point, there is an associated unloading curve, as shown.
Notice that each unloading curve must have the same number of
Closure strain
Etensile
Gasket pressure
Interpolated unloading
curve based on highest M
closure strain I
Initial yield
point
G
E L
pyield
D
H
J
B
Leakage F
pressure A
N
C K Closure strain
Modeling issues
• If the user does not explicitly set the material axes coordinate
system in gasket elements (using CORDM of the PSOLID entry),
the program attempts to automatically determine the gasket
material axes directions. This automatic determination is made
based on the element layout. Fig 3.8-5 shows element layouts in
which the program can and cannot automatically determine the
gasket material directions. If the program can automatically
determine the gasket material directions, then the program
constructs a material coordinate system in which the x direction
corresponds to the gasket thickness direction.
(b) At least one element is surrounded by neighboring elements on opposite sides only.
Gasket direction cannot be automatically determined.
• The SMA material model can be used with rod, 2-D solid, 3-D
solid and shell elements. It is available only for implicit analysis
(Solution 601).
seff
Detwinned
martensite CM CM CA CA
Austenite
Twinned
martensite
Mf Ms As Af
Temperature, q
Transformation at seff = 0
Transformation at seff > 0
Mf Mfs As Ass
Volume fraction of martensite, m
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Ms Mss Af Afs
Temperature, q
Fig. 3.9-2: Volume fraction of martensite vs. temperature
s s
q > Af q < As
ε = ε e +ε t +εθ
where
ε e= elastic strain
ε θ = thermal strain
ε t = transformation strain; to be evaluated
The one-dimensional macro-scale model,
ξ = ξ s + ξt ; 0 ≤ ξ ≤1
ξ + ξΑ = 1
ε t = ε tmax ξs
∆ε ijt = ∆ξ sε max
t
nijt
3 ⎛ sij ⎞
nijt = ⎜ ⎟ ; for the martensitic transformation
2⎝σ ⎠
3 ⎛ ε ij ⎞
t
3
σ= sij sij is the effective von Mises stress
2
3 t t
εt = ε ij ε ij is the effective transformation strain
2
t +∆t
E (ξ )
t +∆t
sij =
1+ t +∆t
ν (ξ )
( t +∆t
ε ij′′ − ∆ε ijt )
where
t +∆t
ε ij′′ = t +∆t ε ij′ − t ε ijt
f M S = 3J 2 − CM (θ − M S )
f M f = 3 J 2 − CM (θ − M f )
f AS = 3J 2 − C A (θ − AS )
f Af = 3J 2 − C A (θ − Af )
Rξ
∆ξ = ∆f f
ff
t +∆t
3 J2 − t J2
∆f = − c( t +∆tθ − tθ )
2 σ
t +∆t
f f = - f M f , c = CM and Rξ = 1 - ξ
f f = f A f , c = C A and Rξ = ξ
f R = 3 J 2 − CRθ − σ R
where
ξs = ξ
ξs
ξs = ξ
ξ
ξt
ξt = ξ
ξ
E ( tξ ) t +∆t
t +∆t TR
s = ( ε ij′′ )
1 +ν ( tξ )
ij
3 t +∆t t +∆t
g 2 (∆ξ s ) = sij sij − CR t +∆tθ − σ R = 0
2
(3.9-1)
E (∆ξ ) t +∆t "
t +∆t
t +∆t
sij = ( ε ij − ∆ξ s ⋅ ε max
t t +∆t t
nij )
1 + ν (∆ξ )
t +∆t
t +∆t
Rξ ⎡ 3 t +∆t
J 2 (∆ξ ) − t J 2 ⎤
g (∆ξ ) = ∆ξ − ⎢ − c( t +∆tθ − tθ ) ⎥ = 0
t +∆t
ff ⎣2 σ
t +∆t
⎦
(3.9-2)
where
Rξ = 1 − ξ , f f = − f M f and c = CM
Rξ = ξ , f f = f Af and c = CA
dG (τ )
t
sij (t ) = 2G (0)eij (t ) + 2 ∫ eij (t − τ ) dτ (3.10-1)
0+
dτ
dK (τ )
t
σ kk (t ) = 3K (0)ε kk (t ) + 3 ∫ ε kk (t − τ ) dτ (3.10-2)
0 + dτ
1
where t is the time, sij = σ ij − δ ijσ kk is the deviatoric stress, δ ij
3
1
is the Kronecker delta, σ ij is the stress, eij = ε ij − δ ij ε kk is the
3
deviatoric strain, ε ij is the strain, G(t) is the shear modulus and
K(t) is the bulk modulus.
In the presence of a temperature variation θ (t ) the stresses for
an isotropic and thermorheologically linear viscoelastic material
may be written as
ξ
dG (ζ )
sij (t ) = 2G (0)eij (t ) + 2 ∫ eij (ξ − ζ ) dζ (3.10-3)
0+
dζ
ξ ξ
dK (ζ ) dK (ζ )
σ kk (t ) = 3K (0) ( ε kk (t ) − ε (t ) ) + 3 ∫ [ε kk (ξ − ζ )]
th
dζ − 3ε kkth (t ) ∫ dζ
dζ dζ
kk
0+ 0+
(3.10-4)
where
τ t
ζ = ∫ ψ ⎡⎣θ (η ) ⎤⎦ dη , ξ = ∫ ψ ⎡⎣θ (τ ) ⎤⎦ dτ (3.10-5)
+ +
0 0
dψ
ψ (θTALPHA ) = 1, ψ (θ ) > 0, >0 (3.10-7)
dθ
Note that θTALPHA is the reference temperature used for thermal
strain calculation.
In equations (3.10-3) and (3.10-4) it is assumed that the
mechanical and thermal responses are uncoupled. Furthermore if
the temperature is constant, equations (3.10-3) and (3.10-4) reduce
to equations (3.10-1) and (3.10-2).
ηK
K (t ) = K ∞ + ∑ K i e −γ it (3.10-9)
i =1
θ (t ) ≠ 0 (3.10-10)
α = α (θ (t ) ) (3.10-11)
⎛1 1 ⎞
log10 ψ (θ ) = C1 ⎜ − ⎟ , θ ≥ θ 0
⎝ θ θ0 ⎠
(3.10-13)
⎛1 1 ⎞
= C2 ⎜ − ⎟ , θ < θ 0
⎝ θ θ0 ⎠
4. Contact conditions
• Contact conditions can be specified in Advanced Nonlinear
Solution to model contact involving 3-D solid elements, shell
elements, 2-D solid elements, and rigid surfaces.
ref. KJB ref. Bathe, K.J. and Chaudhary, A., "A Solution Method for
Section 6.7 Planar and Axisymmetric Contact Problems," Int. J.
Num. Meth. in Eng., Vol. 21, pp. 65-88, 1985.
ref. Eterovic, A. and Bathe, K.J., "On the Treatment of
Inequality Constraints Arising From Contact Conditions
in Finite Element Analysis," J. Computers & Structures,
Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 203-209, July 1991.
ref. Pantuso, D., Bathe, K.J. and Bouzinov, P.A."A Finite
Element Procedure for the Analysis of Thermo-
mechanical Solids in Contact," J. Computers &
Structures, Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 551-573, May 2000.
• Most of the features and tolerances needed for contact sets are
provided in the BCTPARA entry. An explanation of this entry is
provided in the NX Nastran Quick Reference Guide. Some contact
settings however apply to all contact sets (such as contact
convergence tolerances, suppression of contact oscillations). These
settings are provided in the NXSTRAT entry.
4.1 Overview
• Contact sets (and their contact surfaces) in Advanced Nonlinear
Solution can be either 2-D or 3-D. The contact surfaces should be
defined as regions that are initially in contact or that are anticipated
to come into contact during the solution.
Contact surface 3
Body 2 l
l l
l l
l
D
l Body 3 l
l l
l
Contact surface 2 l l l
l
l
l l l l l l l l l
A
l l
l l
l l l
l Contact surface 1
C l
Bl
Body 1
Contactor surface
(surface of cylinder)
Body 1
Target surface
(top surface of
body 2)
Body 2
No penetration Target
surface
Contactor
surface
Contactor
No penetration surface
Target
surface
• Basic concepts
τ ≤1
and τ < 1 implies u = 0 (4.1-3)
while τ = 1 implies sign ( u ) = sign (τ )
Sliding: the gap between the contactor node and the target
segment is closed; a compression force is acting onto the
contactor node and the node kinematically slides along the
target segments (either due to frictionless contact or to a
frictional restrictive force less than the limit Coulomb force.
