Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
M11/TZ1/A2
An electron, that has been accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 250 V, enters a
region of magnetic field of strength 0.12 T that is directed into the plane of the page.
(a) The electron’s path while in the region of magnetic field is a quarter circle. Show that the
(i) speed of the electron after acceleration is 9.4×106 ms−1. [2]
1
▪ ∆𝑈 = 𝑒𝑉 = 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
▪ 𝑣 = 9.4 × 106 𝑚𝑠 −1
(ii) radius of the path is 4.5×10−4 m. [2]
(b) The diagram below shows the momentum of the electron as it enters and leaves the
region of magnetic field. The magnitude of the initial momentum and of the final
momentum is 8.6×10−24 Ns.
(i) On the diagram above, draw an arrow to indicate the vector representing the change
in the momentum of the electron. [1]
(ii) Show that the magnitude of the change in the momentum of the electron is 1.2×10−23 Ns. [1]
(iii) The time the electron spends in the region of magnetic field is 7.5 ×10−11 s.
Estimate the magnitude of the average force on the electron. [1]
A3. This question is about circular motion. M11/TZ1/A3
A ball of mass 0.25 kg is attached to a string and is made to rotate with constant speed v
along a horizontal circle of radius r = 0.33m. The string is attached to the ceiling and makes
an angle of 300 with the vertical.
(a) (i) On the diagram above, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball
in the position shown. [2]
[1] each for correct arrow and (any reasonable) labelling;
▪ no;
▪ because the two forces on the ball can never cancel out
/ there is a net force on the ball
/ the ball moves in a circle
/ the ball has acceleration
/it is changing direction;
0
𝑣2
cot 60 =
𝑔𝑟
▪ internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of the molecules of a body;
▪ thermal energy is a (net) amount of energy transferred between two bodies;
▪ at different temperatures;
(b) Describe, with reference to the energy of the molecules, the difference in internal energy
of a piece of iron and the internal energy of an ideal gas. [2]
▪ the internal energy of the iron is equal to the total KE plus PE of the molecules;
▪ the molecules of an ideal gas have only KE so internal energy is the total KE of the molecules;
(c) A piece of iron is placed in a kiln until it reaches the temperature θ of the kiln. M11/TZ2/A3
The iron is then quickly transferred to water held in a thermally insulated container.
The water is stirred until it reaches a steady temperature. The following data are available.
Thermal capacity of the piece of iron = 60 J K–1
Thermal capacity of the water = 2.0 ×103 J K–1
Initial temperature of the water = 16 °C
Final temperature of the water = 45 °C
The thermal capacity of the container and insulation is negligible.
(i) State an expression, in terms of θ and the above data, for the energy transfer of the iron in
cooling from the temperature of the kiln to the final temperature of the water. [1]
(ii) Calculate the increase in internal energy of the water as the iron cools in the water. [1]
▪ Q = Cwater ∆ Twater = 2.0 ×103 x 29 = 5.8 x 104 J
60 θ – 2700 = 58000
[3]
▪ T = 250 K
(ii) Explain why the actual average surface temperature of the Earth is in fact higher
than the answer to (b)(i). [2]
▪ greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb some of the energy radiated by the Earth;
▪ and radiate some of it back to the surface of the Earth;
M12/TZ1/A3
A hot piece of iron is placed into a container of cold water. After a time the iron and
water reach thermal equilibrium. The heat capacity of the container is negligible.
(a) Define specific heat capacity. [2]
▪ the energy required to change the temperature (of a substance)
by 1K/ C0/unit degree;
▪ of mass 1 kg / per unit mass;
M12/TZ1/A3
(b) The following data are available.
Mass of water = 0.35 kg
Mass of iron = 0.58 kg
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1
Initial temperature of water = 20 °C
Final temperature of water = 44 °C
Initial temperature of iron = 180 °C
(ii) Explain why the value calculated in (b)(i) is likely to be different from the accepted value. [2]
(b) The graph shows how the acceleration a of a particle varies with time t.
(a) The nuclide U-235 is an isotope of uranium. A nucleus of U-235 undergoes radioactive decay
to a nucleus of thorium-231 (Th-231). The proton number of uranium is 92.
(i) State what is meant by the terms nuclide and isotope. [2]
Nuclide
▪ a species of atom that is characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus
or
▪ a species of atom that is characterized by its number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
or
▪ A particular combination of protons and neutrons that form a nucleus.
It is used to distinguish isotopes among nuclei.
Isotope:
▪ nuclides with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons;
or
▪ atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons/neutron number;
(ii) One of the particles produced in the decay of a nucleus of U-235 is a gamma photon.
State the name of another particle that is also produced. [1]
Show, using the following data, that the kinetic energy of the fission products is about 200 MeV.
(a) Explain why the car is accelerating even though it is moving with a constant speed. [2]
▪ direction changing;
▪ velocity changing so accelerating;
(b) On the diagram, draw and label the vertical forces acting on the car in the position shown. [2]
▪ 𝑣 = 𝑟𝑔 = 50 × 9.8
▪ 𝑣 = 22 𝑚𝑠 −1
A3. This question is about the superposition of waves. M13/TZ1/A3
▪ when two or more waves overlap, the resultant displacement at any point and at any instant is
the vector sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that point:
(b) The diagram shows two point sources of sound, X and Y. Each source emits waves of
wavelength 1.1 m and amplitude A. Over the distances shown, any decrease in amplitude
can be neglected. The two sources vibrate in phase.
dX
dY
▪ 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 is dX – dy
(ii) speed with which the stone hits the water. [2]
▪ 𝑣 = 15.7 𝑚 𝑠 −1
or
▪ 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑔𝑡 → 𝑣 = 0 + 9.8 1.6
▪ 𝑣 = 15.7 𝑚 𝑠 −1
(b) After the stone in (a) hits the water surface it rapidly reaches a terminal speed as it falls through
the water. The stone leaves Fiona’s hand at time t = 0. It hits the water surface at t1 and it comes
to rest at the bottom of the water at t2.
Using the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the speed v of the stone varies from
time t = 0 to just before t = t2. (There is no need to add any values to the axes.) [3]
(c) Draw and label a free-body diagram representing the forces acting on the stone as it falls
through the water at its terminal speed. [2]
1.28×1017
▪ energy input = = 3.2 x 1017 J
0.4
3.2×1017
▪ mass of coal = 7 = 1.3 x 1010 kg
2.4×10
or
4.0
▪ power required from coal = = 10 GW
0.4
10×109
▪ mass of coal required every second = = 417 kg
2.4×107
Advantage:
▪ (nuclear power) does not produce carbon dioxide;
▪ therefore it does not add to the greenhouse effect/global warming
or
▪ energy density of U-235 (fuel) is very high / small mass is required;
▪ fuel is likely to last a long time/easier to transport / OWTTE
Disadvantage: