A typicatexampte

of a local
windsystemis the fallwind TheEuropeanUnionissupportingthestillverytentative
cooperation
between
whichflowsdownfromthe
VelezMountainsnearthecity
theformerYugoslavian
states.Withintheframework of a windpowerresearch
of Mostar. proiect,
threeunusualsitesin Bosnia-Herzegovina,
CroatiaandSerbiaare
being Theplanistoputup[arge
studied. windfarms thereinthefuture.
argeareasof Southeast Europe haveexceptio- Partners andsites
n a lc o n d i ti o nfosrw i n dpow eruse.predomi nant
l o c a l w i n dssu c ha sth e" B ora"al ongtheA dri ati c T h em a i na i m o f t h e € 9 . 6 m i l l i o nr e s e a r c hp r o j e c ti s
coast or the n'Koshava", flowing betweenthe t h e p l a n n i n g ,i n s t a l l a t i o na n d a c c o m p a n y i nugs e o f
C a rp a th i aMo n u n ta i nasn dt he B al kanMountai ns i n m e a s u r e m e ntte c h n o l o g yf o r o n e w i n d t u r b i n e i n
Romania andSerbia, arecauseci bypressure andtem- each of the three countries Bosnia-Herzegovina,
perature differences betweenthe respective neigh- C r o a t i aa n d S e r b i a .T h ew i n d t u r b i n e sa r e t o h a v ea
b o u ri nre
g g i o n sa,n da reth u s" homemade" w i ndsys- rated power of between2 and 3 MW and are to be
te m sw i th th e i ro w n i n d i v i dualcharacteri stiD cs.
e- erectedat the sites Podvelez(Bosnia-Herzegovina),
spitetheexcellent windpowerpotential of siteshere, Rudine (Croatia)and Vlasina (serbia) - see map.
themostlyrockytopography andextreme windcondi- A p a r tf r o mt h e o p e r a t i n gc o m p a n i e os f t h e t h r e ep i l o t
tions,withturbulence andhighpeakwindspeeds, are turbines,there are sevenfurther projectpartners*
a b i gc h a l l e n gfo
e rp l a n n i ng
andoperati ng w i ndtur- companiesand institutes- which havebeenentrust-
hinoc ar{ r.rith e n'v,'iaa a,'+ }1..^
e U W ltn C a i f ' ! li n g O U i t r r e r" ^t. r^ ^5- -et .d r L l c^ - rl r r uu. J e m O n s i f a i i O n
It is exactlytheseprobtems whichthe European activities(seebox on page224).
Commission wantedto havestudiedwhentheyfor- Eachpitot turbinewill be erectedat a site where
mulated theresearch targetsubjects "Complex terrain the installationof largerwind farms is plannedafter
andlocalwindsystems" in the lastcattforproposats the researchprofectfinishes:
forthe5thframework programme. A consortium often r T h eR u d i n ew i n d f a r ml i e sa p p r o x 3
. 0 km north-
partners fromsevenMiddle- andSoutheast-European westof Dubrovnikin Croatia.Thesite is on a high pla-
c o u n tri etos o kp a rti nth ec a l l,underthel eadmanage- t e a u r u n n i n gp a r a l l e lt o t h e c o a s ta t a b o u t 3 5 0 m
mentofVerein Energiewerkstatt, Austria,andreceived abovesealevetandis beingprojectedfor 26 turbines
approvalfor their submittedproject"seewind- o f 2 . 5 M W e a c ha n d h u b h e i g h t so f 8 0 m .
So u th -E aEsut ro p e aWni n dEnergy E xpl oi tati on" . . The Podvelezwind farm lies between230 and
 ptateauabovethetownot
8O0m aboveseateveton a
M o s t a r i n B o s n i a . H e r z e g o v i n a ' T h e p t80
anistoerectl,6
of m
windturbines of 3 MWeachandhubheights
site' RUMANIA
at the Podvetez
south
. TheVtasina windfarmliesapprox'7 5 km
nearthe Bulgarian bor-
of the townof Nii in Serbia'
der.Thesite ls at i''450
m aboveseaievel in t'he -^