• Single-sided contact
For single-sided contact, which is defined using NSIDE=1
parameter on the BCTPARA card (see Fig. 4.1-4), one side of the
contact surface is assumed to be internal and the other side to be
external. Any contactor node within the internal side of a target
surface is assumed to be penetrating and will be moved back to the
surface. This single-sided option is ideal for contact surfaces on the
faces of solid elements since in that case it is clear that one side is
internal to the solid while the other is external. In this case, the
external side can usually be predicted from the geometry. This
option is also useful for shells when it is known that contact will
definitely occur from one direction. In this case, however, the
program cannot intuitively predict the internal side of the contact
surface.
Internal side
(no contactor nodes allowed)
Target
surface
External side
• Double-sided contact
In double-sided contact, which is defined using NSIDE=2
parameter on the BCTPARA card (see Fig. 4.1-5), there are no
internal or external sides. The contactor surface nodes in this case
are prevented from crossing from one side of the target contact
surface to the other during solution. This option is more common
• Tied contact
When the tied contact feature is selected for a contact set (TIED
parameter in the BCTPARA card), Solution 601 performs an initial
contact check at the start of the analysis. All contactor nodes that
are found to be in contact or overlapping are permanently attached
to their respective target segments. Contactor nodes that are not in
contact are also set to be tied if the contact gap is less than a user-
specified contact tolerance (TIEDTOL parameter in the BCTPARA
card). This tolerance is useful when the contact gap is due to non-
matching finite element discretizations of the contacting surfaces.
The tied contact feature is conceptually similar to using Rigid
elements or multipoint constraints to attach the node to the target
surface. The main difference is that the coefficients for the rigid
elements are automatically determined by the program and they are
only applied for the nodes that are initially in contact. The basic
idea is illustrated in Fig. 4.1-6.
Tied contact is not "real" contact because there can be tension
between tied contact surfaces. Also no sliding can occur between
tied contact surfaces.
The tied contact option can be used to connect two incompatible
meshes. However, the mesh glueing feature described in Section
5.9 produces more accurate results.
Contactor surface
Permanent rigid
connections
Gap between
contact surfaces
(exaggerated)
Target surface
If the contact surfaces initially overlap, they are not pushed back
to eliminate the overlap. Similarly, if there is an initial gap it is not
eliminated.
The tied contact constraint equations are computed based on the
initial nodal positions only. The constraints generated in tied
contact are not updated during the analysis. Hence, the constraints
will be inaccurate if the bodies experience large rotations.
Target surface
x*1
N x*1
x1 x1
Contactor surface
x*1
x1 x*1
x1
Constraint-function method,
Segment (Lagrange multiplier) method, or
Rigid target method
g +λ ⎛ g −λ ⎞
2
w ( g, λ ) = − ⎜ ⎟ + εN
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
w(g,l)
.
-10 -2 -1 1 2 _
10 u
eT
-1
t
_
2
p
1
.
-10 -2 -1 1 2 _
10 u
eT
-1
The old friction algorithm can still be accessed via the FRICALG
parameter in the NXSTRAT entry.
• Note that the target surface can be rigid in all three contact
algorithms. The presence of a rigid target does not mean that the
rigid target algorithm must be used.
δN
FCN = M C aCN * = M C N
∆t 2
FTNi = N i FCN
M Ti = N i M C
and this mass is added to that of the target node itself. Then the
acceleration of the target node is determined as
aTN ( M T + ∑ M Ti ) = ∑ FTNi
vT
FCT * = M C
∆t
F = A P = A N ( K N δ N + K Dδ N )
⎛ x ⎞
FT = min ⎜⎜ A KT xT , µ FN T ⎟⎟
⎝ xT ⎠
Offset
t Actual contact
surface
Internal side Defined contact
surface
(a) single-sided contact
(using NSIDE=1, OFFSET=t on BCTPARA card)
Offset
Actual contact
t surfaces
t
Offset
Defined contact surface
(b) double-sided contact
(using NSIDE=2, OFFTYPE=1, OFFSET=t on BCTPARA card)
Offsets for a whole contact set are specified via the OFFSET
parameter in the BCTPARA entry, while offsets for a specific
contact surface are set via the OFFSET parameter in the
BCRPARA entry. If one of the contact surfaces has a defined
offset, it will overwrite the contact set offset.
The use of contact surface offsets in double-sided contact is not
recommended.
Nodal normals
(a) Discontinuous normals (b) Continuous normals
• Initial penetration
The treatment of initial penetrations in Solution 601 is governed by
the INIPENE parameter in the BCTPARA entry. By default, if
there is initial overlap (penetration) between a contact node and a
target segment in the first solution step, the program attempts to
eliminate the overlap. Advanced Nonlinear Solution can eliminate
the overlap at the first step or over a user-specified time using the
TZPENE parameter in BCTPARA. This feature is useful if the
initial penetrations are too large to be eliminated in a single step.
Eliminate penetration
Contactor node
INIPENE = 0, TZPENE = 0.0
Target surface
Continuum
Eliminate penetration
over time period Ignore penetration
Overlap
distance
• Gap override
In the gap override feature (set via the initial penetration flag
INIPENE=3 in BCTPARA), the gaps and penetrations calculated
from the finite element mesh are replaced by a fixed user-specified
value (GAPVAL parameter in the BCTPARA entry). A positive
value represents an initial gap, zero means that the contact is
touching the target, and a negative value represents an initial
penetration (which can be removed either immediately or over a
user-specified time as explained in the Section on initial
penetration above).
Note also that the error in mesh based gaps and penetrations for
curved surfaces can be more significant when low precision
numbers are used for the node coordinates (such as when short
input file format is used). Gap override is also useful for such
cases.
Target
surface e = L ´ contact surface extension
L
e
Extended target
surface
where
eP /A
• Contact birth/death
The contact birth feature activates a contact set at a specific time,
while the contact death feature disables a contact set at a specific
time. They are set via the TBIRTH and TDEATH parameters on
the BCTPARA card. A 0.0 birth time means that the contact set
starts active at the beginning of the analysis, and a death time less
than or equal to the birth time means that the contact set does not
die.
• Friction delay (Solution 601 only)
When the friction delay feature is activated (FRICDLY parameter
in the BCTPARA entry), frictional conditions are applied to a
contactor node one time step after contact is established. This
feature can be useful in many problems, since it delays the non-
linearity associated with friction until contact is established.
Note that the relative sliding velocity cannot be uniquely
determined when a node was not in contact at time t, and is in
contact at time t+∆t. That velocity depends on the exact time at
which contact started, which is somewhere between times t and
t+∆t (see Fig. 4.4-8). Delaying friction is equivalent to assuming
that contact was established close to time t+∆t, and hence the
sliding velocity is zero and so is the frictional force.
Frictoin delay is off by default (FRICDLY=0).
Time = t
t+2Dt t+Dt
x1t
t+2Dt t+Dt
FT FT .
x1t R= Relative sliding velocity
t+2Dt t+Dt t+Dt
FN FN Friction delay FT = 0
. .
x1t+2RDt unique x1t+DRt non-unique
4.5 Friction
Advanced Nonlinear Solution has a general Coulomb type friction
model, where the coefficient of friction µ can be a constant or
calculated based on several pre-defined friction laws. Solution 701
however, only supports standard Coulomb friction.
µ = A1
⎧ A1 if u ≤ A3
µ=⎨
⎩ A2 if u > A3
⎧ u
⎪ A1 + ( A3 − A1 ) if u < A2
µ=⎨ A2
⎪ if u > A2
⎩ A3
where v(1), v(2) and v(3) are the x, y and z components of the sliding
direction.
µ = A1 + A2 Fn , 0 ≤ µ ≤ 1
⎧ A1 + A3 x (1) + A4 x(2) in 2D
µ=⎨ , 0 ≤ µ ≤ A2
⎩ A1 + A3 x (1) + A4 x(2) + A5 x(3) in 3D
1 − exp(− A2Tn )
µ=
Tn A1
1 − exp(− A2 Fn )
µ=
Fn A1
µ = A2 + ( A2 − A1 ) exp(− A3Tn )
µ = A2 + ( A2 − A1 ) exp(− A3 Fn )
• The contact algorithm itself for a certain contact set can also
change in a restart. For this purpose, the contact algorithms can be
divided into two categories. The first category includes the
constraint function (implicit), Lagrange multiplier segment
(implicit), kinematic constraint (explicit), and penalty (explicit).
Restarts are possible between different algorithms in this category.
