V~MRANtTMREZPORT M66 3-1

?PEROW4ANCE2 ANALYSIS OF DANIS G

LATINCHERS FOR VEHICLZS ~

By "~ J~'

AMCMS S523. 11.43400. 01

DA Project No. 155 3150ID338 OI14 ft~

Distribution of this document is unlimited.

AUGUST 1965

PHADLPHIA, PIA.,
 .. .... ..
....... ... . ..
'.. ....

Al, Oil':.'

a c 444.b6,-
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 MEMORANDUM REPORT M66 -5i

PERFORMANCE ANAI..YSIS OF DAVIS GUN

ILAUNCHERS FOR VEHICLES

By

SIDNEY GOLDSTEIN4

AMCMS r-523.11,43400.01
DA Project No. 1I5O3I1D3i8

Distribution of this document is uniimited.

Small Caliber Engineering Directorate

FRANKFORD ARSENAL
Philadelphia, Pa. 19137

August 196S
 FOREWORD

The work described in this r e port was perft rmed by the Frank-
ford Arsenal, U. S. Army Munitions Command under AMCMS Code
55Z3. 11. 43400. 01 DA Project Numbar 15531501D339. Acknowledge-
ment is made to Mr. Walter Gadomaki for his contribution to the section
on Gun Weight Determinations.

ii
 AB~STRAC T

A set of irnter,ýoj balitilx eqiations ig ý,,Ierived fo r a r~t ~

type of '-auri( her of tbe Davis Gun type in whicL two nniaoes are ejec teti
fromr a -omorn cantOn

Bavd on ball:.stc inalysisf of tte Dav'~s Ciun i.u .cr it %ppearms

feasible that a higtý perfc~rrm n~k eypr Da-vis C'un launc her cudbe ef-
fectively used frtom a vehiclec.
 TA4I-Ei OF C(ONTENTS

FORE . . . .

ABSTRACT ,.

OBJECT.
S. . . . . ... ....... ........ ....

INTR)ODU)CTION

ASSUMPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

THEOk(Y.. .......... . ....................... 2

Derivation of uations . . . . . . . . . . .

BALLISTIC DESIGN ................. ... ................ 12

TO DETERAM;NE CILARGE WE1.HTGT I

TO DETFRK4rNF CIIAMBEi• V.: .ME

." . ...

TO [FTEi•MINF 1 FA• |•; E'Siks

TO FIN)D TOTA &L I .UN

N. T
..

1T0 DEETE hMINF GUN WEIG1 HT. ...... . ..

WEV;HT f F'TERMVINA!IOj)N ...........

DLSCUS$ION .. . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . ..

CONC I.USI(ONS . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ,.

k F , F'" E h E N (. E . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . .

AF'PENDIX A A Method oi Selecting Fiu•nrng hrt-,e

"W).... .•.. ... ..............
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

Page

APPENDIX B - Propellant Constants . . . . . . . . . . 29

DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . 0 t * * . . * . *. . 47

LIST OF ILLUSTRhATIONS

Figure Title

1 C/M vs Velocity . . . . . . . . . . ...... 30

2 Charge vs Velocity M/M' = 1 . . . . . . . . 31

3 Charge vs Velocity M/M' = 1/2 . ...... . 32

4 Charge vs Velocity M/M' = 1/3 . . . . . . . . . 33

5 Chamber Volume vs Velocity M/M' = 1 . . . . . 34

6 Chamber Volume vs Velocity M/M' = 1/2 ... 35

7 Chamber Volume vs Velocity M/M' = 1/3 .... 36

8 Peak Pressure vs Loading Density, . . . . . . . 37

9 Total Gun Length vs Velocity.-Bore Diameter =

100 mm - M/M' = 1. . .. . . . .. 38

10 Total Gun Length vs Velocity-Bore Diameter

00 rnm - M/M' = 1/2. . • . . . • . a • . • a . 39

11 Total Gun Length vs Velocity-Bore Diameter =

100 mm- M/M' = 1/3 . . . . . . . . ... . 40

1z Tctal Gun Length vs Velocity - Bore Diameter =

IZ0 mn - M/M' = 1 .. . o. . . .. . . . 41

13 Total Gun Length vs Velocity - Bore Diameter =

lZO mm- M/M' = 1/2l . . . . . . . . * . . 0 . 42

v
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont'd)

Figure Title Page

14 Total Gun Length vs Velocity - Bore Diameter -

1ZO mrn - M/M' = 1/3 .............. 43

15 Total Gun Length vs Velocity - Bore Diamet -

140 mrn- M/M' = . . . . o. . . . . . . ... 44

16 Total Gun Length vs Vel-,ccity - Bore Diameter -

140 mm- M/M' = 1/Z . . . . . .... 45

17 Total Gun Length vs Velocity - Bore Diameter =

140 mm - M/M' =1/3... ........... 46

vi
 C.3IC),SSA,•V OF SYMBOLS

i
A Bore Area
in, 'sec -(psC
B Exponpntxal Buirning R3te Coefficient

In a uC -ps
B 1-;near B,_rniniz R.Iije coefficient
lbs
C Proprilant Weight

Fraction of the Charge Remainkins at any

DiTei lk onles s
Time

Fraction of the Charge remaining when

f rT,
Dirensionless
Vress-6re is a Maximum

fo Fra, tion of the Chargre Ren-aning when

Shot-Start Breaihsm
tIseC
g Ac eieration Due to Cravity
in.
i Effe(.t-ve Length of Initial Voliume

of Initial Vollure ( /A) in.

