4/02/2003 18:28 8826898 58 ROS PAGE 02 AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 TA CHAPTER 7 COMBAT MARKSMANSHIP AND MUNITIONS 7A Purpose. This chapter provides backgrounds and weapons training techniques for GUARDIAN ANGEL. The basis of information for these guidelines is unclassified information listed in the references section. Personal opinion and changing information is always a factor when planning lethal confrontations. Making decisions based on solid information rather than personal opinion is most improtant. If you do not understand interior, exterior, terminal ballistics, how they relate to weapons configurations and can make a connection between what you believe and qualified experts, then you probably are not in a position to determine your weapons load outs for a specific mission. For example, if you believe in the knockdown power of the .45 caliber pistol over the 9mm, then you should be able to display some scientific basis for that beliet. Psychology is a factor in successful outcomes of lethal confrontations. Scientific methods of determining terminal ballistics cannot take into account all the dynamics of an actual fight. In application, no amount of planning can make up for a lack of consistent and realistic operant conditioning to fight. 7.2 General. Regular training and realistic rehearsals are the pillars of self-protection capabilities. It is far better to be well trained with basic equipment than poorly trained with “special” equipment. Regardless, certain capabilities such as long range anti-personnel and anti- vehicle weapons require the team proficiency in the employment of specific equipment. 73 Safety. Four rules govern firearms safety. Following any one of them will almost certainly prevent accident * Consider all weapons to be loaded + Never let your muzzle sweep anything you are not willing to destroy + Keop your finger off the trigger until your sights are on the target + Be sure of your target and what is around it 7.4 Mindset, The combat triad is a three-concept idea—mindset, gun handling, and marksmanship, These areas must be mastered to become an expert gunfighter. Of these mindset is the most important. People with only warrior’s mindset have settled many real confrontations. (See Figure 7.1, Diagram Combat Triad.)e4/e2/2ee9 12:28 6526890 58 ROS PAGE 02 72 AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 Figure 7.1, Diagram Combat Triad. Diagram Combat Triad MINDSET Combat Triad Gunhandling Marksmanship 7.5 Moving, Shooting, and Communicating. Moving, shooting, and communicating fare the three clements of any shooting program. Learn to move balanced and efficiently. Communicate ‘what you are doing and what needs to be done with teammates. Last, you must shoot while doing 80. 7.6 Moving Targets. It is « fact that shooters engage moving targets. ‘Training should emphasize moving targets whenever possible. 7.7 ‘Terminal Ballistics. ‘Terminal ballistics is the study of the behavior of a projectile, on a target. The result is lethality, Lethality is the effect of incapacitating targets for the purpose of negating their impact on the mission and personnel survivability. In special operations missions, lethality is essential to success. 7.7.1 Slews and Cavities. The terminal ballistics of the M855, A0S9 Green Tip, ammunition in the M16 series rifle is a subject that has been studied extensively by the services, M16 series rifles must have barrel lengths and twists that stabilize the bullet sufficiently to penetrate the target 3- to S-inches and then slews of cavities. ‘This breaks up the bullet and causes a severe wound cavity that will disable the target. If the round slews in the target too soon or not at all, it fails to create a substantial wound cavity and fails to stop the target. Therefore, performance of the rifle depends on the round fired, the length and twist or rifling of the barrel The best effects of the M855 round occur when the target is hit in the heart, great vessels or high in the central nervous system. The MI6 series rifles are roughly 4MOA accurate. This presents a problem in that the desired target is smaller than the accuracy of the weapon at very limited ranges. (Sce Figure 7.2, Picture of Wound Ballistics.)04/02/2089 10:26 6526898 58 ROS ARTTP 3-3.8, I July 2006 73 Figure 7.2 Picture of Wound Ballistics. Picture of Wound Ballistic: UNCLASSIFIED 7.7.2, M-16 Information. M-16 series rifles have been in use for decades and much information regarding their use and configuration exists. If the velocity of the A0S9 (Green Tip) round drops below 2,500 feet per second (FPS), the bullet will fail to produce a substantial wound cavity. 7.7.3 Better Performance. The Mk-262 556mm LR ammunition has much better terminal ballistics performance than the M855 round. Very little data exists on the capabilities of this round. Team leaders can plan on the ammunition increasing the effective range of their rifles by a factor of 2. The Mk-262 ammunition does not have a steel penetrator core. (See Figure 7.3, M855 Terminal Performance at Muzzle.) 7.74 Special Ball. The terminal ballistics of the M118. & M118 LR special ball 7.62mm is excellent to the maximum effective range of the rifle. (See Figure 7.4, Excellent Terminal Performance at the Muzzle.) 7.1.5 Handguns Versus Rifles. All handgun terminal ballistics are inferior to all rifle terminal ballistics, Do not expect the M9 pistol and A363 ammunitions to have positive lethal effects on any target.24/02/2209 1@:28 6526898 58 ROS PAGE a4 ABTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 1S 78 Training Concepts. 7.81 Marksmanship. Combat marksmanship is the ability of an individual to consistently place fast, accurate, and lethal fire on the enemy without hesitation, in adverse conditions, under mental and physical stress, The eight fundamentals of combat marksmanship are: * Stance, + Grip. + Sight alignment. * Sight picture. + Breathing, + Trigger control. + Follow-through. + Recovery. 7.8.2 Rifleman. The rifleman is responsible for the effective employment of his rifle and for the condition and care of the weapon and equipment, The rifleman can shoot the rifle to a skill level commensurate with the table on basic carbine training and execute all the battle drills. All GUARDIAN ANGEL personnel become riflemen via the Air Force Qualification Course. 7.8.3 Advanced Carbine Training. GUARDIAN ANGEL conducts operations without the aid of higher echelon supporting infantry elements. The weapon system needs to conduct advanced carbine training to provide force multiplication, 7.8.4 Designated Marksman, The designated marksman (DM) is an individual with additional training in the fundamentals of marksmanship and observation. This marksman equipped with an optic mounted on his M16A2 Service Rifle—or M4 Carbine, when available. In support of any military operations, he delivers precision fire on positively identified threats and gathers and reports intelligence. 785 Marksmanship Definition, The Marine Corps definition is a more accurate definition for the GUARDIAN ANGEL DM as « marksman tasked with engaging point targets, such as enemy snipers, when the tactical situation does not permit massed or indiscriminate fires. This individual is not specifically assigned to any element and operates primarily in the urban environment 0 to 300 yards and is commonly used to support the assault ‘or maneuvering element. 7.8.6 Arms Configuration, GUARDIAN ANGEL small arms equipment configuration results in differences in DM training used by other services. ‘The Marine Corps uses 4X ACOG scopes, conducts 40 hours of initial raining, and requires 30-day proficiency shooting requirements as well as 3 days of semi-annual training. Units are encouraged to use the DM training programs from other services if equipment becomes available. The 4X ACOG is not useful as a night optic, The 4X ACOG is slow to use and requires a cheekweld to shoot.84/a2/2883 18:28 6526898 58 ROS AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 79 Figure 7.5 Picture Marine Corps DM Targets. Picture Marine Corps DM Targets ‘ABLE Target = 2 pls. DOG Target Sihouete = + pt Lower 1/3 of target length = 0 pts. UNCLASSIFIED 78.11 Night Shooting. Each rifle system can employ different types of IR laser sighting devices, See the technical order for specific capabilities and mounting solutions, Shooting the IR laser can be Very easy. The rifle can be shot from the hip; however, shooting from the hip slows down follow-up shots. Some NVD and optic combinations can allow the shooter to shoot through the optic at night. This has the advantage of not emitting ID and using near standard shooting positions; permitting fast follow-up shots.e4/e2/2008 18:2e 6526898 58 ROS PAGE 05 7-10 AFTTP 3. 