The second category includes the implicit and explicit Rigid Target
• The contact damping feature allows the user to add normal and
tangential grounded viscous dampers to all contactor and target
nodes in the model. The damping is activated via the CTDAMP
parameter in NXSTRAT, and the normal and tangential damping
coefficients are CTDAMPN and CTDAMPT. Using the same value
for both normal and tangential direction results in isotropic viscous
damping. The damping force on each node is
FDamp = CN u N + CT uT
Body 1 (contactor)
Body 2 (target)
Contactor nodes
Target segments
Contactor
surface
Target
surface
• The commands for 3-D contact surface definition all require the
contact surface nodes to be connected with 3-D solid or shell
elements. Therefore, to model a rigid target, dummy shell elements
should be used to define the surface. These shell elements are
removed from the model if they are found to be attached to a rigid
contact surface. A contact surface is deemed rigid if:
model ill-conditioned.
Outer cylinder
Inner cylinder
Contactor surface,
marked with
Target surface,
marked with
Geometry before
discretization
Overlap to ignore
features, the load steps should be small. The time step ∆t should
also be small in dynamic analysis and when time dependent
material constitutive relations (e.g., creep) are used.
Contact surface
with sharp corners
Contact surface 1
Contact
Contact surface 3
surface 1 Contact surface 1
(with fine
corner mesh)
Contact surface 2
usually the case due to the small time step size of explicit analysis.
However, some cases such as that mentioned above lead to large
projected penetrations which results in incorrect contact conditions
and tensile contact forces.
One node
in contact
Tensile forces
Wrong contact
region
Projected configuration
(before contact correction) Final configuration
CFORCE
≤ RCTOL
max(CFNORM,RCONSM)
Contact pair 1
Contact Contact
pair 2 pair 3
Applied Blankholder
load pressure
Symmetry
Fixed die
C U=R
Prescribed punch
displacement
Punch
Blank holder
Blank
Die
a) Physical problem
Contact
surface Contact
4 (target) surface 2
(target)
Contact
Contact surface 3
surface 1 (target)
(contactor),
offsets used
to model blank
thickness
Contact Contact
segment 1 segment 2
Segment normals
a) Contactor segments without offsets. Segment normals are not used.
Radius of sphere
Upper surface = contactor offset
Lower surface
b) Contactor segments with spherical offsets. Segment normals are not used.
Offset
vector
Contactor
node normal
Lower contactor point
Contactor surface
Targ ent 2
et seg gm
men et se
t1 Targ
Normals offset
Targ ent 2
et seg gm
men
t1 a rg et se
T
Target edge 1
g = d − GAPBIAS
where GAPBIAS can be chosen to, for example, not model contact
even if there is geometric overlap. (The default for GAPBIAS is 0.)
Contactor node
Target segment
Closest point on
target segment
Target segment normal
n
Contactor node
Contactor node
d
d
Target edge
Edge 1
Segment 1
Segment 2
Fig. 4.8-5: Interaction of contactor node with target segments and edges
g = d − OFFSET − GAPBIAS
Contactor node
OFFSET
d
d - OFFSET
Target segment
Closest point on
target segment
Slope -kn
Fn
-DEPTH g
Spring is compressed
Contactor node Spring is uncompressed
Target segment
Contactor node
Target segment
Contactor node
Target segment
u f = ( u c − ut ) − ( ( u c − ut ) ⋅ n ) n
uf
Ff = µ Fn , u f < u f min
u f min
= µ F , u f ≥ u f min
Ff
mFn
Sliding
. . .
-uf uf u
-mFn
Sliding Sticking
sticking contact, even if the sticking force is larger than the sliding
force, and convergence is prevented for the current equilibrium
iteration.
Oscillation checking only forces sticking friction for the current
equilibrium iteration. For successive equilibrium iterations, the
frictional state (sliding or sticking) is determined as usual from the
sliding and sticking forces. So oscillation checking cannot
converge to a solution in which the frictional state is wrong.
Rigid links
Contactor node is closest to lower target. Contactor node is not closest to upper target,
since there is no upper target segment with normal that points in the direction of the
contactor node.
Contactor node
is closest to
upper target
Upper target
Lower target
Upper target
Upper target
Lower target
Lower target
DEPTH
Contactor
node
Closest point
on target surface
that interacts
with contactor node
DEPTH
Geometric error
Young’s
modulus E Contact
L
area A
Time step for Solution 701: For Solution 701, the time step should
be smaller than
m
∆t = 2
kn
Contactor node at t
Time step selection in frictional contact: The time step size will
affect the frictional velocities and hence the results. This is
because, in static analysis, the nodal velocities used in the friction
calculations are calculated as the incremental displacements
divided by the time step.
In those parts of the analysis in which friction is important, a
“realistic” time step should be used.
Time step for Solution 701 for frictional contact: For Solution 701,
the time step should be smaller than
2mu f min
∆t =
µ Fn
mi
∆t = min
i kn
where the minimum is taken over all contactor nodes. Notice that
friction is not considered in the automatic time step selection; this
is because the model remains stable even if the time step is larger
than the friction time step discussed above.
BCTPARA TFORCE
The maximum tensile force for a node in tensile contact for which
convergence is allowed (default value 0.001). All nodes in tensile
contact must have a tensile force less than this value for the
solution to converge. Tensile contact is not used in Solution 701.
BCTPARA OCHECK
Meaning: self-explanatory
The following messages are output at the end of each solution that
did not converge.
Meaning: The contactor node for which the contact force had
the largest change is output.
The following items are output for each time step in which results
are printed or saved:
is because the solution cannot converge until the nodes in and out
of contact are determined, and it may take many equilibrium
iterations to determine which nodes are in and out of contact. An
example is shown in Fig. 4.8-19. The ATS cutback method will not
be effective for this time step. Rather, the maximum number of
iterations should be set very large, so that the program can find the
converged solution.
Prescribed displacement
Target surface 2
Target surface 2
• The contact search algorithm may take a relatively long time for
the first iteration of the first time step. Similarly, the contact search
algorithm may take a relatively long time for the first iteration of
any time step in which a contact set is born.
a) Poor modeling
b) Good modeling
c) Good modeling
• Table 5-1 lists the Case Control commands used for loading,
boundary conditions, and initial conditions.
• Note that the selected DLOAD set can be used for any time
varying loads in both static and dynamic analysis. Similarly, the
selected LOAD set can be used for defining constant loads in both
static and dynamic analyses.
• Table 5-2 lists the load, boundary condition and initial condition
Bulk Data entries supported in Advanced Nonlinear Solution.
• Table 5-3 lists the Bulk Data entries used for combining applied
loads and/or enforced displacements in Advanced Nonlinear
Solution.
Table 5-2: Bulk data entries for defining loads, boundary conditions and
constraints
Notes:
• The LOAD entry is used for combining loads that are constant
throughout the analysis while DLOAD is used for combining
time-varying loads. The DLOAD entry references a load defined
through a TLOAD1 entry. The TLOAD1 entry references the type
of load (applied load or enforced displacement), as well as the table
entry (TABLED1 or TABLED2) defining the time variation of the
load.
Table 5-3: Bulk data entries for applying loads and enforced
displacements
( )
• A time function is defined as a series of points t , f i ( t ) in
which t is time and fi ( t ) is the value of time function i at that time.
Between two successive times, the program uses linear
interpolation to determine the value of the time function.
Time functions:
f(t)
4
3
2
1
t
2 4 6 8 10
-1
-2
Time 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
tR 20 30 40 40 40 0 -10 -20 0
Note that the TSTEP entry is used for both linear and nonlinear
analyses. In this case, 8 steps of size 1.0 are selected with output
every 4 steps.
Note that in Solution 701 with automatic time step selection, the
above input will not result in 8 steps. Instead, the critical time step
for the model will be used and output of results will be done as
soon as the solution time exceeds 4.0 and 8.0. See Section 7.1 for
details.
• The LOAD case control command can point to a LOAD entry
or to individual loads, and similarly the DLOAD case control
command can point to a DLOAD entry or directly to a TLOAD1
entry. The initial and applied temperature load sets must be
selected by the TEMPERATURE case control command if needed.
