Modul 3-3

MODULE 3-3
TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM STUDY IN
ATP-EMTP
Power System Protection Lab Work
High Voltage and High Current Laboratory
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Module 3-3 - Power System Protection Lab Work

Module 3-3: Transmission System Study in ATP-EMTP
MODULE 3-3
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM STUDY
IN ATP-EMTP
III. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM STUDY IN ATP-EMTP

Experimental Purpose is to learn how modify exa_9.acp become transmission
system 500 kV for electromagnetic transient analysis
A. Experiment
A lightning strikes over the insulation of a transmission line causing an
overvoltage that depends mainly on the magnitude of the discharge and the
ground resistance. The parameter that has traditionally measured this behavior
is the number of line outputs per 100 km in length and per year, a parameter
that constitutes an insulation design criterion, or a measure of performance for
a line that is already built. Lightning is a phenomenon that causes an
overvoltage of external origin or simply of atmospheric origin. Atmospheric-
based overvoltage is independent of the operating voltages of the power
systems as opposed to those that occur by maneuver, depending on the
nominal voltage level of the systems. The relative importance of atmospheric
surges increases as the voltage level of the systems decreases. Transmission
systems are usually designed with a shield of a very small failure probability.
Lightning strikes that would fall directly would be very unlikely. The inverse
flare caused by a discharge that falls on the tower or on the guard wire is the
most common cause of line output. It is called inverse flame because it is from
the neutral to the phase, due to the increase in voltage is the same.
B. Transmission System to Study

1. Transmission Tower
In recent years, there are various models of transmission tower
proposed by the researchers. One of the well-known models is the
multistory model designed by Masaru Ishii. A multistory tower model
is basically composed of distributed parameter lines with parallel RL
Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 1

circuits and has been recommended by the Japanese Guideline of

insulation design/coordination against lightning. This model is widely
used for lightning-surge analysis in Japan.
A transmission tower is represented by multistory four
distributed-parameter lines, as illustrated in Figure 3.1, where
𝑍𝑡1 tower top to the upper phase arm = upper to middle =
middle to lower;
𝑍𝑡4 lower to tower bottom.
The propagation velocity of a traveling wave along a tower is taken to
be:
𝑐0 = 300 𝑚/µ𝑠 : light velocity in free space.
Figure 3.1 A model circuit of a tower
To represent traveling-wave attenuation and distortion, a

parallel circuit is added to each part RL, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1. The
values of the R and L are defined in the following equation:

𝑅𝑖 =
∆𝑅𝑖 . 𝑥𝑖 ……………………………………………(3.1)
𝐿𝑖 =
2𝜏𝑅𝑖 ……………………………………………....(3.2)
∆𝑅1 = ∆𝑅2 = ∆𝑅3 =
2𝑍𝑡1 1
(ℎ−𝑥4 )
. ln (𝛼1)…………………….........................(3.3)
∆𝑅4 =
2𝑍𝑡4 1
. ln (𝛼4).............................................................(3.4)
ℎ
where
𝜏 = ℎ/𝑐0 – traveling time along the tower;
𝑎1 = 𝛼4 = 0.89 – attenuation along the tower;
ℎ – tower height
Next, an accurate footing-impedance model is important for

decreased resistance value when discharge current value increases.
Resistance value is agreed to be greater when lightning currents are
small. Its variation to low current and low frequency values is only
significant for large soil resistivities. A footing-impedance model
incorporating soil ionization effect can be approximated as follows:
𝑅𝜏 =
𝑅0
.....................................................................(3.5)
𝐼
√1+(𝐼 )
𝑔
where Ro is footing resistance at low current and low

frequency, Ig the limiting current to initiate sufficient soil ionization,
and I the strike current through resistance. The limiting current is
given by
𝐼𝑔 =
𝐸0 𝜌
........................................................................(3.6)
2𝜋𝑅0 2
where 𝜌 is soil resistivity (ohm-m), and E0 is soil ionization gradient (400kV/m).

