STUDY OF

LITERATURE
 LITERATURE

• Literature comes from the Latin word

“LITERA” which literally means an
acquaintance with letters, the root
definition of literature.
• It is a body of literary productions, either
oral, written or visual, containing
imaginative language that realistically
portrays thoughts, emotions, and
experiences of the human condition
 LITERATURE

• Is a language in use that provides insights and

intellectual stimulation to the reader.
• As one explores literature, he likewise
discovers the beauty of language
• Is a product of a particular culture that
concretizes man’s array of values, emotions,
actions and ideas.
• It is therefore a creation of human experience
that tells about people and their world.
 LITERATURE

• An art that reflects the works of

imagination, aesthetics, and
creative writing which are
distinguished for the beauty of style
or expression as in fiction, poetry,
essay or drama, in distinction from
scientific treatises and works which
contain positive knowledge.
LITERARY STANDARDS
 Great literature is timeless and timely.

Intellectual Value

works

fundamental
Suggestiveness
Style
 LITERARY MODELS

1.Cultural Model
aims to understand and
appreciate cultures and
ideologies different from
one’s own in time and
space.
2. Language Model

•Aims to promote
language development
like vocabulary and
structure
3. Personal Growth

•Aims to help one

achieve lasting
pleasure and deep
satisfaction in
reading
Classification of Literature

• 1. Structure
• Fiction – literary work of imaginative narration,
either oral or written, fashioned to entertain
and to make the readers think and more so, to
feel.
• Non-Fiction – a literary work of “real life”
narration or exposition based on history and
facts whose main thrust is intellectual appeal
to convey facts, theories, generalizations, or
concepts about a particular topic.
2. Form

• Prose – common flow of language in

sentences and paragraph which give
information, relate events, express,
ideas or present opinions.
• Poetry – expressed in verse, measure,
rhythm, sound, and imaginative
language and creates emotional
response to an experience, feeling or
facts
3. Genre

• Fiction- narrative in prose that shows an

imaginative recreation and
reconstruction of life and presents
human life in 2 levels:
• World of objective reality –made of human
actions and experiences
• World of subjective reality – dealing with
human apprehension and comprehension
categorized either as novel or short story
• Poetry – patterned form of verbal or
written expression of ideas in
concentrated, imaginative, and
rhythmical terms
• Essay – is a prose composition in
moderates length that presents a
tentative exploration or evaluation of a
subject and thus explains a viewpoint or
anything that can be said on a particular
subject
•Drama – a composition in
prose form that presents
story told entirely in a
dialogue and action, and
written with the intention of
its eventual performance
before an audience
Literature
so
Literature and History
 LITERARY APPROACHES

•The teaching and learning

of Literature according to
Maramba (1993) can be
approached using any of
the following:
 1. FORMALISTIC or LITERARY
APPROACH

•Viewed intrinsically,
independent of the author,
age or any other extrinsic
factor. The study of
selection is more or less
on the so called “literary
elements”
2. Moral or Humanistic Approach
• Viewed to discuss man and its nature.
It presents man as essentially rational;
that is endowed with intellect and free
will; or that piece does not
misinterpret the true nature of man.
The approach is close to the “morality”
of literature, to questions of ethical
goodness or badness.
 3. HISTORICAL APPROACH
• Is seen both as a reflection and
product of the times and
circumstances in which it was written.
It operates on the premise that the
history of a nation has telling effects on
its literature and that the piece can be
better understood and appreciated if
one knows the times surrounding its
creation
 4. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH

• viewed as the expression of man

within a given social situation
which is reduced to discussions on
economics. This approach
stresses on social relevance, social
commitment and it deems
communication with reader is
important
 5. CULTURAL APPROACH

• Is seen as one of the manifestations

and vehicles of a nation’s or race’s
culture and tradition. It includes the
entire complex of what goes under
“culture”-technological, artistic,
sociological, ideological aspects; and
considers the literary piece in the total
cultural milieu in which it was born.
6. PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH

• Viewed as the expression of

“personality” of inner drives of
neurosis. It includes psychology of the
author, of the character, and even the
psychology of creation. It has resulted
in an almost exhausting and
exhaustive “psychological analysis” of
characters, of symbols and images, of
recurrent themes and others
7. IMPRESSIONISTIC APPROACH

• Viewed to elucidate “reaction

response” which is considered as
something very personal, relative and
fruitful. Unconditioned by explanations
and often taking the impact of the
piece as a whole. It seeks to see how
the piece has communicated.
 LITERARY GENRES
FICTION
- narrative in prose that shows an
imaginative recreation and
reconstruction of life and
presents human beings in two
levels - the world of objective
reality made up of human actions
and experiences, and the world of
subjective reality dealing with
human apprehension and
comprehension. It can be categorized
as novel or short story
• Fiction is a manipulated story which is
not presented as objectively as possible.
It is therefore, unrealistic, thus readers
are transported to a make-believe
world. It resembles, the world for
readers as assumed to a see real-life
characters that play roles in situations
and places almost similar to
circumstances and environment.
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION

1. Characters – are the representation of a human

beingin a story;They are the complex combination of
both inner and outer self.
Characterization- is the method used by the
writer to reveal the personality of the characters
Ways of revealing Literary Characters according
to:
1. Action
2. Thoughts
3. Description
4. Description of other character
5. Description of the author
 KINDS OF CHARACTER
According to principality
•Protagonist – the character with
whom the reader empathizes.
hero/heroine
•Antagonist – the character that
goes against the main character. a foil
to the protagonist
According to development

1. Dynamic is the character that

exhibits noticeable
development.
2. Static is the character who
exhibits no changes and
development.
 According to Personality:

1. Round is the character that

displays different/multiple
personalities throughout the story.
2. Flat is the character that reveals
conventional traits, who remains
the same throughout the story. Its
characterization does not grow.
2. SETTING

• Is the time and place in which the

events of story occur. It consists of
the use of evocative portrayal of a
region’s distinctive ways of
thoughts and behavior or the so-
called “local color” exemplified by
the superficial elements of setting,
dialect, and customs.
 3. Plot

•is the sequence of

events in the story,
arranged and linked
by causality.
 Kinds of Plot

1. Linear Plot moves with the natural

sequence of events where actions are
arranged sequentially.
2. Circular Plot is a kind of plot where linear
development of the story merges with an
interruption in the chronological order to
show an event that happened in the past.
3. En Medias Res is kind of plot where the
story commences in the middle part of the
action.
 Collectively, the three types of plot are
otherwise termed as closed plots because they
normally follow the pyramid pattern of
development. The aforecited plots from the
skeletal pattern of closed plots:

Climax

Crisis Denouement

Complication Ending

Exposition
 Parts of a Plot
1. Exposition is the part of the plot that sets
the scene by introducing the situation and
settings and likewise lays out the characters
by introducing their environment,
characteristics, pursuit, purposes,
limitations, potentials, and basic
assumptions.
2. Complication is the start of the major
conflict or problem in the plot.
3. Crisis is the part that establishes curiosity,
uncertainty, and tension; it requires a decision.
4. Climax is the peak of the story which leads to an
affirmation, a tension, an action, or even a realization.
The is the point of greatest emotional intensity,
interest, as well as suspense.
5. Denouement is the finishing of the things right
after the climax, and shows the resolution of the plot.
6. Ending is the part that brings the story back to its
equilibrium.
 Literary Devices
1. Flashback is the writer’s use of interruption
of the chronological sequence of a story to
go back to related incidents which occurred
prior to the beginning of the story.
2. Foreshadowing is the writer’s use of hints
or clues to indicate events that will occur
later in the story. The use of this technique
both creates suspense and prepares the
reader for what is to come