The active initial conditions must be selected by the IC case control
command.
tR tR
200 200
150 l 150 l
1 2 t 2 4 t
Run 1: Dt = 1.0 Run 2: Dt = 2.0
Time functions:
f(t) Input time function Time function shifted
by arrival time
4
2
Time at solution
1 start=0.0
t
2 4 6 8 10
-1 Arrival
time Load active
-2
Solution period
-3
G1
Rigid element
Node of load
application
G2
Thin cantilever
Follower force
at t = 0
a) Configuration at time t=0
G1
tq
k
Rigid element
G2
Follower force
at time t
b) Configuration at time t
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
q1
1l l2
L
L L
F1 = (7q 1 + 3q 2) F2 = (7q 2 + 3q 1)
20 20
l l
L
L2 (3q + 2q ) L2 (3q
M1 = 1 2 M2 = 2 + 2q 1)
60 60
A B
Bending
moment
MA
MB
A B
l l l l
Bending
moment
MA
MB
b) Finite element bending moment diagram
using 3 beam elements
mass setting for the whole model. Note that the computational
effort involved in the evaluation of a lumped mass matrix is, in
general, much less than the effort for a consistent mass matrix.
Centrifugal loading
t
( )
R = − ∫ ρ t ω × ( t ω × t r ) dV (5.4-1)
( )
where t ω = 2π A f ( t ) R is the angular velocity vector, t r is
the radial vector from the axis of rotation to the node, A is the scale
factor of the angular velocity, in revolutions/unit time, ρ is the
density, f(t) is the time function, and R (no left superscript) is the
rotation vector.
Note that the centrifugal force is directly proportional to the
time function f(t).
t
w = angular velocity vector t
w
z
G
Centrifugal loads
y
x
Structure
M t +∆t U (i ) + t +∆t K (
i −1)
∆U (i ) = t +∆t R ( i ) − t +∆t F (
t +∆t i −1)
(5.4-2)
t +∆t
( (
R (i ) = − ∫ ρ ω × ω × ( 0r + t +∆t U (i −1) + ∆U ( i ) ) dV ))
(5.4-3)
t +∆t
( )
K (NL1 ) ∆U (i ) = ∫ ρ ω × ( ω × ∆U ( i ) ) dV
i −1
t +∆t
( )
R (NL) = − ∫ ρ ω × ( ω × t +∆t U (i −1) ) dV
i
Mass-proportional loading
t
R i = t M di t ai (5.4-4)
⎡ M11 M12 ⎤ ⎛ ⎡u1 ⎤ ⎡ d1i xgi ⎤ ⎞ ⎡ K11 K12 ⎤ ⎛ ⎡u1 ⎤ ⎡ d1i xgi ⎤ ⎞ ⎡ R1 ⎤
⎢MT ⎜ +⎢ ⎥⎟+ T ⎜ +⎢ ⎥⎟ =
⎣ 12 M 22 ⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣d 2i xgi ⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ K12 K 22 ⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣d 2i xgi ⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ R 2 ⎥⎦
(5.4-6)
⎡ M11 M12 ⎤ ⎡u1 ⎤ ⎡ K11 K12 ⎤ ⎡u1 ⎤ ⎡ R1 ⎤ ⎡ M11 M12 ⎤ ⎡ d1i xgi ⎤
⎢MT + T = − ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 12 M 22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣K12 K 22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ R 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ M12
T
M 22 ⎥⎦ ⎣d 2i xgi ⎦
(5.4-7)
and therefore the system of equations solved is
⎡ 0 −∆θ z ∆θ y ⎤
⎢ ⎥
and S = ⎢ ∆θ z 0 −∆θ x ⎥ , γ = ∆θ x2 + ∆θ y2 + ∆θ 32 . The
⎢ −∆θ y ∆θ x 0 ⎥⎦
⎣
above formula can be found in ref KJB, p 580, exercise 6.56.
This formula gives the exact answer for the case when the
incremental rotations are finite. Physically, the incremental
rotations are interpreted as a vector, with the direction of the vector
interpreted as the axis of rotation, and the magnitude of the vector
interpreted as the amount of rotation about that axis.
The same formula is applied to the end-node triad of a beam
element local node, and to the director vector of a shell element
local node.
Linear elements:
q
q1
q0 l l l l l l l
x
El. 1 El. 2 El. 3 El. 4 El. 5 El. 6
Quadratic elements:
q1
q<q 0
q0 l l l l l l l
x
El. 1 El. 2 El. 3
• The bolt preloads are applied via the BOLTFOR entry which
should be used together with a BOLTLD case control command.
∑R u
j
j j =0
in which the subscript gives the direction and the superscript gives
the node number. These constraints can be expressed as general
constraints.
However, the second constraint can be written as a regular
constraint by manually applying the first constraint to obtain
u z3 − 2u1z − 3θ x1 + 4θ x2 = 0
∫ Γ
λ ⋅ (u1 − u 2 )d Γ = 0 (5.9-1)
∫ ΓS
λ S ⋅ (u M − u S )d Γ S = 0 (5.9-2)
• Only 2-D solid elements can be used in the gluing of 2-D lines.
The glued element side can have linear or quadratic displacement
interpolation. Rod and beam elements are not supported.
• If one glue surface is smaller than the other, the smaller surface
should preferably be the slave. However, the glueing will also
work if the smaller surface is the master. The two glued surfaces
can also be partially overlapping. These cases are shown in Figure
5.9-2.
Master surface
Slave surface
Slave surface
Master surface
Glue surface 2
Glue surface 1
One glue-mesh
Four glue-meshes
(one for each side)
• If the two surfaces have different mesh densities, either one can
be used as slave (unlike contact where the finer one should be the
contactor). Using the finer meshed surface as a slave will produce
more equations, since the Lagrange multipliers degrees of freedom
are on the nodes of the slave surface.
q S = h (θ e − θ S )
(
q S = σ f e θ r4 − (θ S )
4
)
where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, f is a view factor or
shape factor, e is the material emissivity, θ r is the temperature of
the radiative source (or sink) and θ S is the unknown body surface
temperature. Both temperatures are in the absolute scale. Note that
in the above equation the absorptivity is assumed to be equal to the
emissivity.
where q S is the surface heat flux input to the body across some
part S2 of the body surface, kn is the body thermal conductivity in
direction n, the outward normal to the surface, and θ is the
temperature.
! Boundary heat flux loads are applied either directly to the nodes
defining a face of an element using the QHBDY entry, or by
pointing to existing surface elements (CHBDYi type) using the
QBDY1 or QBDY2 entries.
! Note that any boundary of the domain which does not have
either the heat flux or temperature specified will be assumed by
virtue of the formulation to have
qS = 0
ref. KJB ! This form of thermal loading results from the generation of heat
Section 7.2.3 within the domain, which is introduced into the governing equation
system by the term qB of equation (8.1-1).
φT K φ
ρ (φ) =
φT φ
• The same equation solvers are used for both linear and
nonlinear analysis. However, the automatic time stepping
algorithms do not require the stiffness matrix to be positive
definite, thus allowing for the solution of bifurcation problems.
t +∆t
K (i −1) ∆U ( i ) = t +∆t R − t +∆t F (i −1) (6.2-1a)
t +∆t
U ( i ) = t +∆t U (i −1) + ∆U ( i ) (6.2-1b)
t +∆t
K (i −1) ∆U ( i ) = t +∆t R − t +∆t F (i −1) (6.2-1c)
t +∆t
U ( i ) = t +∆t U (i −1) + β (i ) ∆U (i ) (6.2-1d)
t +∆t
where K ( i −1) is the tangent stiffness matrix based on the
t +∆t
solution calculated at the end of iteration (i - 1) at time t+∆t, R
t +∆t ( i −1)
is the externally applied load vector at time t + ∆t; F is the
consistent nodal force vector corresponding to the element stresses
due to the displacement vector t +∆t U ( i −1) ; ∆U(i) is the incremental
displacement vector in iteration (i) and β(i) is an acceleration factor
obtained from line search. Note that, since the full Newton iteration
method is employed, a new stiffness matrix is always formed at the
beginning of each new load step and in each iteration.
t +∆t
U ( i ) = t +∆t U (i −1) + β (i ) ∆U (i )
∆U (i ) ⎡⎣ t +∆t R − t +∆t F (i ) ⎤⎦
T
≤ STOL (6.2-2)
∆U (i ) ⎡⎣ t +∆t R − t +∆t F (i −1) ⎤⎦
T
• Note that line search increases the computational time for each
iteration. Most of the extra time goes towards the evaluation of
t+∆t (i)
F in Equation (6.2-2). However, for the types of problems
where M is the mass matrix and δ is a mass scaling factor that can
vary from 0.0 to 1.0 (default 1.0), to partially account for the
dynamic inertia effect . The C matrix is evaluated using
C=βK
• When low speed dynamics is used with ATS, the time step size
will influence the results. It is recommended that the time step size
be at least 105β . Or, it is recommended that the loads be held
constant for a period of time of at least 104β so that the dynamic
effects die out.