A cross arms model and an insulator-strings model need to be

included to represent a real transmission tower. In ATP- EMTP
software, transmission-line system cross-arms are represented by
distributed constant lines branched at junction point, their surge
impedance given by:
𝑍𝐴𝐾 =
2ℎ
60 ln (𝑟 ).................................................................. (3.7)
𝐴
where
ℎ is height of the cross-arms, m
𝑟𝐴 is radius of the cross-arms, m
According to research investigations, eq. 3.7 proves applicable to

cylindrical arms and to scale-model arms when equivalent radius is
1
chosen as 4 of arms’ width at junctions point.
2. Lightning Source
Impulse-current magnitude due to lightning charge is a
probability function. Low discharge levels of lightning current (about
5-22 kA) may increase the tendency for lightning-strike to pass by
shield wires (ground wires), instead of striking a phase-conductor.
Lightning impulse currents of large magnitudes will strike a tower top
or overhead ground wire, causing back flashover across insulator
string.
In ATP- EMTP software, lightning-strike model is represented
by a current source with parallel resistance. The parallel resistance is
actually lightning-path impedance. The model used in this study is the
Heidler current model, where four characteristics of lightning current
quantities at striking point must be considered: lightning-current peak,
maximum of current-steepness, rise time, and decay time. Fig. 3.2 (a)
shows the Heidler model in ATP- EMTP. Fig. 3.2 (b) below shows the

lightning-strike waveform for the Heidler model. To select Heidler

model, you can see in Figure 3.3
(a) (b)
Figure 3.2 (a) Lightning Strike, Heidler Model; (b) Lightning-Strike Waveform
Figure 3.3 Selecting a Heidler source

Heidler’s function that represents lightning-current waveform

is:
𝑖(𝑡) =
𝑡 𝑛 −𝜏
𝐼0 [ ] [ ]
𝜏1
. 𝑡 𝑛
.𝑒 𝜏2 .......................................................... (3.8)
𝑛 [ ] +1
𝜏1
where
𝑛=
1
𝜏 𝑛𝜏
[−[ 1 ][ 2 ]𝑛 ]
𝜏2 𝜏1
𝑒 .................................................................. (3.9)
and
𝐼0 lightning current peak,
𝜏1 time constant determining current rise-time;
𝜏2 time constant determining current decay-time;
𝑛 current steepness factor
C. Transmission System Components in ATPDraw

1. Source
First, an AC source is selected from the Component selection
menu, which appears with a right mouse click on open area of the
circuit window. Fig. 3.4 shows how to select a general AC (type 14)
source under Sources | AC source (1&3).

Figure 3.4 Selecting an AC source

After you have click in the AC source (1&3) field, the
selected source appears in the circuit window in lime color, enclosed
by a rectangle. Click on it with the left mouse button, hold
down and drag it to a desired position. Then click with the left mouse
button in open space to place it. The AC object is redrawn in red color
as an indication that no data have been given to the object. To give data
to the AC source component, click on with the right mouse
button (or left double click).

Figure 3.5 Component dialog box of the single-phase sinusoidal source
You can give data to objects at any time during the building
process. If you right click on the AC source icon, a window as
shown in Figure 3.5 appears. Choose the radio button Amplitude-
RMS L-G to specify the rms value. ATPDraw will then multiply with
2 internally (the RMS L-L option will also divide by √3). To use a
Variable for the AmplitudeA value the Peak L-G (standard, no
scaling) option is required. A negative value for StartA parameter
means that the source is active during steady-state initialization.
2. Lines/Cables
The Lines/Cables menu in ATPDraw has several sub-
menus for different types of line models. Available line models are:
Lumped parameter models (RLC π, RL coupled), distributed parameter
lines with constant (i.e. frequency independent) parameters, lines and
cables with constant or frequency dependent parameters (Bergeron,
PI, JMarti, Noda or Semlyen), calculated by means of the LINE
CONSTANTS, CABLE CONSTANTS or CABLE PARAMETERS
supporting routine of ATP-EMTP.
In this part of the program, you specify the geometrical and

material data for an overhead line or a cable and the corresponding
electrical data are calculated automatically by the LINE CONSTANTS,
CABLE CONSTANTS or CABLE PARAMETERS supporting routine of
ATP-EMTP. The LCC module supports Line/Cable modeling up to
21 phases. To use the LCC module of ATPDraw the user must first
select a Line/Cable component. The number of phases is selected
internally in the LCC dialog box. This will display an object (3-phases
default) in the circuit window that can be connected to the circuit as
any other component.
Clicking on this component with the right mouse button will bring
up a special input dialog box called Line/Cable Data dialog box
with two sub-pages: Model and Data, where the user selects between
the supported System type.
Table 3.1 System type and Model/Type of LCC

System Type Model/Type
Overhead Line
Constant parameter KCLee
: LINE CONSTANTS Bergeron :
or Clark models.
Single Core Cables : Nominal PI-equivalent

PI :
(short lines).
CABLE PARAMETERS or
Frequency dependent model
Jmarti : with constant transformation
CABLE CONSTANTS matrix.
Enclosing Pipe : Frequency dependent model
Noda : (not supported in CABLE
CABLE PARAMETERS or CONSTANTS).
Frequency dependent simple