Io Trkie Lengtt

lb
M Weight of ProJectiie
lb
M Weight of Rec oil Balancing Mass
Dimensioniess
n Burning Rate Exponent

psi
I-) In tant.-.neois Pressure

Pressure at any Travel X " XB PC.I

Ij f

psi
Pe Pressure at Muzzle
psi
H)B Pressure at All-Burnt

psi
p Maximum Pressure

V6i
 GLOSSARY (Cont'd)

PRs Pressure at which Shot-Start Breaks psi

Constant Temperature used to Obtain

Effective Mean Impetus (A , nR*T) "K

To Isochorir Adiabatic Flame Temperature ,K

t Time sec

U0 Initial Free Charnter Volume in.

U0 Total Chariber Volume in.

U Volurne behind Pro.ectile at iny Time t in.

V Muzzle Velocity of Projectile ft!sec

W Propeliauit Web in.

X Projectile Travel at any Time in.

Xv Travel of Recoil Balmn' ing Mass rn.

X Travel at all-Burnt in.

"Xe Total Travel of the 1Projectile in.

""e Total Tra\ (e1 ot Re. oil Balancing Mast in.

""n-TITravel when IPreu~skre is a NlaximIun, In.

Y Ratio of Final Volunie to Initial Volume I ten 8 on ie S

YB Ratio of Final Voluwie to, Volumte at Al -

Burnt t.men s ion l e,

Y R atio of the Vohlimrt,, Behind the Promec -

tile at Any Travel X XB to the Volume
behind the Pro.e(tile at All-Bturnt Dt iens
orlelf ,

I. I li
 GLOSSARY (Cont d)

Heat Loss Coefficient Dimensionless

y' Ratio of Specific Heats Dimensionless

Effective Ratio of Specific Heats Dimensionless

Propellant Density lb/in. 3

6

-V olum e in. 3 SCo

/lb

x Effective Mean Impetus ft-lb/lb

A Central Ballistic Parameter Dimensionless

a Propellant Form Factor Dimensionless

C4 M/M' + I Dimensionless

7k Xb/Xe Dimensionless
3
&o Loading Density grns 'cM

ix
 OBJECT

To obtain a generalized set of interior ballistic equations for pre.-

dicting the performance of Davit Gun launchers for vehicles. Considera-
tion is given here to cases where the projectile weight is different from
that of the recoiling mass. Also, the use of a shot-start device is taken
into account in the derivation of the equations.

SUMMARY

A set of interior ballistic equations is derived for a reactionless

type of launcher of the Davis Gun ty-pe in which two masses are ejected
from a common charnbcr. The important interior ballistic equations
are summarized below. Travel and velocity are determined with refer-
ence to the center of mass of the system.

VIeocity at all-burnt

AWgfo
VB B 2B*M

Travel at all-burnt

r , - c. 4A + 1
x ( I+, t fo0r ti 4 ,

B 0 fo I for . 0 i j(I-fo
XB
- fC) for-

x,
Pressure at all.-burnt

12 CA for a 0

U", 4 Rfo

___B Iz Cx ____0

4f - I - fo

u e ( I - fo - o

T!e fraction of the web remaining at peak pressure

f for all 'd

The Travel at peak pressure

.• CL- fo~+e÷"'

x m•
[ I
III f0
;o]

+5
II fo

j 11
 Xm = tj[jE(j( .f CI(I-fo)
4' .. 1 for 0

Thepek res sure_

C)A ( 4 (b
1)fo I
p12

--
T (1120)

2b + C41J

- (~sf~b I)2 for b 0

[ I+
O,, !"(f 0 +io)

'0 +

Xli
The muzzle velocity

xiii
 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to develop the necessary interior

ballistic equations for recoilless launching systems of the Davis Gun
type for vehicles.

ASSUMPTIONS

1. In the derivation of the interior ballistic equations, use was

made of the iscthermal model. I In this method, the temperature of the
gases during the burning period was assumed to be a constant (T) which
was taken at some mean value. The effective impetus X would then also
correspond to some mean value (i. e., X = nRT) during the burning period.

2. The direction of stroke is assumed horizontal so that no poten-

tial energy is acquired by either body.

3. The volume (U) available to the gas behind the shot at any time
is U = Uo + OAX - Cf/6 - C(1 - f)77. Assuming that 77 = 1/5, this reduces
to U = Uo + 02AX - C/6. When x 0 we define a quantity t. which may be
interpreted as the effective iength of the initial volume. t = Uo - C/6/A
Uo/A. Where Uo is the free volume behind the shot before it starts to
move.

4. The rate of burning is assumed to be proportional to the pres-

sure; r = B'P (linear burning law, see Appendix A for a method of de-
termining B' assuming the peak pressure is known).