• Note that mass effects may not be needed in the low speed
dynamic analysis. In this case, set the δ parameter in Eq. (6.2-4) to
zero, or, alternatively, set the material densities to zero. That way,
only structural damping effects will be present in the otherwise
static analysis.
• There are three options for controlling the time step size once
convergence is reached after ATS subdivisions. Any of these
options can be selected, or Solution 601 can make the selection
automatically (ATSNEXT in NXSTRAT).
1. Use the time increment that gave convergence
In this case, the program continues the analysis using the last
converged time step. Once the end of the user-specified time
step is reached, the program may increase the time step based
on the iteration history. This option is the default in analyses
without contact.
2. Return to original time step size
In this case, the program continues the analysis using the
original user-provided time increment. This option is the default
when contact is present.
• The ATS method can also increase the time step beyond the
user-specified value if the iteration history shows that such an
increase is useful. This is only possible in a static analysis without
low-speed dynamics. The increase in time step cannot be larger
than a user-specified factor (via ATSMXDT in NXSTRAT). Due to
this increase, the analysis may be completed in fewer time steps
than requested. This time step increase is only possible when the
ATS subdivision is set to “Return to original time step size”.
based on the time step pattern input by the user. The final solution
time is always assumed to be an end of a time step block.
F(t)
1.0 ·
·
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 t
6.2.5 Total Load Application (TLA) method and Stabilized TLA (TLA-S)
method
The first time step has a size of 1/50 of the total time. May
be modified by TLANSTP in NXSTRAT.
Maximum number of equilibrium iterations is 30. May be
modified by TLAMXIT in NXSTRAT.
Line search is used.
Limiting incremental displacements per iteration is set to
5% of the largest model dimension. May be modified by
TLAMXDF in NXSTRAT.
The maximum number of time step subdivisions is set to
64.
The time step cannot be increased more than 16 times its
initial size.
external forces
I EF = R i∆U
damping forces
I DF = R D i∆U
bolt forces
inertia forces
I I = R I i∆U
I CD = R CD i∆U
stiffness stabilization
(
I SST = K i∆U i∆U)
where K is the extracted stabilization part from the stiffness
matrix.
I DR = R DR i∆U
• The following features cannot be used with the TLA and TLA-S
methods:
t +∆t
K (i −1) ∆U (i ) = ( t +∆t λ ( i −1) + ∆λ ( i ) ) R − t +∆t F (i −1)
t +∆t
U (i ) = t +∆t U (i −1) + ∆U (i ) (6.2-5)
f ( ∆λ (i ) , ∆U (i ) ) = 0
where
t +∆t
K ( i −1) = tangent stiffness matrix at time t+∆t, end of
iteration (i-1)
R = constant reference load vector
t +∆t
λ (i −1) = load scaling factor (used on R) at the end of
iteration (i-1) at time t+∆t
∆λ ( i ) = increment in the load scaling factor in iteration
(i )
The quantities t +∆t F ( i −1) and ∆U ( i ) are as defined for Eq. (6.2-1).
Note that in Eq. (6.2-5), the equation f = 0 is used to constrain
the length of the load step. The constant spherical arc length
constraint method is usually used and the constant increment of
external work method is used if the arc length method has
difficulties to converge.
The reference load vector R is evaluated from all the
mechanical loads (except for the enforced displacement loads).
• To start the LDC method, the load multiplier for the first step ∆tλ
(used to obtain the corresponding load vector ∆tλ R) is calculated
using a user-specified enforced displacement (LDCDISP) acting on
a given degree of freedom (LDCDOF) on a specific node
(LDCGRID). All parameters are in the NXSTRAT entry. The
R
0D
Y
a) Model considered
tD
0D specified negative
b) Equilibrium paths
U 2 ≤ 100α ∆t
U
2
energy only,
energy and force/moment,
energy and translation/rotation,
force/moment only, and
translation/rotation only.
≤ ETOL (6.2-6)
∆U (1) ⎡⎣ t +∆t R − t F ⎤⎦
T
t +∆t
R − t +∆t F (i −1)
2
≤ RTOL
RNORM
t +∆t
R − t +∆t F (i −1)
2
≤ RTOL
RMNORM
∆U (i )
2
≤ DTOL
DNORM
∆U (i )
2
≤ DTOL
DMNORM
(
max R c(i −1) − R (ci − 2) , λ (i ) − λ (i −1)
2 2
) ≤ RCTOL
(
max R c(i − 2) , RCONSM
2
)
where R (ci −1) is the contact force vector at the end of iteration
( i − 1) , λ (i ) is the Lagrange multiplier vector at the end of iteration
( i ) , RCONSM is a reference contact force level used to prevent
possible division by zero and RCTOL is a user-specified contact
force convergence tolerance.
≤ ETOL
∆U (1) ⎡⎣ ∆λ (1) R ⎤⎦
T
t +∆t
λ (i −1) R − t +∆t F ( i −1) 2
≤ RTOL
RNORM
t +∆t
λ (i −1) R − t +∆t F ( i −1) 2
≤ RTOL
RMNORM
D
D
P
P
P
P
6.2.9 Example
Row ITE=0: This row shows the result of the initial iteration
called iteration 0. For this iteration, the program performs the
following steps:
t +∆t
Compute U (0) = t U .
t +∆t t +∆t t +∆t
Compute F (0) and K (0) using U (0) .
I N T E R M E D I A T E P R I N T O U T D U R I N G E Q U I L I B R I U M I T E R A T I O N S
ITE= 0 2.24E+03 2.32E+06 3.27E-03 4.79E-03 7.45E-01 4.74E+03 1.00E+00 2.32E+05 6.92E-02 1.15E+00
740-Z 319-Y 159-Z 239-Y 4.11E+03 3.27E-04 8.63E-01
-2.32E+06 -6.22E-04 -1.14E-03 1.64E-01
ITE= 1 3.95E+00 1.96E+04 9.93E+00 6.16E-04 2.03E-01 4.74E+03 1.77E-03 1.96E+03 8.90E-03 9.01E-01 9.99E-01 -5.95E-08
239-X 39-Y 239-X 279-Y 5.26E+03 9.93E-01 2.35E-01 ( 3)
4.14E+03 -2.37E+00 1.52E-04 6.71E-02
ITE= 2 2.67E-01 5.89E+03 4.45E+00 1.29E-04 5.98E-02 4.54E+02 1.19E-04 5.89E+02 1.86E-03 9.06E-02 4.84E-01 2.85E-06
740-Z 199-Y 42-X 279-Y 5.01E+03 4.45E-01 6.92E-02 ( 5)
ITE= 3 4.28E-03 1.00E+03 5.20E-01 2.45E-05 7.30E-03 4.46E+02 1.91E-06 1.00E+02 3.53E-04 9.67E-02 9.81E-01 -3.45E-05
39-Z 479-Y 39-X 79-Y 4.61E+03 5.20E-02 8.45E-03 ( 3)
-2.80E+02 1.72E-01 3.53E-06 -1.86E-03
ITE= 4 2.48E-06 1.77E+01 1.35E-02 3.47E-07 1.71E-04 3.12E+01 1.11E-09 1.77E+00 5.01E-06 6.80E-03 1.00E+00 8.78E-03
39-Z 239-Y 159-Z 119-Y 4.58E+03 1.35E-03 1.98E-04 ( 1)
-5.76E+00 -5.12E-03 -1.16E-07 -5.42E-05
ITE= 6 1.87E-12 5.22E-03 9.02E-06 4.84E-10 2.62E-07 2.64E-02 8.35E-16 5.22E-04 6.99E-09 5.76E-06 1.00E+00 -2.39E-02
119-Z 119-Y 159-Z 119-Y 4.58E+03 9.02E-07 3.03E-07 ( 1)
2.05E-03 -4.21E-06 -1.80E-10 -1.30E-07
363
6.2: Nonlinear static analysis
Chapter 6: Static and implicit dynamic analysis
I T E R A T I O N T I M E L O G
Compute ∆U (0) using t +∆t K (0) ∆U (0) =t +∆t R − t +∆t F (0) . Only
considering translational degrees of freedom, the norm of the
incremental displacement vector is ∆U (0) = 4.79×10-3 and
2
the largest magnitude in the incremental displacement vector is
–1.14×10-3 at the Z displacement of node 159. Only considering
rotational degrees of freedom, the norm of the incremental
displacement vector is ∆U (0) = 7.45×10-1 and the largest
2
= 1.00
∆U (0) ⎡⎣ t +∆t R − t F ⎤⎦
T
∆U (0)
2
= 6.92×10-2 and
DNORM
∆U (0)
2
= 8.63×10-1.