CABLE CONSTANTS Semlyen :
fitted model.
To use the built-in line/cable module of ATPDraw the user must first select a
line/cable component under Lines/Cables | LCC item in the selection menu, as

shown in Fig. 3.6. This will display a component in the circuit window that is
connected to the circuit as any other component.
Figure 3.6 Selecting an LCC
Figure 3.7 LCC dialog box

Clicking on the LCC component with the right mouse button

will bring up a special input dialog box called the Line/cable dialog
as shown in Fig. 3.7. For the Standard data of the Model page is
common for all line and cable types and has the following parameters.
Table 3.2 Parameters of LCC
Rho The ground resistivity in 𝑜ℎ𝑚 ∗ 𝑚 of the homogeneous earth

(Carson's theory).
Freq. Frequency at which the line parameters will be calculated (Bergeron
and PI) or the lower frequency point (JMarti, Noda and Semlyen) of
Init
parameter fitting.
Length Length of overhead line in [m]/[km] or [miles].
(a) (b)
Figure 3.8 (a) Standard data for all line/cable models; (b) System type options for
overhead lines.
For overhead transmission lines the System type settings

are as follows. High accuracy (FCAR=blank) is used in all cases.
Specify the number of phases in the #Ph combo box.
Table 3.3 Specify in #Ph combo box of LCC
The overhead line is assumed to be transposed if the
Transposed
button is checked. Disabled for PI model type.
When checked this enables the automatic bundling
Auto bundling
feature of LINE CONSTANTS.
If the button is checked skin effect is assumed (IX=4),
Skin effect if unchecked no skin effect correction. REACT option is
set IX=0.

Metric/English Switching between the Metric and English unit systems.

Segmented ground wires. If button is unchecked then
Segmented ground the ground wires are assumed to be continuously
grounded.
If checked the transformation matrix is assumed to be

real. The eigenvectors of the transformation matrix are
rotated closer to the real axis so that their imaginary part
Real trans.
is assumed to become negligible. Recommended for
matrix
transient simulations. Otherwise a full complex
transformation matrix will be used. Recommended for
steady state calculations.
For the Model Type Setting are as follows.
Table 3.4 Specify Model Type Setting of LCC

Bergero
No additional settings are required.
n
For nominal PI-equivalent (short) lines the following optional settings
exist under Data:
If selected the shunt capacitance, series
impedance/admittance matrix of the
unreduced system, and/or of the equivalent
Printed output phase conductor system (after elimination of
ground wires and the bundling of conductors),
and/or of the symmetrical components will be
calculated.
PI Selection between the capacitance matrix and
ω[C] print out
the susceptance matrix (ωC).
Figure 3.9 Optional settings for PI line models

The JMarti line model is fitted in a frequency range beginning from the
Jmarti
standard data parameter Freq. init up to an upper frequency limit

specified by the mandatory parameters number of Decades and the

number of sample points per decade (Points/Dec). The model also
requires a frequency (Freq. matrix) where the transformation
matrix is calculated and a steady state frequency (Freq. SS) for
calculation of the steady state condition. Freq. matrix parameter should
be selected according to the dominant frequency component of the
transient study. The JMarti model needs in some cases modification
of the default fitting data under the optional Model fitting data
field, that can be made visible by unselecting the Use default
fitting check box.
Jmarti
Figure 3.10 Parameter settings for the JMarti line model.

The Noda line model is fitted in a frequency range beginning from the
standard data parameter Freq. init up to an upper frequency limit
specified by the number of Decades with the resolution of
Points/Dec. The model needs a frequency (Freq. veloc.),
where the wave velocities of the natural modes of propagation are
calculated. A value higher than the highest frequency of the frequency
scan is usually appropriate. The Noda model needs in some cases
modification of the default fitting data under the optional Model
Noda fitting data field, that can be made visible by unselecting the
Use default fitting check box.
Figure 3.11 Parameter settings for the Noda line model.

The Semlyen line model is frequency dependent simple fitted model.
Fitting range begins at the standard data parameter Freq. init and
Semlyen
runs up to an upper frequency limit specified by the parameter number
of Decades. The model also requires a frequency (Freq. matrix)

where the transformation matrix is calculated and a steady state

frequency (Freq. SS) for calculation of the steady state condition.
Freq. matrix parameter should be selected according to the
dominant frequency component of the transient study. The Semlyen
model needs in some cases modification of the default fitting data
under the optional Model fitting data field, that can be made
visible by unselecting the Use default fitting check box.
Figure 3.12 Parameter settings for the Semlyen line model.
Next, we will discuss about Line Data page settings.