\r/
/a\
'*r'"\ /'V\ ^-A

J.
I
1
\ *"c"t\ I

BatkanMountains, is rightnextto a pumpstorage i

r Belgrade'']-
for the erectionof a j
powerstationand is { (
"i'uUlt
windfarmwithapprox'20 turbines'
-l
BOSNIA. I
HERCEGOVINA
ttodeltingthe windfields t*,--rt"
I
J

with gainingexperr' f Saraieffo \ I

)
TheSeewindproiectis tasked *) SERBIA \
and operatingmutti-
ence in planning,erecting terrain #o-
megawatt turbinesat siteswith compticated r l{ostar' -'-, \-'\
in
conditions
andclimatic u Podvel{z
andthespecific orographic
and
the research dem-

\$
Southeast Europe' Rfongside
comprehensive measurements
onstrationoperation'
areplanned'
andstudiesof thetocalwindconditions
turbu-
terrain' { l .-' ,
, e sometimes verymountainous r ' v

{
lence,windshearandextremepeakwindspeedscan I
I r:- .^1., f.^^rrontltl 1,,

occur rgtatlvgty trs9uril*t'

comparativetestingof I MAKEDONIA
Fart of the proiectis the
in
that model wind fields
calcutationprogrammes BANIA
influencedby specific locat
complexterrainand when
Additionally'a wind attas Podvelez
(Croatia)'
etctrofthethreesitesRudine
meteorologicatconditions'
statesis A pitotturbinels to illnstaltedat
coveringthe areaof the former
Yugoslavian
viasina(serbia),beforetaigerwii'rdfarmsfoliow'
inciividuai iechnicai
(gosnia-Herr*gouin.iand
to be creaieci' The ioiiowing
p o i n t sw i l l b e s t u d i e d :
ffitaiifri,i,ri'l,ffi
s,i**,t{+,'ili#-Wfl

rlt; I

Vert' windprofiles
being
measwed Podvelez
atRudine,
andVlasina, (left)
withsodar
andlidar(right).
r te s ti n gi n n o v a ti vme e asuri ng and si mul ati on the siteswerecomparatively measured usingsodar
me th o dfo s ra c q u i ri nagv e rti cal w i nd profi l eandthe (sounddetection andranging) andlidar(lightdetec-
flowof windstreams overcomplex terrain, ti onandrangi ng) measurement techni ques.A com -
. improving the forecasting accuracy of energy parisonof the wind profilesthusobtainedshowed
y i e tdc a l c u l a ti ofo
n srs i te si n c o mpl ex
terrai n andun- thatthenewlidartechnotogy provides verygoodre-
d e rs p e c i filco c a tw i ncdo n d i ti ons, suttsespeciatly in complex terrainandworksmorere-
o gainingknowtedge withregard to dimensioning tiablythansodar.Themeasurement resultshavefur-
parameters andthe powerbehaviour of multimega- therbeenusedto optimise thewindfarmiayouts anci
wattwindturbinesat siteswithextreme windcondi- to cal cutate energy yi etdsusi ngC FDsi mul at ions.
ti o n s , l n paral l el
to thi s w ork,a hi gh-resol ut ion
wind
. improving theefficiency andtechnical availabil- modetofSoutheast Europe iscurrentlybeingcreated,
ityof windturbines at sitesin complex terrain, whichwillontheonehandbea windatlasforassess-
. s ta n d a rd i s a tiaonnd h a rmoni sati on of norms inglong-term yields,andon theotherwitlserveasa
andlegalfoundations forthe erection andoperation forecasting toolto makethe planning andoperation
ofwindturbines at sitesin Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovi- of windfarmseasier.
n aa n dS e rb i a ,
. gteaning detailed knowledge of the usefulwind A comparison of tocalwind
powerpotential in Southeast Europe. systems
Apartfrompointsof technical Assessing
interest,measures thesuitabitityof a windfarmsiteis gener-
forsupporting wind power in the relevantally not possibleby lookingat the averagewind
regions are
alsoonthe"to-do[ist"of the project. Through andcanonl ybe carri ed
educa-
speeds, out on the basisof
ti o n a l a n P
d Rw o rk a i s to begi venforw i nd
, s ti m u l us frequency distributionmeasurements ofwindspeeds
powerusein thethreecountries. madedirecttr/
Theformutation and at the siteitsetf.Because thepowerof
publication of ptanning recommendations is alsopart
thewindincreases withthe cubeof thewindspeed,
o f th i s . highwindspeeds provide a muchgreater shareof to-
tal yi etdthanl oww i ndspeeds.
Currentstateof progress A comparison of thefourdiagrams showsthatlo-
calwindsystemscanhaveextremecharacteristics.
Theofficiatstartof the projectwasin the summerof Shownherearethe localwindsBora,Koshava and
20A7.Theprojectis to runfor 36 months.Currently, Fdhncompared to anaverage German coast alsitln
e.
measurements, plansandapproval procedures atthe orderto be ableto compare the sitesbetter,it has
sitesarebeingworkedon intensively,
individual as beenassumed thateachwindturbineto be instatted
thethreeresearch turbines shouldbeupandrunning reaches i tsratedcapaci ty at 13 m/s.
twoyearsafterthe projectstartat the tatest.
Theresuttsof a measurement campaign areal- Coastalsite in Germany (diagram1): Thediagram
, .r r . - . . - - )_ - _ _ . | ^
ffixl$.,&d'&ffi*s*'$Sffiffi