DMNORM
Since DNORM and DMNORM are not provided by the user, they
are automatically estimated by the program. The above
displacement convergence values however are not used in
determining convergence.
Row ITE=1: This row shows the results of the first equilibrium
iteration. In this iteration, the program performs the following
steps:
t +∆t t +∆t
Compute U (1) = U (0) + ∆U (0) , t +∆t F (1) and the line
∆U (0) ⎡⎣ t +∆t R − t +∆t F (1) ⎤⎦
T
Compute t +∆t
U (1) = t +∆t
U (0) + β (1) ∆U (0) .
t +∆t t +∆t t +∆t
Compute F (1) using U (1) , and compute K (1) .
Note that the stiffness matrix is updated since the standard
Newton method is used.
Compute ∆U (1) using t +∆t K (1) ∆U (1) =t +∆t R − t +∆t F (1) . Only
considering translational degrees of freedom, the norm of the
incremental displacement vector is ∆U (1) = 6.16×10-4 and
2
the largest magnitude in the incremental displacement vector is
1.52×10-4 at node 239 (X translation). Only considering
rotational degrees of freedom, the norm of the incremental
displacement vector is ∆U (1) = 2.03×10-1 and the largest
2
magnitude in the incremental displacement vector is 6.71×10-2
at node 279 (Y rotation).
= 1.77×10-3.
∆U ⎡⎣ R − F ⎤⎦
(1)T t +∆t t
t +∆t
∆U (4) = t +∆t ∆U (3) + ∆U (3)
Row ITE=6: The row shows the results from the sixth equilibrium
iteration. In this case, all convergence criteria are satisfied and
convergence is reached.
t
U, t +∆t U = vectors of nodal point velocities at time t, t+∆t
U = vector of nodal point displacement increments from
time t to time t+∆t, i.e., U = t+∆tU - tU.
t +∆t
U = t U + ⎡⎣(1 − δ ) t U + δ t +∆t
U ⎤⎦ ∆t (6.3-2)
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
t +∆t
U = t U + t U ∆t + ⎢⎜ − α ⎟ t U + α t +∆t
U ⎥ ∆t 2 (6.3-3)
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
ˆ t +∆t U = t +∆t R
K ˆ (6.3-4)
where
ˆ =K+a M+aC
K (6.3-5)
0 1
ˆ =t +∆t R + M ( a t U + a t U + a t U ) + C ( a t U + a t U + a t U )
R 0 2 3 1 4 5
(6.3-6)
and where a0, a1, ... , a5 are integration constants for the Newmark
method (see Ref. KJB, Section 9.2.4).
A similar procedure can be followed for the Bathe time
integration scheme.
M ( i ) = ∫ ρ ( i ) H ( i )T H ( i ) dV
6.3.2 Damping
ref. KJB • Damping can be added directly to the model through Rayleigh
Section 9.3.3 damping. Additional indirect damping results from the selected
time integration parameters, plasticity and friction.
C Rayleigh = α M + β K
• See Ref. KJB, Section 9.3.3, for information about selecting the
Rayleigh damping constants α, β. In the modal basis, the damping
ratio can be written as
α βωi
ξi = +
2ωi 2
The above comments apply only when the stiffness matrix does
not change significantly during the analysis, however.
ref. KJB
• Nonlinear dynamic analysis in Solution 601 is performed by
Section 9.5 direct implicit integration using the Newmark method or the Bathe
time integration method, similar to linear dynamic analysis.
≤ ETOL
∆U (1) ⎡⎣ t +∆t R − M t +∆t U (0) − C t +∆t U (0) − t F ⎤⎦
T
t +∆t
R − M t +∆t U (i −1) − C t +∆t U ( i −1) − t +∆t F (i −1)
2
≤ RTOL
RNORM
t +∆t
R − M t +∆t U (i −1) − C t +∆t U ( i −1) − t +∆t F (i −1)
2
≤ RTOL
RMNORM
6.5 Solvers
Three solvers are available in Solution 601. These are the direct
sparse solver (default), the iterative multigrid solver and the 3D-
iterative solver. The SOLVER parameter in the NXSTRAT entry is
used to select which solver to use. Details on parallel processing
can be found in Section 10.9.
The spare solver is the only choice for heat transfer analysis.
• The sparse matrix solver is very reliable and robust and should
generally be used for most problems in Solution 601. It is the
default solver.
• Note that the multigrid solver cannot recognize that the stiffness
matrix is singular. For such problems, the solver will iterate
without converging.
RDA( k ) = r ( k ) D N,
2
RDB ( k ) = x ( k ) − x ( k −1) ,
2
RDC (k )
= x (k )
,
2
b ≤ ε0 or r i ≤ ε0 or x i − x i−1 ≤ ε0
⎧⎪0.001σe i <3
or equation residual: r i rscale ≤ ⎪⎨
⎪⎪⎩σe i≥3
⎪⎧0.001σv i <3
or solution residual: x i − x i−1 xscale ≤ ⎪⎨
⎪⎪⎩σv i ≥3
∑
n
The solution norm is defined as x = 1
n 1
xi . In the above,
ε0 ≡ 10−16 , the equation scale rscale = b , and the variable scale
⎪⎪ {
⎧⎪max ε , 1 x1 + x 2 + x 3
0 3( ) } for linear problems
xscale = ⎨
⎪⎪⎩{
⎪⎪max ε , 1 x1 + x 2 + x 3 , ∆x
0 3( ) } for nonlinear problems
The equation residual (EQ) and the solution residual (VAR) are
written to the .f06 file.
7.1 Formulation
The central difference method (CDM) is used for time integration
in explicit analysis (see ref. KJB, Section 9.2.1). In this case, it is
assumed that
2 (
U − 2 t U + t +∆t U )
1 t −∆t
t
U= (7.1-1)
∆t
t
U=
1
2∆t
( −t −∆t U + t +∆t U ) (7.1-2)
M tU + C t U = tR − tF (7.1-3)
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ t +∆t 2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ t −∆t
⎜ 2 M+ C ⎟ U = tR − tF + 2 M tU − ⎜ 2 M + C⎟ U
⎝ ∆t 2∆t ⎠ ∆t ⎝ ∆t 2 ∆t ⎠
(7.1-4)
t +∆t
from which we can solve for U.
TNmin
∆t ≤ ∆tCR =
π
where ∆tCR is the critical time step size, and TNmin is the
smallest period in the finite element mesh.
there will be 12 nominal steps each of size 1.0. If the stable time
step is smaller than 1.0 it will be used instead and results will be
saved as soon as the solution time exceeds 4.0, 8.0 and exactly at
12.0 since it is the last step of the analysis.
7.1.2 Damping
C Rayleigh = α M
7.2 Stability
ref. KJB • The stable time step for a single degree of freedom with central
Section 9.4.2 difference time integration is
TN 2
∆tCR = =
π ωN
TN min 2 2
∆t ≤ ∆tCR = = ≤
π ω N max ωE max
2
∆t = K × ∆t E min = K × (7.2-1)
ωE max
• For most element types the critical time step can be expressed in
terms of a characteristic length and a material wave speed
L
∆t E = (7.2-2)
c
where the definition of the length L and the wave speed c depend
on the element and material type. For all elastic-plastic materials
the elastic wave is used. This condition is used in Solution 701
instead of actually evaluating the natural frequency in Eq. (7.2-1).
• Note that the critical time step calculated for all elements is only
an estimate . For some elements and material combinations it is
exact, and for others it is slightly conservative. However, it may
not be small enough for excessively distorted elements (3-D solid
and shells), and it will therefore need scaling using K factor in Eq
(7.2-1).
• The time step also changes with deformation, due to the change
in the geometry of the elements and the change in the wave speed
through the element (resulting from a change in the material
properties).
Rod elements
The critical time step for a 2-node rod element is
L
∆t E =
c
E
c=
ρ
Beam elements
The critical time step for the (Hermitian) beam element is
L 12 I
∆t E = / 1+ 2
c AL
Shell elements
The critical time step for shell elements is
L
∆t E =
c
E
c=
ρ (1 −ν 2 )
The critical time step estimated here is only approximate, and may
be too large for excessively distorted shell elements.
L
∆t E =
c
E (1 −ν )
c=
ρ (1 +ν )(1 − 2ν )
The critical time step estimated here is only approximate, and may
be too large for excessively distorted 3-D solid elements.