The data page contains input fields where the user can specify the
geometrical or material data. For overhead lines, the user can specify
the phase number, conductor diameters, bundling, conductor positions,
as shown in Fig. 3.13. The number of conductors is user selectable.
ATPDraw set the grounding automatically or gives warnings if the
grounding conditions do not match the fixed number of phases. You
can Delete last row of the table using the gray buttons below or
add a new one by clicking on the Add row command. Rows inside
the table can also be deleted, but it must first be dragged down as last
row. To drag a row, click on its # identifier in the first column, hold
the button down and drag the selected row to a new location or use the
↑ and ↓ arrows at right.

Figure 3.13 Line Data dialog box of a 3-phase line (3 conductors/phase + 1 ground
wires)
Table 3.5 Specify Line Data dialog box of LCC

Ph.no. Phase number. 0=ground wire (eliminated by matrix reduction).
Inner radius of the conductor. Only available if Skin effect check
box is selected on the Model page (see in Figure 3.5 (b)). If unselected,
Rin
the Rin column is removed and a React column appears, where the
user specifies the AC reactance of the line in ohm/unit length.
Rout Outer radius (cm or inch) of the conductor.
Conductor resistance (ohm/unit length) at DC (with Skin
Resis effect checked) or AC resistance at Freq. init (if no Skin
effect selected).
Horizontal distance (m or foot) from the center of bundle to a user
Horiz
selectable reference line.
Vtower Vertical bundle height at tower (m or foot).
Vertical bundle height at mid-span (m or foot). The average conductor
height calculated from the eq.
Vmid 2 1
ℎ= ∗ 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑑 + 3 ∗
3
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ................................................(3.10)

is used in the calculations. If System type / Auto bundling is

checked on the Model page (Figure 3.7 (b)):
Separ Distance between conductors in a bundle (cm or inch)
Angular position of one of the conductors in a bundle, measured
Alpha
counter-clockwise from the horizontal line.
NB Number of conductors in a bundle.
3. Distributed parameter line models

In the modeling of the structure struck by lightning, the most
important sections are considered. If desired, it can be further
elaborated including for example cross arms in stages, but the precision
achieved by detailing is not important. Each of the metal elements can
be modeled as a lossless ideal line segment with a characteristic
impedance given by (conic-shaped structures):
2(ℎ2 +𝑟 2 )
𝑍𝑇 = 30 [ ] ............//.................................(3.11)
𝑟2
Where, h is the height of the tower and r is the radius at the

base, assuming it is an equivalent cone. The tower is divided according
to the required sections with the same characteristic impedance and
according to the distance that is considered. The model to be
considered is that of CLARKE for the single-phase and loss-free case.
So, we will learn about LINEZT_1 in this selection. The LINEZT_1
is part of Distributed Parameter Line Models. To open it,
please right-click, select Lines/Cables and selecting
Distributed opens a popup menu where two different types of line
models can be selected Transposed lines or Untransposed
lines. Both types are distributed parameters, frequency independent
lines of class Bergeron. Select Transposed lines (Clarke) 1
Phase (see Fig. 3.14).

Figure 3.14 Selecting a LINEZT_1
Clicking on the LINEZT_1 component with the right mouse

button will bring up a special input dialog box called the
Attributes dialog as shown in Fig. 3.14. For the parameters
required by this model are as follows:
i. Loss resistance ( / unit length)
ii. Characteristic impedance (), for ILINE = 1 (Z, v)
iii. Propagation speed (unit length / s), for ILINE = 1
iv. Distance of the network span (unit length)
v. Control variable of ILINE units. For the case of the previous
definitions this variable must have value 1.

Figure 3.15 LINEZT_1 dialog box
In current versions of ATPDraw, the ILINE parameter is

transparent to the user, since the three available options are shown with
a button, as shown in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6 Parameter Clarke Model Data Window

Name LINEZT_1 – Distributed parameters, single phase
Card BRANCH
R/I → Resistance per. Length [Ohm/length]
A → ILINE = 0 : A = inductance L’ in [mH/length]
if 𝑋𝑜𝑝𝑡. = 0
A = L’ in [Ohm/length]
if 𝑋𝑜𝑝𝑡. = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
ILINE = 1 : A = modal surge impedance in [Ohm]
𝐿′
Data (𝑍 = √𝐶 ′ )
ILINE = 2 : A = modal surge impedance in [Ohm]

𝐿′
(𝑍 = √𝐶 ′ )
B → ILINE = 0 : B = capacitance C’ in [µF/length]

if 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑡. = 0
B = C’ in [µMho/length]

if 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑡. = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

ILINE = 1 : B = propagation velocity in [length/sec.]
1
(𝑣 = √𝐶 ′ ′ )
.𝐿
ILINE = 2 : B = modal travel time in [sec.]