Comparison
of localwindsystems
Themaximum liesbetween 4 and9 mls andis notpronounced.
1800
Thedistribution
of specific
energy yieldformsa bellcurvewith
1500 ffia a maxi mumat 10to 1.7ml s,A w i ndturbi new hi chre aches
it s
ao
q,
Ratedpowerwind
-
(13m/s)
speedi
{tt
ratedcapacityat 73 mls wouldgenerate 4Oo/oof its energy
Srzoo
(u 400{t,3 fromabovethispoint.
fL a
vt in Duntion
[hrs] I d

€t soo
- i,vllggytrfUpl"y-er{3oos Borain Croatia(diagram 2):Thiswind,whichis typicalfor the
=
I
Adriaticcoast,is characterised by suddenlyarisingstrong
E ooo
CT
2ooE
(u windswithextreme gusts,whichcanpersistfor several days.
q,

300 100
l!
Between theseevents,however, therecanbelongperiodswith
lowwindspeeds of between 3 and4 mls.Thereis thusa lack
of the normallyto be expected wineispeedsat eoastal sitesin
10 15 20 25
lUindspeedcategories
the5 to 10 m/s range. Aswindspeeds of over1,3mls provide
{m/sl
a muchhigherproportionate sharein theoverallyield,
thespe-
Diagram
1:Coastal
sitein Germany cificenergyavailable at Borasitescanstillbeveryhigh,though,
despiteonty havingmoderatevatuesfor the averagewind
speed. Asthe distributionat the Borasiteshows,74'h of the
poweris generated fromabovethe ratedpowerpoint.
ID
o
Koshava in Serbia(diagram 3):Thiswind,whichflowsfromF.o-
(u
ct
maniato Serbia, isalsocharacterisedbya highshareof strong
E
E winds,although therearefarfewerguststhanattheBorasite.
= It shouldbe notedthat the highpercentage
5 of windspeeds
Lo
(u registered between 0 and 1 m/s is dueto anemometer icing.
E
l!
Thedistribution of energyyieldhereis the furthestremoved
fromthe ctassical bellcurvebecause highwindspeedsare
verycommon. Themaximum is reachedat 1.8to 19 m/s, and
10 15 20 25
thereis almostevena secondmaximum at24to 25 m/s.The
UUind
speedcaiegoriesimisi
proportion of the yield fromabovethe ratedpowerpointis
Diagram2: Borain Croatia thusextremely (ll
high V'1.
1800
F6hnin Austria(diagram
4):ThewellknownFdhnatsohasex-
1500 tremecharacteristics.
Windspeedsbetween 2 and3 mfs are
(E the mostcommon byfar,but betw een
Z and77 ml s t hef r e-
Itaoo
(u
at
quencyonlyfallsslowly.Theresult:the highestyieldis ob-
EL o,
u,
N
ct tai nedbetw een
16and77 ml sand69 % of theenergy is gen-
6 900 E
eratedfromabovethe ratedpowerpoint.
g s
3
.x
5 eoo g?
3
CT c,
Additionally,
it is noticeable
thatboththeBoraandKoshava
o
E
300
LJ havea relatively
highshareof energyabove25 mlsandthusat
speeds whenmostwindturbines wouldautomatically
haveshut