Spring elements
The critical time step for a spring element is
2 M 1M 2
∆t E = =2
ωN K (M1 + M 2 )
where M1 and M2 are the masses of the two spring nodes and K is
its stiffness. Massless springs are not taken into account in the
calculation of the stable time step.
R-type elements
These elements are perfectly rigid and therefore do not affect the
stability of explicit analysis.
• The evaluation of the critical time step for each element takes
some computational time. Therefore, it does not need to be
performed at every time step. The parameter XDTCAL in
NXSTRAT determines how frequently the critical time step is
reevaluated.
• The time step size for explicit analysis can be unduly small for a
realistic solution time. Three features are provided to deal with this
problem.
∂θ
q = −k
∂x
where
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
qx = − k x ; q y = −k y ; qz = − k z
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ⎛ ∂θ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂θ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂θ ⎞
⎟ + ⎜ ky ⎟ + ⎜ kz ⎟ = −q
B
⎜ kx (8.1-1)
∂x ⎝ ∂ x ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂ y ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂ z ⎠
qe
Z
S1
Y
X
S2
qs
∂θ
kn = qS (8.1-3)
∂n S2
qS = 0
qC = cρ θ (8.1-4)
! Note that all terms involving stored heat always involve the
product cρ . Hence, it is an acceptable modeling technique to set ρ
to 1.0 and c to the heat capacity per unit volume (instead of the
specific heat).
q S = h (θ e − θ S ) (8.2-1)
(
q S = σ f e θ r4 − (θ S )
4
) (8.2-2)
K̂θ = Q (8.3-1)
θ( ) = θ(
i −1)
t +∆t t +∆t
+ ∆θ( )
i i
(8.3-3)
θ( ) = t +∆t θ(
i −1)
t +∆t
+ β ( ) ∆θ( )
i i i
(8.3-4)
≤ TOL
∆θ( ) ⎡⎣ t +∆t Q − t +∆t Q(I ) ⎤⎦
i T i −1
Cθ + Kθ
ˆ =Q
C(
i −1)
t +∆t
θ( ) + t +∆t K
ˆ ( i −1) ∆θ( i ) = t +∆t Q − t +∆t Q( i −1)
i
I
ref. KJB ! The choice of time step size ∆t is important; if ∆t is too large
Section 9.6.1 then the equilibrium iteration process may not converge for
nonlinear problems. For transient problems, the accuracy will also
be sacrificed with an excessively large time step. On the other
hand, too small a time step may result in extra effort unnecessarily
being made to reach a given accuracy.
Therefore it is useful to provide some guidelines as to the choice
of time step size ∆t. We would like to use as large a time step as the
accuracy/stability/convergence conditions allow. Thus the
guidelines are phrased as upper limits on the time step size ∆t, i.e.
∆t ≤ ∆tmax
∂θ ∂ 2θ
cρ =k 2
∂t ∂x
θ − θ0 t x
θˆ = ; tˆ = ; xˆ =
qw L k τ L
∂θˆ a ∂ 2θˆ
=
∂tˆ L2 ∂ xˆ 2
k
where a = is the thermal diffusivity. We take the characteristic
cρ
time to be
L2
τ=
a
at
F0 =
L2
a ( ∆t )
F0∆ =
( ∆x )
2
! Setting
F0∆ ≤ 1
or equivalently
( ∆x )
2
∆t ≤
a
has occurred at a time t. For the above posed problem, which has
an analytical solution, we have
γ = 4 at
4
∆x ≤ atmin
N
2
∆x ≤ atmin
5
! Note that for a given (large) tmin, the element size upper bound
may be greater than the physical dimensions of the problem. In this
case it is obvious that the element size must be significantly
reduced.
Settings
Structural Heat transfer
SOL TRANOPT
Static Steady 153 -
Static Transient 159 1
Dynamic Steady 159 2
Dynamic Transient 159 0 (default)
l l
q = 20° q = 100°
One-dimensional heat flow in a rod
100° 100°
20° 20°
l l l l l
sxx ¹ 0 sxx ¹ 0
l l l l l
sxx = 0
l l l
! Currently, the time steps used in the structural and heat transfer
equations are assumed to be the same, as set via the TSTEP entry.
However, if ATS is present the time steps may differ during the
solution. In this case, the heat transfer solution is always ahead of
the structural one, and the structural solution uses temperature
interpolated from the two closest heat transfer solutions.
t +∆t
θ(i ) −t +∆t θ(i −1)
t +∆t
2
< TOLL
θ (i )
2
t +∆t
U (i ) −t +∆t U ( i −1)
t +∆t
2
< TOLL
U (i )
2
θ structure
(k )
= (1 − λ )θ heat
( k − 2)
+ λ θ heat
( k −1)
qM = ω τ : D p (9.1)
qcIJ = hˆ (θ J − θ I ) (9.2)
where ĥ is the contact heat transfer coefficient (set via the
TMCHHAT parameter in the BCTPARA entry) and θ I and θ J
are the surface temperatures of the contacting bodies.
In the limit as ĥ approaches infinity, the temperatures of the
contacting bodies become equal to each other. With ĥ large,
equation (9.2) can be considered a penalty method approximation
to the equation θ I = θ J .
qGIJ = τ⋅ U (9.3)
surfaces, respectively. These user input parameters are set via the
TMCFC and TMCFT parameters in the BCTPARA entry. The
following relations must hold:
0 ≤ f c ≤ 1, 0 ≤ f t ≤ 1, 0 ≤ f c + ft ≤ 1
The contactor heat rate is applied to the contactor node. The target
heat rate is distributed among the target segment nodes.
10.2 Restart
• Restart is a useful feature in Advanced Nonlinear Solution. It
can be used when the user wishes to continue an analysis beyond
its previous end point, or change the analysis type, loads or
boundary conditions or tolerances. A restart analysis is selected by
setting MODEX = 1 in the NXSTRAT entry. Recovering results
from a restart file without continuing the analysis can also be done
setting MODEX = 2.
• All relevant solution data needed for a restart run are saved in a
file (with extension .res) in case they are needed in a restart
analysis.
• Note that multiple restart data can be appended to the restart
file. This enables the restart analysis to be based on a solution step
different from the last converged solution. Saving multiple time
step solutions to a restart file can be expensive, however, as it leads
to a large restart file size. The frequency of data writing to a restart
file is set via the IRINT flag in the NXSTRAT entry.
• Note that once the second analysis starts, it will overwrite the
.res file with new data. Therefore, if the user wishes to redo the
second run, then the .res file must be copied again from the first
model.
• The geometry, and most element data, cannot be changed in a
restart analysis. However, the following changes are allowed:
Installation of Column to be
temporary support replaced
Ground level
l
l l
l l
l l l
l
l l
l
l
Tunnel to be
excavated
Fig. 10.3-1: Analyses that require the element birth and death
options
• Note that an element is born stress free. Hence, even if the nodal
points to which the new element is connected have already
displaced at the time of birth, these displacements do not cause any
stresses in the element, and the stress-free configuration is defined
to occur at the nearest solution time less than or equal to the birth
time.
time tb, and the element is first active at time tb + ∆t . Note that the
stress in the element is based on the displacements measured from
the configuration at time tb , irrespective of the input value of
TBIRTH, provided that TBIRTH is input in the range shown in
Fig. 10.3-2(a). See also the example given below.
Time
0 t t+Dt
Stress free First solution time for which
state the element is active
(a) Birth option active
Time
0 t-Dt t
First solution time for which
the element is inactive
(b) Death option active
Dt
Element 2, TBIRTH = t +
1000
u
tR
t F int = t R
1
Element 1:
K1=AE/ 0L
t int
F1 =K1(tL - 0L)
tL
b) Solution at time t
tF =0
Element 2
tL
tR
Element 1
tL
Element 2:
K2=AE/ tL
t+Dt
F2int=K2(t+DtL - tL)
t+DtR
Element 1:
K1=AE/ 0L
t+Dt
F1int=K1(t+DtL - 0L)
t+DtL
These zero pivots will stop the solution, unless the zero pivots are
prevented from occuring.
K ii = (1 + ε STAB ) K ii
(a) Bolt modeled with beam elements (b) Beam elements used for bolt shank
3D solid elements
• The bolt feature can be used only in static and implicit dynamic
analysis (Solution 601).
F = k ( t L − Lb )+ Fb (10.7-1)
F = k ( t ∆ + ∆ b )+ Fb (10.7-2)
( ite −1)
∆b − ∆b
( ite )
< 0.01
(
max ∆ b
( ite −1)
, ∆b
( ite )
)
Rest of structure
• For all other iterations, in which the bolt is not being adjusted,
the bolt axial force - length relationship is given by (10.7-1), where
Fb and ∆ b are in general non-zero and are held constant.