(𝑇 = (√𝐿′ . 𝐶′). 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
1 = length of line
Data ( > 0 for transposed lines)
ILINE = takes values from 0 to 2 𝑋𝑜𝑝𝑡. and 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑡. are set
in menu:
ATP|Settings/Simulation
From → Start node of line
Node
To → End node of line
Only branch voltage output is reliable.
D. Instruments and Accessories

1. Instrument
i. Computer/Laptop which has been installed ATP-EMTP
ii. Experiment Procedure
2. Study Case
This example demonstrates the use of ATPDraw in a lightning
protection study which is the modification of exa_9.acp. The one-
line diagram of the investigated 500 kV substation is drawn according
to example in laboratory course module VII-2. In this case, close to the
lightning strike, the line spans are represented by 5-phase JMarti
LCC objects (phase conductors + sky wire). The surge propagation
along the tower structure has been taken into account in this model by
representing the vertical pylon sections as single-phase constant
parameter transmission lines. The power line conductor is 330 mm2
ACSR 4 bundle conductor has 40 cm spacing, and the ground wire is
ACSR 97 mm2 with single conductor. Average span was assumed to be
300 meters. The transmission tower is arranged up to 6 towers from the

substation. The parameter of tower footing resistance is 40 ohms for

the modeling. In the figure 3.16, the electrical parameters are as follows:
i. Tower heights between arms (H1, H2, H3) are 5.0, 5.7 and 29.3
meters respectively.
ii. Equivalent resistance between arms (R1, R2, R3) are 22.95,
26.16 and 33.48 ohms respectively.
iii. Equivalent inductance between arms (L1, L2, L3) are 6.12,
6.98 and 8.93 micro-Henry respectively.
iv. Tower surge impedance between arms (Zt1=Zt2) is 220 and
Zt3 is 150 ohms.
Figure 3.16 Tower Configuration
The front of wave flashover characteristic of the line insulators

plays a significant role in such a back-flashover study. It can be
simulated quite easily using a MODELS object - like the Flash of this
example-, which controls a TACS/MODELS controlled switch. The
influence of the power frequency voltage on the back-flashover
probability can't be neglected either at this voltage level. In this study
case, it was considered by a Thevenin equivalent 3-phase source
connected to the remote end of Line2.

E. Procedure
1. Modification exa_9.acp for Study Case Simulation
In this section, we will modification exa_9.acp to make it
suitable for study case. First thing to do is open exa_9.acp which
the step was demonstrated in previous module.
Figure 3.17 Example circuit model of electrical system in ATPDraw (Exa_9.acp)

Before we do modification this model, please save as the file
first. This step is really important because if one time you get a wrong
result after you try all the step but make a little wrong step, then you
can come back to the first step again and repeat the step without
failure. To save as file exa_9.acp in ATPDraw the user must first
select a menu File and left-click on the selection menu save as, as
shown in Fig. 3.18. Please save in another place, i.e.
C:\Users\USER-PC\Documents\ATPdata\projects.

Figure 3.18 Save as File can be chosen directly from the menu
Note : If you want to change file name, do not use only number or number at the first and do not use
space for the file name.

Figure 3.19 Location for Save as exa_9.acp
After you save as the file, now we can modify it. Exa_9.acp
is a circuit model of electrical system in ATPDraw which drawn for
transmission system 400 kV, so we must modify it to become
transmission system 500 kV. Now, right-clicking on the source
component will bring up a special input dialog box called the
Component: AC3PH|Attributes dialog as shown in Fig. 3.20.

Figure 3.20 Component Source dialog box of the three-phase sinusoidal source
After pop-up dialog is opened, change value Amplitude from
-330000 Volt/Amps to -500000 Volt/Amps. Click Ok.
Figure 3.21 Component Source dialog box after changed

Figure 3.22 Exa_9.acp after change value of source
Note : The source must declaration by minus because the influence of the power frequency voltage
on the back-flashover probability can't be neglected either at this voltage level. So, it was
considered by a Thevenin equivalent 3-phase source connected to the remote end of
Line2.
Value of source has been changed. The next step is to change

overhead transmission lines design from 4-phase JMarti LCC
objects (3 phase conductors + 1 sky wire) transmission system 400 kV
to 5-phase JMarti LCC objects (3 phase conductors + 4 sky wire)
transmission system 500 kV. LCC component which must be modified
is shown in Fig. 3.22 with red box. Right-clicking on the LCC
component will bring up a special input dialog box called the
Line/Cable Data: Exa_9|Model dialog as shown in Fig. 3.23.
Change value #Ph box from 4 to 5.