8, 1 July 2006 7.8.12 Sighting in IR Lasers. ‘There is a simple and effective method of sighting in an IR laser that takes no tools and is 100 percent effective. Lasers can be zeroed at any distance, Because of the difficulty in identifying targets at night, a 100-yard zero is recommended. Zeroing is a three-person technique. With an unloaded weapon, place a target at the desired distance. A flat wall also works. Tape a chemlight to the target. One person assumes the Prone position and without NVGs looks through the sighting system at the chemlight. A second person operates the laser that is attached to the gun. The third person donned with NVGs looks at the laser impact and directs the second person on how to move the laser back on the target. Once the laser is zeroed using this technique, it should be live-fire tested. 78.13, Advanced Carbine Training. 7.8.13.1 Specification Standard. ‘The following course of fire is based on the Marine Corps force recon level close-quarters battle qualifications standards, the Gunsite 223 {raining program. ‘The shooter shouts “contact” to build muscle memory in preparation for battle drills at the initiation of each drill. In order to build muscle memory, the shooters should conduct the training with all of their equipment, body armor, helmets, and radios, This course of fire should be shot in the day and at night, It also should be shot using the iron sights and laser as appropriate. This represents that basic level of individual carbine skills necessary to continue on to live fire battle drills, (See Table 7.3, and Table 7.4, Advance Carbine Course of Fire, for more information.) 7.8.13,2 Explanation of Drills and Positions. See the following figures for visual clarity: + Figure 7.6, Picture Curb Prone. + Figure 7.7, Picture SBU Prone. + Figure 7.8, Picture Kneeling. + Figure 7.9, Picture Double Kneeling. + Figure 7.10, Picture Shooting Around Obstacles. + Figure 7.11, Picture Rapid Kneeling. + Figure 7.12, Picture 180-Degree Pivot Step 1 + Figure 7.13, Picture Indoor Ready, + Figure 7.14, Picture Locking the Bolt to the Rear, + Figure 7.15, Picture Operating the Charging Handie. + Figure 7.16, Picture Ready Position.e4/e2/2003 19:28 6526898 58 ROS PAGE 87 AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 TL Table 7.3 Advanced Carbine Course of Fire (1 of 2). Distance ] , = tmp oF (Wards) | Drill Gece Total | 3___ [Non standard response drill (NSR) 2 2 12 3__ |NSR transition NSR handgun 4 2 8 3___ [Mask NSR, a 2 2 8 3___ [Mozam double kneeling 3 2 6 3__|Mozam 2 2 6 5 | Head single shot _ 15 2 2 7 |Mozam 3 2 6 7__ [Box drill 5 2 12 7 |180 pivot box drill 6 2 12 7 [Right step box drill 7 6 2 | 12 7 |Leftstep box drill 6 2 12 7 [Gas Mask Mozam 4 2 6 7__ [Mask box dei 6 2 2 7__ [Mask 180 pivot box drill 6 2 2 7__ [Mask right step box drill 6 2 12 7 |Mask left step box drill 6 a 2 10103 [Moving box drill 6 2 12 10 [Mozam 3 2 6 10 |FBI two-man reload drill 12 2 16 15 [Mozam 2 6 15 [Head 2 2 25 [Pair 3 2 4 25 [Curb prone = 2 8 25 |SBU prone — 2 4 8 25 fle el presidente 10 2 12 [24 350 [Pair 3 2 2 4 50__ [2 Reload? 10 2 4 884/02/2003 6526898 5B R TAD AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 Table 7.4 Advanced Carbine Course of Fire (2 of 2). Distande | Time} | (Wards) Drill (Seconds) | Reps | Rounds | © Total 100 oper Olympic shooting drill 1 6 6 100 [Sitting 7 2 2 4 100 [Squatting 7 5 2 10 100 _ [Kneeling 7 5 10 100 [Mask sitting ’ [2 4 100 [Mask squatting 8 | 2 4 100 _ [Mask kneel 8 | 2 2 4 200 [Prone pair 4 5 2 10 200 [Prone 2 reload 2 20 2 2 4 200 [Mask prone 15 2 2 4 200 [2 shots prone touch target 2 shots prone | — | 1 10 10 ‘Total Rounds 308 Figure 7.6 Picture Curb Prone.ARTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 Figure 7.7. Picture SBU Prone, Figure 7.8 Picture Kneeling. Picture Kneeling | UNCLASSIFIED94/02/2089 10:28 6526898 58 ROS PAGE 7-14 AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 Figure 7.9 Picture Double Kneeling. Picture Double Kneeling UNCLASSIFIEDAFTTP 3-38, Figure 7.11 8526896 58 ROS , 1 July 2006 Picture Rapid Kneeling. Picture Rapid Kneeling UNCLASSIFIED7-16 Figure 7.13 6525898 58 RIS Picture Indoor Ready. Indoor Ready | AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006PAGE 13 AFTTP 3-3 1 July 2006 TAT Figure 7.15 Picture Operating the Charging Handle. | Picture Operating the Charging Handle94/e2/2009 18: Page APTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 iil. Team members should be trained to automatically if they are in handgun range and the primary weapon malfunctions or if they need to assume cover to clear the primary weapon. (Sce Figure 7.17, Picture Transition.) Figure 7.17 Picture Transition, 7.8.13.2.2 Box Drill, The box drill is a multiple target engagement drill. Two targets, ‘two shots to the body, two shots to the body, one to the head and one to the head. (See Figure 7.18, Box Drill.) Figure 7.18 Box Drill. 