Companies andinstitutes
Diagram
3: Koshava
in Serbia
participating
in theSeewind
proiect
o AdriaWindPowerd.o.o.,Croatia, operatorof the Rudine
{,
tg
windfarm
(tt
r VietroenergetikaC.o.o.,Bosnia-Herzegovi na,operatorof
e
E the Podvelezwindfarm
,€
=
x
o Masurica A.D.,Serbia, operator of theVlasina windfarm
t_o r Verein Energiewerkstatt,Austria
a,
g
|rl r DEWI GmbH,German WindEnergy Institute,
Germany
r DEWI-Offshore andCertification Centre(DEWI OCC), Germany
r Meteotest,Switzerland
r MostarUniversity, Engineering Department, Bosnia-Herze-
govina
Diagram
4: Fdhn
in Austria o MeteorologicaI Institute,Sarajevo,Bosnia-Herzegovi na
r Belgrade University,Institutefor Multidisciplinary
Studies,
Flittrihrrfinn af uiin* trraa*a la* cna;iGr lnrniial iriall al farir ci?ae
 by of four si'res
Comparison
downalready.Thismeansthat the energysupplied
A wind tur-
tle wind at 2 5 m/s or abovecannotbe used'
bine should thereforebe erectedhere which can still
mi s as
ffi ffiffiffiffi 55 t80 4,20o
extractenergyfrom the wind at as closeto 30 - coastal
Germany 40 7.4
possible.Becausehigh wind speedsare com-
relatively gzo 5.18 30 470 4,130
Austria- Fiihn
mon,prettyrespectableyieldscan be expected'As the 7.23 t0 780 6,800
Craatia- Bora 60
table "Comparisonof four sites" shows,the average 7.25 35 760 6,6(rc
Serbia- Koshava 5]3
annuatwindspeedsachievedby the Boraand Koshava
aren't higher than on the Germancoast'The specific
powerand thus alsothe specificannualyield'arecon' company
high wind provethe tocalinfrastructure' TheBosnian
siderably higher, however' becausethe which is 90%
Whether (see
Vietroenergetika box), forexample,
speeds have an over-proportionateeffect' Windkratt Simonsfetd
ownedbytheAustrian company
thesestrongwindscanbesubstantialtyutitisedde. to communi
used' H o f di w
ng,i tli mprove the w atersuppl i es
pendson the characteristics of the turbine
tiesneighbouring thePodvelez site'lt willadditional-
Aboveall,onebig problemstitlneedstobe solved: towards
ly commission a tourismconcept and studies
Firstly'the
the acquisitionof suitablewind turbines' in the vicinity'
preservine the historicbuitdings
iargemanufae.rurershaven'tcurrentlilgctmuchinter. wiltben-
uncertain Additionaltaxes andleviesto thecouncil
e s t i n s u p p l y i n gt u r b i n e st o t h e n e w a n d region'whie h were the
booksare efitthevillages inthePodvelez
rnarketsof SoutheastEurope,as their order the city
theatreof war15yearsagoin thebattteover
fult.Secondly,thewillingnessofmanufacturerstoad- suf-
suit the speciatrequire' of Mcstarandwhichwereforcedto endurea lotof
iust the turbinetechnoiogyto Theproiectareanear Mostar
of feringanddestruction.
nts of sites with extreme gusts, a high share
timited' hadto be cleared of rninesbeforeworkcouldbegin'
>rrongwindsand extremeturbulence'is very HonsWinkelmeier

in the former
WorklngcautiouslY
theatreof war
ta c hof t het hr eeope ra ti ncgo m p a n i ewsh i c ha re

n
\n
\l
.tknltc. Jtrnn,.fur ?olascu