Figure 3.23 Component LCC|#Ph dialog box after changed
Click the Line/Cable Data: Exa_9|Data dialog as

shown in Fig. 3.32. Change all value according to the parameters
shown in Table 3.6.
Table 3.7 Parameter overhead transmission lines 500 kV

Ph Rin Rout Resis Horiz Vtower Vmid Separ Alpa
NB
# no. [cm] [cm] [ohm/km DC] [m] [m] [m] [cm] [deg]
1 1 0 1.125 0.114 -13.1 9.767 19.533 40 45 4
2 2 0 1.125 0.114 0 9.767 19.533 40 45 4
3 3 0 1.125 0.114 13.1 9.767 19.533 40 45 4
4 4 0.5 0.8 0.304 -11.6 13.333 26.667 0 0 1
5 5 0.5 0.8 0.304 11.6 13.333 26.667 0 0 1
Note : You must change the #Ph first before you add Node. If you don’t do that, it will show up
an error code.
Click View box to see design placement conductor overhead

transmission lines 500 kV, after you change all value as shown in Fig.
3.23. This step must be done for make sure we design the same
parameters.

Figure 3.23 Line Data and View Model dialog box of overhead transmission
lines
If the result is the same as shown in Fig. 3.23, close the View
Model dialog box by left-clicking on the icon close (X). The next
step is generating this design placement conductor overhead
transmission lines 500 kV by left-clicking in box Run ATP. After
program has run completely, hit any key to close that pop up dialog. If
program show another pop up dialog e.g. Information pop up
dialog box, click OK.
Figure 3.24 ATP was generated the design

Note : To add more column, click Add row box.
Figure 3.25 Information pop up dialog box
Click OK in Line Data dialog box of LCC to update

component in Exa_9.acp project. After you click box OK, Confirm
dialog box will open. In this study case, this project has 6 LCC was
named Exa_9. So, to update all the same component can be done by
clicking yes.
Figure 3.36 Confirm dialog box

After modifying LCC component, we can saw it has more lines.

But not all are connected to the other components. So, left-click on
node LCC 3 Ground wire 1 which is not connected to any
component, and connect it to node LCC 4 Ground wire 1 as shown
in Fig. 3.28.
Figure 3.27 Exa_9.acp after modification LCC component

Figure 3.28 Connecting node between two LCC

Change design multistory of tower transmission is the next step
of this experiment. You can see green box as shown in Fig. 3.29. It is a
component which represented tower transmission. We must change it
to be suitable as parameter shown in Fig. 3.16. To change design
multistory of tower transmission, first to do is change the value of
LINEZT_1. Right-clicking on component LINEZT_1. Change data Z
and Length, make it the same as the parameters (Tower surge
impedance between arms (Zt1=Zt2) is 220 and Zt3 is 150 ohms and
tower heights between arms (H1, H2, H3) are 5.0, 5.7 and 29.3 meters
respectively).

Figure 3.29 Exa_9.acp before change design tower transmission
Note : in Lines box, length was defined by m. But only in this example of LINEZT_1
(Exa_9.acp) the length was defined as km in lines box, as shown in Figure 3.34. So, the
parameter for this example must change from m to km.

Figure 3.30 LINEZT_1 for structure upper tower has changed value
Figure 3.31 LINEZT_1 for structure middle tower has changed value

Figure 3.32 LINEZT_1 for structure lower tower has changed value
After all value of LINEZT_1 component changed, the next step

is to make another component of multistory (resistance and
inductance). For simple way, copy and paste component RLC and
Resistance in Exa_9.acp, as shown in Fig. 3.33.

Figure 3.33 Resistance and RLC component in Exa_9.acp
Give more space for place RLC and Resistance component

in every structure (upper, middle, and lower) as shown in Fig. 3.34.

Figure 3.34 Modified structure tower of Exa_9.acp
To remove ground symbol in Resistance component, right-

click at Node of ground symbol in Resistance component. It will
open Node data dialog box. Please remove the checklist in Ground
Box, and click OK. Do the same for all RLC and Resistance
components that do not need require ground.

Figure 3.35 Modified Node dialog box for structure tower of Exa_9.acp

Figure 3.36 Structure tower of Exa_9.acp after modified Node dialog box
Place all RLC and Resistance component in every free

space of structure (upper, middle, and lower).

Figure 3.37 Structure tower after place all RLC and Resistance component in free
space
Change all value of RLC component in purple box to be same

like the parameters (equivalent inductance between arms (L1, L2, L3)
are 6.12, 6.98 and 8.93 micro-Henry respectively), and delete
component RLC in red box (Fig. 3.38).