10.7.2 3D-bolt
• The basic ideas used in the 3D-bolt are shown in Fig 10.7-3.
This figure shows a very simple bolt model of four elements, with
the ends of the bolt fixed. For simplicity, it is assumed that the
Poisson's ratio is zero, so that the cross-section of the bolt doesn't
change during the deformations.
Fig. 10.7-3(a) shows the 3D-bolt along with its bolt plane. This
bolt plane is an additional input for the 3D-bolt. As seen, the bolt
plane determines the bolt direction and the bolt split faces. (For
more information about the bolt plane, see Section 10.7.5.)
Fig 10.7-3(b) shows an incompatible displacement, called the
bolt displacement, applied to the nodes on the bolt split faces.
Because the bolt model is fixed at its ends, the elements must
increase in length, and, to satisfy equilibrium, the elements must all
be under uniform tension. The nodal point forces acting at the
nodes on the bolt split faces are combined into a single bolt force.
Fig 10.7-3(c) shows the 3D-bolt after deformations, as
visualized during postprocessing. The elements appear to be
different lengths because the bolt displacement is not included in
the plot. However, the strains are the same in all elements.
In this example, it is clear that the bolt force is determined by
the bolt displacement, and that the bolt force increases as the bolt
displacement increases.
• Fig 10.7-4 shows the same problem, but with one end of the bolt
free. Now when the bolt displacement is applied, the elements on
the free end move stress-free, and the resulting plot is shown in Fig
10.7-4(c). This example justifies the use of the term "bolt
displacement".
When the bolt end is free, it is clear that the bolt force is zero
for any value of the bolt displacement.
Bolt direction
(normal to
bolt plane) Bolt split faces
Bolt plane
Bolt
displacement
Consistent
nodal point
forces
(b) Bolt displacement and consistent
nodal point forces
Bolt
displacement
(c) As visualized
⎡ K KUB ⎤ ⎡ ∆u ⎤ ⎡ R − F ⎤
⎢ KBU KBB ⎥ ⎢ ∆v ⎥ = ⎢ R − F ⎥ (10.7-3)
⎣ ⎦⎣ b⎦ ⎣ b b⎦
Rb − Fb
<0.0l
(
max Rb , Fb )
is used.
⎡ K KUB ⎤ ⎡ ∆u ⎤ ⎡ R − F ⎤
⎢ KBU α KBB ⎥ ⎢ ∆v ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥ (10.7-4)
⎣ ⎦⎣ b⎦ ⎣ ⎦
• The bolt force is defined using the BOLTFOR entry. The bolt
preload set must be selected via the BOLTLD case control
command.
• The beam elements that make up the bolt are selected using the
BOLT entry with ETYPE=1. All of the elements must have the
same PID.
Beam elements
• The 3-D solid elements that make up the bolt are selected using
the BOLT entry with ETYPE=3. All of the elements must have the
same PID.
• The 3D-bolt also uses a bolt plane as part of its definition. The
bolt plane gives the bolt direction and the approximate location of
the bolt split faces. The bolt direction is used to determine the
direction of the bolt displacement and the direction of the bolt
force. The bolt plane is used to determine the bolt split faces. Note
that the bolt split faces do not necessarily coincide with the bolt
plane. Rather, the program determines the bolt split faces to lie
"near" the bolt plane.
Bolt plane
• When the bolt force is specified for a system in which one end
of the bolt is free (for example, the system shown in Fig 10.7-4),
the global system of equations (10.7-3) is singular. This is
physically correct as there is no non-zero bolt force that can satisfy
equilibrium.
In this case, stiffness stabilization can be used to prevent
numerical difficulties.
Centroid
Automatically determined
bolt plane
To prevent this effect from occuring, make sure that the contact
is established before beginning bolt force iterations. For example,
set up the model so that there is a very small overlap between the
contacting parts.
Contact
A conditions A
Bolt-
plane
B B
Solution 701
Solution 701 can only run in-core. Enough memory must be
provided.
Additional reading
This section lists some references related to Solution 601 and 701.
Books
K.J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures, Cambridge, MA,
Klaus-Jürgen Bathe, 2006.
Web
Additional references, including downloadable papers, can be
found at the MIT web site of Prof. K. J. Bathe:
http://meche.mit.edu/people/faculty/index.html?id=10
Index
2 A
2-D conduction elements Accumulated effective plastic strain,
numerical integration, 76 139, 151
2-D solid elements, 14, 66 Applied temperatures, 327
axisymmetric, 67 Arc length method, 352
formulations, 73 Arruda-Boyce material model, 180
heat transfer, 76 ATS method, 346, 360
incompatible modes, 72 low speed dynamics, 345
mass matrices, 76 Automatic step incrementation, 342
material models, 73
numerical integration, 75 B
plane strain, 67 Bathe method, 373
plane stress, 67 Bathe time integration, 369
recommendations for use, 77 Beam element
2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stresses, 113 cross-sections, 27
forces/moments, 25
3
geometric properties, 26
3-D conduction elements Large displacement formulation, 31
numerical integration, 86 Local coordinate system, 24
3-D solid elements, 14, 77 warping effects, 37
formulation, 84 Beam elements, 23
heat transfer, 86 coefficient of thermal expansion, 36
incompatible modes, 82 elastic, 35
mass matrices, 86 heat transfer, 41
material models, 84 large displacment, 31
numerical integration, 85 mass matrices, 33
recommendations, 86 modeling hints, 41
3D-bolt, 424 nonlinear elasto-plastic, 36
3D-iterative solver, 380 numerical integration, 37
off-centered, 41
5 stiffness matrix, 35
5 degrees of freedom node, 52 Beam-bolt, 422
Bernoulli-Euler beam theory, 28
6 Bolt feature, 420
Bolt loadings, 428
6 degrees of freedom node, 54 Bolt option, 420
6-DOF spring element, 89 Bolt preloads, 329
6-DOF spring elements, 14 Boundary conditions
D beam, 14
bushing, 14, 103
Damper elements, 14, 88
concentrated mass, 14, 103
Damping, 372, 385
dampers, 14, 88
Deformation gradient tensor
gap, 14, 102
elastic, 117
line, 14, 21
inelastic, 117
masses, 14, 88
total, 114
rigid, 92
Deformation-dependent distributed
rod, 14
loads, 317
R-type, 14, 92
Deformation-dependent pressure
scalar, 14, 87, 88
loads, 317
shell, 14, 42
Direct matrix input, 434
solid, 14, 77
Director vectors, 45
springs, 14, 88
Displacement-based finite elements,
surface, 14, 66
70, 80
Enforced displacements, 325
Distributed loads, 315
relative enforced displacement
beam, 318
option, 325
deformation dependent, 317
Enforced motion, 325
DMIG, 434
Enforced rotations, 326
Dynamic analysis, 368, 373
Engineering strains, 111
Dynamic contact/impact, 257
Engineering stresses, 113
E Equilibrium iterations
full Newton method, 342
Effective plastic strain, 139 Explicit dynamic analysis, 383
Elastic-creep material models, 161 Explicit time integration
Elastic-isotropic material model, 123, stable time step, 386
124 time step size, 384
Elastic-orthotropic material model, Exponential creep law, 169
123, 125
2-D solid elements, 127 F
3-D solid elements, 125
Five degrees of freedom node, 52
shell elements, 126
Formulations for
Elasto-plastic material model, 135
2-D solid elements, 73
Element birth/death, 342, 410
3-D solid elements, 84
Element death due to rupture, 417
rod elements, 22
Element locking, 65
shell elements, 51
Elements
Fourier number, 398
2-D solid, 14, 66, 67
Fourier's law, 391
3-D solid, 14, 77
Friction
6-DOF spring, 14
basic models, 255
No stiffness
for rotation k
Vn
about Vnk
wk
l Z
l
k
l V2
vk Y
l bk
X
uk
ak
k
V1
Fig. 2.3-3: Shell degrees of freedom at node k
q
t q
xi = ∑ hk x + ∑ ak hk Vnik (i = 1, 2,3)
t t t k
i
k =1 2 k =1
ak hk ( t Vnik − 0 Vnik )
q
t q
t
ui = ∑ hk t uik + ∑
k =1 2 k =1
U V
UL formulation, 159, 163 Viscoelastic effects, 194
ULH formulation, 85, 114, 137, 156, Viscoelastic material model, 223
163, 223
ULJ formulation, 118, 137, 156 W
Wave propagation, 371