7.8.13.2.3 Stress Fire Drills. Stress is an essential element of any shooting program, 7.8.13.2.4 Cooper Olympic Shooting Drill. This drill is part of the carbine course of fire, Starting at the 10-yard line. The shooter fires two rounds from kneeling; then reloads, runs to the target and touches it and runs back to the 100-yard line. The shooter fires two rounds from squatting position, reloads, and runs to the target and back; finishing with firing two rounds from prone, (See Figure 7.19, Cooper Olympic Shooting Drill.) 1484/e2/2009 10:28 6526898 58 ROS PAGE AFTTP 3- 8, 1 July 2006 719 Figure 7.19 Cooper Olympic Shooting Drill, sper Olympic Shooting Drill Di can be ran tam any estanc, ‘ard Frat two rounds from exe! postion | hy | toons bemoan poatns © 8 98 Squat Kneatng Prone 7.8.13.2.5 Rifle El Presidente, With three targets down range, start with back to the Giring line, The shooter executes a 180 degree pivot and fires two rounds at cach target. ‘The shooter takes a knee, reloads and fires two more rounds at each target. 7.8.13.2.6 NSR Drill. Starting at the three-foot line, step left or right, fire 4 to 5 rounds into the center mass of the target. This drill is designed to train shooters to ‘move off-line and shoot their target to the ground at very close ranges.24/02/2089 10:28 6826898 58 RAS PAGE 16 7-20 AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 7.8.13.2.7 FBI Two-Man Reload Drill. Two Shooters stand side by side, One loads ‘2 magazine of 6 rounds with a magazine of 2 rounds in their mag pouch. ‘The other loads with a magazine of 2 rounds and has a magazine of 6 rounds in their magazine pouch. On the command of fire, both shooters fire 2 rounds standing. The shooter with an empty rifle takes a knce and reloads, sounding off with “LOADING.” The standing shooter positions himself over the shooter on a knee and fires 2 rounds, sounding off with “COVERING” Once the shooter who has taken a knee is loaded, he sounds off with “READY.” The covering shooter steps back to his original position and orders the kneeling shooter “UP.” Both shooters fire two more rounds from standing. One shooter will be empty at this point in the drill and the other shooter will have four rounds remaining, The empty shooter assumes a knee and reloads, “RELOADING” The standing shooter positions himself over the kneeling shooter, fires two rounds and sounds off with “COVERING.” Once reloaded the kneeling shooter sounds off with “READY.” The covering shooter steps back to his original Position and orders the kneeling shooter “UP.” Both shooters fire their last two rounds from standing. This drill is not designed to teach a specific tactic. ‘This is an exercise in teamwork. 7.8.13.2.8 FBI 360-Degree Movement Drill. This drill can be done at any distance. A series of obstacles is placed on the range. The diagram list four barrels. A team of shooter lines up on one side of the obstacles and moves around the obstacles on the RSO commands. While moving, the shooters will be ordered to engage the targets down range, conduct reloads, transition, complete malfunction drills, throw smokes or flashbangs. The specifics are up to the RSO. The purpose is to throw more and more tasks at the shooter until they are overloaded with information input. This is not a timed event or one listed in the carbine course of fire. This is a stress shooting drill, It teaches the shooter to accept more input, concentrate on directions and add stress. Once the shooter is successfully completing this exercise they are ready to move on to battle drills. (See Figure 7.20, FBI 360-Degree Movement Drill.)526090 58 ROS AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 TU Figure 7.20 FBI 360-Degree Movement Drill, [81360 Degree Movement Drill “RELOAD "MALFUNCTION 98e 99 | + Delt can be run with 10 8 people + 360 dogroe movement asa team + Smokes, fash bangs cen be used to add confusion + Taxgots can be numserel aut of erder 7.8.13.3 MK14 Mod 0 EBR Training Guidelines, The EBR is a