Figure 3.38 Modification process to change all value RLC component

Figure 3.39 Modification process to change all value Resistance component

Change all value of Resistance component in green box to
be suitable as same like parameter (Equivalent resistance between arms
(R1, R2, R3) are 22.95, 26.16 and 33.48 ohms respectively). If
modification process was complete, structure tower will see like Figure
3.40.

Figure 3.40 Modification process change value Resistance component was

completed
For the next step, we will modify placement MODFlash. It

will be moved from LINEZT_1 at upper tower to near LINEZT_1 at
middle tower as shown in yellow box Fig. 3.41, and connecting two
ground wire as shown in blue box Fig. 3.42.

Figure 3.41 Modification placement MODFlash was completed

Figure 3.42 Connected ground wire process was completed
All ground wire must have been connected before we go to the

next step. If it has been done, open the LCC component again, and
open tab Nodes dialog box. There is a blank space of name dialog box
as shown in Fig. 3.43.

Figure 3.43 LCC|Nodes dialog box
Fill the blank space with the parameter as written in Table 3.8.
Please read and fill it carefully because if you type it wrong then the
program would not running.
Table 3.8 Parameter LCC|Nodes dialog box

NODE NAME NODE NAME NODE NAME
LCC 1 LCC 3 LCC 5
IN1 A1 IN1 C1 IN1 E1
IN2_A A2 IN2_A C2 IN2_A E2
IN2_B A2 IN2_B C2 IN2_B E2
OUT1 B1 OUT1 TWR4 OUT1 F1
OUT2_A B2 OUT2_A TOP OUT2_A F2
OUT2_B B2 OUT2_B TOP OUT2_B F2
NODE NAME NODE NAME NODE NAME
LCC 2 LCC 4 LCC 6
IN1 B1 IN1 TWR4 IN1 F1
IN2_A B2 IN2_A TOP IN2_A F2
IN2_B B2 IN2_B TOP IN2_B F2
OUT1 C1 OUT1 E1 OUT1 LINE1
OUT2_A C2 OUT2_A E2 OUT2_A G2
OUT2_B C2 OUT2_B E2 OUT2_B G2

2. Result of Modification exa_9.acp for Study Case Simulation

After all the model is modified, the program is responsible for
generating a flat file in format type ATP, in which it accepts the
program Tpbig.exe (ATP). ATP program will perform the simulation
with the F2 key or directly from the menu. The flat file in ATP format
generated by ATPDraw is shown in Fig. 3.44.
Figure 3.44 ATP program will perform the simulation directly from the menu

Figure 3.45 ATP program was performed the simulation
When performing a simulation, the ATP program generates a

file in format Graphic with PL4 extension. Hit any key if it has
completely generated. Open Plotxy program by hit
CTRL+Alt+0 key or directly from the menu.

Figure 3.46 PLOTXY will perform by directly from the menu
Figure 3.47 PLOTXY program

See Fig. 3.48, the green line is the voltage stress appearing at
the transformer terminal, the red line shows the incoming surge
measured at the voltage transformer of Line1 (node PT1 of the
circuit). The discharge current of the gapped arrester is drawn at the
bottom if the Fig. 3.49. As it shown, the instantaneous value of the
power frequency voltage is set opposed to the polarity of the lightning
surge in the simulation.
Figure 3.48 ATP simulation results.

Red: incoming surge at the substation entrance. Green: voltage stress at the transformer
terminal.

Figure 3.49 ATP simulation results.

Blue: arrester discharge current.
F. Observation
Calculate the overvoltage that appears on each of the chains of
insulators for a lightning current of 120 kA, 4/50 sec and all change
parameter as like as Table 3.9. Simulate all and fill the result in Table 3.10 (a)
until Table 3.10 (d). In which chain do you see the greatest overvoltage and
why? What sign do these voltages have, what is the reason for this sign?

Table 3.9 Parameters for Observation

Applied Parameter Base Model Remark
Magnitude 120 kA
Wave Front 4/50µs
Lightning
Stroke Point Ground Wire
Condition
Vn Model Flash 1400 kV
Place Model Flash Zt2
T/L Model Line Constant
Conductor Type ACSR
Number of Bundles 5 Conductor
Transmission
Tower Model Latice
Line
Length of Tower 300 m 250-500 m
High Tower 40 m ±9m
Footing Resistance 10 Ω 2-40Ω
Circuit Condition Tree Circuit
LA Characteristic Yes
Design LA Base exa_9
Substation and
Series LA Base exa_9
Power Plant
Vflash 1100 kV
Placement LA Near Transformer
Length Transformer to LA 7m 1.5-35 m
Table 3.10 (a) Result of Generate ATP-EMTP
Arre Maximum Voltage Phase A (MV)

Len Light ster Time Mai
gth ning Curr of Time End Time Time
Tow n
Tow Curre ent Appear of Tow of of
er Traf
er nt [SIC ance Appear er Appear Appear
[TW o
(m) (kA) C] (us) ance [LIN ance ance
R4] [TR4
(kA) (us) E1] (us) (us)
00]
250 120
300 120
350 120
400 120
450 120
500 120

Table 3.10 (b) Result of Generate ATP-EMTP

Hig Light ster Time Mai
h ning Curr of Time End Time Time
Tow n
To Curre ent Appear of Tow of of
er Traf
wer nt [SIC ance Appear er Appear Appear
[TW o
(m) (kA) C] (us) ance [LIN ance ance
R4] [TR4
(kA) (us) E1] (us) (us)
00]
284 120
287 120
290 120
293 120
296 120
299 120
302 120
Table 3.10 (c) Result of Generate ATP-EMTP

Footi Light ster Time Mai
ng ning Curr of Time End Time Time
Tow n
Resist Curr ent Appea of Tow of of
er Traf
ance ent [SIC rance Appea er Appea Appea
[TW o
(ohm) (kA) C] (us) rance [LIN rance rance
R4] [TR
(kA) (us) E1] (us) (us)
400]
2 120
4 120
6 120
8 120
10 120
12 120
14 120
16 120
18 120
20 120
22 120
24 120
26 120
28 120

30 120
32 120
34 120
36 120
38 120
40 120
Table 3.10 (d) Result of Generate ATP-EMTP

Lengt
Light ster Time Mai
h Time End Time Time
ning Curr of Tow n
Cond of Tow of of
Curr ent Appea er Traf
uctor Appea er Appea Appea
ent [SIC rance [TW o
to LA rance [LIN rance rance
(kA) C] (us) R4] [TR
(m) (us) E1] (us) (us)
(kA) 400]
1.5 120
3 120
5 120
7 120
9 120
11 120
13 120
15 120
17 120
19 120
21 120
23 120
25 120
27 120
29 120
31 120
33 120
35 120

Modul 3-3

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MODULE 3-3

Module 3-3 - Power System Protection Lab Work

III. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM STUDY IN ATP-EMTP

B. Transmission System to Study

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 1

circuits and has been recommended by the Japanese Guideline of

Figure 3.1 A model circuit of a tower

To represent traveling-wave attenuation and distortion, a

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 2

Next, an accurate footing-impedance model is important for

where Ro is footing resistance at low current and low

where 𝜌 is soil resistivity (ohm-m), and E0 is soil ionization gradient (400kV/m).

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 3

A cross arms model and an insulator-strings model need to be

According to research investigations, eq. 3.7 proves applicable to

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 4

lightning-strike waveform for the Heidler model. To select Heidler

Figure 3.3 Selecting a Heidler source

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 5

Heidler’s function that represents lightning-current waveform

C. Transmission System Components in ATPDraw

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 6

Figure 3.4 Selecting an AC source

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 7

Figure 3.5 Component dialog box of the single-phase sinusoidal source

In this part of the program, you specify the geometrical and

Table 3.1 System type and Model/Type of LCC

Single Core Cables : Nominal PI-equivalent

Frequency dependent simple

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 9

Figure 3.6 Selecting an LCC

Figure 3.7 LCC dialog box

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 10

Clicking on the LCC component with the right mouse button

Table 3.2 Parameters of LCC

Rho The ground resistivity in 𝑜ℎ𝑚 ∗ 𝑚 of the homogeneous earth

For overhead transmission lines the System type settings

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 11

Metric/English Switching between the Metric and English unit systems.

If checked the transformation matrix is assumed to be

For the Model Type Setting are as follows.

Table 3.4 Specify Model Type Setting of LCC

Figure 3.9 Optional settings for PI line models

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 12

specified by the mandatory parameters number of Decades and the

Figure 3.10 Parameter settings for the JMarti line model.

Figure 3.11 Parameter settings for the Noda line model.

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 13

where the transformation matrix is calculated and a steady state

Figure 3.12 Parameter settings for the Semlyen line model.

Next, we will discuss about Line Data page settings.

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 14

Table 3.5 Specify Line Data dialog box of LCC

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 15

is used in the calculations. If System type / Auto bundling is

3. Distributed parameter line models

Where, h is the height of the tower and r is the radius at the

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 16

Figure 3.14 Selecting a LINEZT_1

Clicking on the LINEZT_1 component with the right mouse

Power System Protection Lab Work – Module 3-3 17

Figure 3.15 LINEZT_1 dialog box

In current versions of ATPDraw, the ILINE parameter is