support clement weapon. It is an expert shooters gun. It is designed to support the weapon system by filling the gap between the capabilities of the M4, M240, and M249. The EBR can function as a designated marksman rifle, long-range (800 yard) anti-personnel weapon, base of fire (light machine gun) weapon, and as a close-quarters battle rifle.84/02/2009 10:28 6526898 58 ROS PAGE 722 AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 7.8.13.3.1 ‘The EBR safety is located inside the trigger guard of the weapon. As a result, the weapon should be carried in the aircraft in condition 3 (empty chamber with magazine in the weapon) WARNING: Less experienced shooters will not shoot well with the EBR. Carrying this weapon ‘without proper training could result in serious injury or death, 7.8.13.4 Transition Training. ‘The AFQC for the M4/M16 is used for qualification firing. Shooters should fire 1,000 rounds each, using the attached course of fire before carrying the weapon, Much of the training can be done on a 25-yard range. Training with the M4 3.5X10 scope should be done at a minimum on a 100-yard range for designated marksman missions and on a minimum 300-yard range (preferred 800-yard range) for long-range anti-personnel employment. 7.8.13.5 Full Auto Feature, Training to use the full-auto feature of the weapon may not be practical. The recoil of the weapon may cause the scope mount to shake loose. The weapon may begin cooking off rounds after as few as 50 rounds. Additionally, full-auto fire may cause the weapons to wear out in short order. Last, its unnecessary, extremely accurate and rapid semi-auto fire can be employed very effectively when the user is properly trained. Suggest extremely limited full auto fire. 7.8.13.6 Ammunition. The preferred ammunition for the rifle in the MI18LR round. Very little of this is available. The most common round available is the M118 round. All training for long range shooting and sighting in should be done with the M118 or MIISLR. The M80 rounds and tracer rounds available in linked ammunition should not be used to sight in the weapon unless they are the only rounds available and the unit intends to carry them on alert, No information exists as to the effectiveness of or the external ballistics for the 7.62mm slap rounds and their use is not authorized by the technical order. Linked ammunition may substantially degrade the long-range capability of the EBR. 7.8.13.7 Training. There are two categories of training for the EBR, carbine training (DM) and long-range anti-personnel suppression. If training for long range shooting cannot be done at actual distance, then the weapon should be configured with the M68 sight end laser only (no scope), See Table 7.5, and Table 7.6, EBR Course of Fire, and Figure 7.21, 100 Yard EBR Target, for proficiency standards. Shooters should be proficient with each stage of fire prior to carrying the weapon. 78.13.8 Targets. The following includes three 100-yard targets for sighting in the scope. 182009 19:28 6526898 PAGE AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 723 Figure 7.21 100 Yard EBR Target. 100-Yard EBR Target4/02/2009 18:28 6526898 58 ROS PAGE 20 124 AFTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 Table 7.5 EBR Course of Fire(1 of 2). |Mozam [Head single shot |Mozam Box drill 180 pivot box drill Right step box drill Left step box drill Gas mask mozam [Mask box drill [Mask 180 pivot box drill [Mask right step box drill [Mask left step box drill Mozam [Moving box drill [Non-standard response drill (NSR) INSR transition NSR handgun [Mask NSR_ FBI two-man reload drill Mozam Head Pair [Curb prone /SBU prone Rifle el presidente Pair 2 Reload 2 w}rofrafelre|o}rmefofrefefro) re] frope]rfre| eae! efor fe] rof elas | obs ce] p|cfe| slope84/02/2083 10:28 6526898 58 ROS ABTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 7.25 Table 7.6 EBR Course of Fire (2 of 2). Cooper Olympic shooting drill Sitting 7 2 100 ‘Squatting 7 5 2 10 100 Kneeling 7 s | 2 10 100 Mask sitting - 8 2 2 4 100) Mask squatting 8 2 | 2 4 100 Mask kneeling 8 2 2 4 200 Prone pair 14 s [| 2. 10 00 Prone 2 reload 2 _ 20 2 2 4 Mask prone 18 2 2 4 }200 yard 2 Shots Prone touch target 2 Shots Prone| NA | 1 10 10 ‘Total Rounds Sighting target T minute 100 ‘Medium range simulator 8__| Person | 1 minute 100 TMOA Doepeing target 10 2 | 7MOA | minute high target 00 [TRGWAN [8 | Ay | Sa | 100 ITACMAN: 10 5 Any 2 minute 'TACMAN 10 2 Any 2 minute Total Rounds a se 7.8.13.9 50 Caliber Training Guide Lines. (Sec Figure 7.22, Picture .50-Caliber26 58 ROS ARTTP 3-3.8, 1 July 2006 Figure 7.22 Picture .50-Caliber Rifle. -50 Caliber Rifle UNCLASSIFIED. 7.8.13.9.1 History. The M82A1/M-107 rifle was fielded to pararescue sometime in the 1990s for the mission Operation SOUTHERN WATCH in response to the potential vehicle threat during a potential airdrop mission in denied or hostile territory. ‘Training ‘on these rifles was handed down rotation by rotation, Since the rifle was based on the M16 rifle series weapons, that the AFQC and CFETP training already being conducted and access to the TO was sufficient for safe operation of the weapon. Pararescuemen trained in Operation SOUTHERN WATCH began informal testing of the weapon in order to configure the rifle for the mission and develop tactics techniques and procedures. Fielding of this equipment is essential to a directed mission. The military does not offer a formal training program for this rifle and mission. The following guidance will provide the weapon system with a basis of information to build the capability 8. 9.2. Equipment Configuration. + Leupold Mark 4 MI 16X40mm scope part #50541, 150 MOA scopes, with Mildot + 30mm Steel Leupold rings with 1913 rail topcap. + SIMRAD KN/203FAB-4 GEN-III Omni-IV Weapon Sight. + The book .50 sniper course “Hard Target Interdiction” is the unit's lesson plan outline + The Bames Ballistics 2.0 computer program, or suitable substitutee4/e2/2808 18:28 6526898 58 ROS PAGE 23 AFTTP 3-38, 1 July 2006 7.27 *+ Chronograph (Measures the speed of the bullets). + AF technical orders, + 1,500 yard day only eye safe laser range finder. + Wind speed/barometers for measuring wind speed, temp, altitude, and barometric pressure, + Factory pelican case. 78.13.93 Operator Level Training. Information from the US Navy snipers was obtained regarding the shooting standards for shooters of our experience, training and mission. ‘Standard; with a rifle zeroed point of impact/point of aim at 500 yards and a range card, The shooter should be able to “dope” the weapon and fire one magazine into a 72-foot square target at 800 yards with no time limit. The operator is able to assemble and disassemble basic weapon. The shooter is able to identify the M8 50 caliber round used for shooting. The weapons will be airdropped in its pelican case. ‘The shooter is able to identify and clear malfunetion IAW the lesson plan outline. ‘The rifles are choreographed (bullet speed was measured) and the information is saved in the ballistics computer program. Each rifle operates at a different speed and when precision shooting is required individual range cards can be created. Because the SIMRAD scope operates as a prism and no change in shooting position is required day \d night operation/installation and removal of the night scope is considered a familiarization. Shooting from the seated position in the ATV is how the weapon is, normally used. During movement, the weapon is “tied down” in the ATV litter with the shooting bag underneath for protection. (See Figure 7.23, ATV.) Normally 3 to 5 ‘magazines of M8 ball are carried as ammunition load out for the weapon. The range ‘card is taped to the butt stock for easy reading. Familiarization training is conducted ‘day and night at 0 to 1,200 yard ranges with exercises in rapid setup, doping, loading, shooting multiple rauges and targets on either 72-inch squared targets or vehicles. 78.13.94 Trainer-Level Training, Trainers are expected to be able to execute all coperator-level tasks. They must conduct factory-level inspection of the weapon IAW manufactures directions, the AF technical orders and ID or fix problems trained on at the factory operator armorers course. They also create range cards; use the Mildot recital, “slip” the scope rings and zero the weapon; determine when deviations to the operator-level training are acceptable to meet unit needs. Assemble/disassemble and adjust weapon IAW factory operators manual deviation will be reported to the training department, Identify M8, M20, Mk-211, and other standard training round issued in the AP inventory. 78.13.95 Maintenanee. Factory certified armorers mount scopes and sights and conduct factory authorized maintenance [AW the AF technical orders, when authorized.2083 18:28 8526898 58 ROS PAGE 7-28 8, 1 July 2006 Figure 7.23 ATV.