5. There is no pressure gradient in the bore during the ballistic

c yc le.

6. The effective ratio of specific heats remains constant,

NOTE: (7"- 1) = (I + 0)(Y- 1)

Where • - heat loss coefficient

y = true ratio of specific heats

1 See References I and 2.

1
 7, There is no motion of the shot until the siot-start pressure
(that pressure at which the shear pins break) is reached.

Thus X > 0 only when P > Psv. The fraction of the web re-
maining at the time the shot-start pressure is reached is denoted by fo.

8. The murnmentr•" •d !'A.E. of the prý,-ellant g asa ia aseumned

to be negligible.

THEORY

Derivation ofE uations

A. Basic Equations

I. Motcnztum Balance Equation

M' dV' M dV
g dt -g dt

v,here M' is the weight of the recoiling or balancing mass and M i3 the
weight of the projectile.

Assu:nilg that both masses begin to move at the same time

M' X' Z MX

or

MI

Thus

X, x÷] X
W
The quantity

M
M'

indenoted as Cl and thus

X 4 X' -Z iX.

2. Equation of State

PU 12) C (1 f) 'I + b )

or

p _1ZXC (I
A •Xf) Aj7 )4-Zdf (

3. Equation of Motion

- AP (3)
g dt

or

12M dV AP (3a)
g dX

4. Equatxon of Web Regression

W dl _ B'P (4)
dt

B. Procedure

Ehrmirnating P bez.ween the equation of web regression (4) and

the equation of motion (3)

M dV AW df
g dt ZB, dt

3
 With the initial conditionz that V 0 when f -_fo this equation
integrates to

V = AWg (f - 0) (9)
ZB'M

or taking the derivative with respect to K

dV AW 1 df a)
R BMB' dX

Starting with the equation of motion

1.ZM VdV
g dX P (1a)

2 f 0 is a constant which represents the fraction of the web remaining

when the shot- tart device breaks (i. e,, , at the time the shot begins to
-
move). The pressure at which this occurs is denoted by P5 6 and is de-
termined by the material of the shot -start rod, its dimensions and the
rate of loading the system. The value of fo is obtained from the follow-
ing equation (assuming P,, is known)

IZ CA, - fo) (I + Rf o )
P5
O

This equation may then be solved to determine fo

/ _ssk
5 12C)• (1
0 -ICA b - 2~

and

- PO5 fc, 0

4
substitute (5) for V. (5a) for dV/'dX and for

LIZCk (I - f) I + Of
At.+ f! X)

and solve for

dX A 2 Wrg (Q X + t )(f 0 -f

dj7 4 (B) ?-MC), (I - f ) (I + 9 f

We now define a central ballistic parameter

4 (B' I M ck

Thu s

dX M
$A - f )(l e

Integrating this equation with the initial conditions that at

X-- 0, f f 0 ; we get

C, (i- fo) U ( -~o Le for"~

0).*fO *r

and

IF, f(lf)X~Dsl-o f or (40 U)

Equation (6) gives us the travel in terme of the fraction of thie

web (f) rem-aining at any time t.
 By substituting (6) into equation (2), it is now possible to de-
termine the pressure (P) in terms of the fraction of the web (f) remains
at any time t.

p lzCx (1 - f) (I +Of) for 0

(,oiT':r(, o) ,•
i+ (11 o- --
-fo)
f__ + _0o

and

p lzCx(I f) for e = 0 (7)

U.eAo A (-i °
-ff°l 'l; [Clf°0]

It is now possible to determine the velocity, travel and pres-

sure at all burnt (subscript B denotes the quantity when the propellant
is all burnt, i.e., when f = 0) from equation (5) with f = 0.

VB= AWIgf (8)

2BM

from equation (6) with f = 0

XB f ILIo)
;L,--•j(I +fo) 8 oL 1_
Jof 6or0(

XB= ? [er'fo(° - fo)Q•l[fo1] - for =O

6
 PB 1 Afor b

U, (I - fo) f ,t]I f-)

And

PB A2C A ,V 0
U -, eF.14 fo ( fo - (I -t°(10

To deterrmine , onditions at maximum pressure, the following

procedure will be used. Let the subscript n- denote the condition at
mraxIMum pressure.

From Equation (Z) we have pressure as functions of f and x,

P - P(f, x), and from Equation (6) we have x as a function f, x xUf
thus

dP (,11) ---F)) Qx 0 for niaximum I

x C Xb

(f UA(

We have atready shown that

dx C "x )(f - f)
dt (1 . t•~ * f
 Substituting into (iI) we get for f n the f(raction of the web
remaitnig at maxbnum preossre

fm = 1- for all 6 (,IZ)

To find ihe travel at mnaxirnum preasure we substitute fm

for f in equiatri (6) and get

Xm
I !-fo)

I .-( f°.o-jI
f r• #
l~El-

S-)(orno 0 (+ )

8f1 I J T
I8lo
 c(CMf(9
0 -I)4(6 Af
-I)

7/ 0 Tf 1' 1

lIg,+ O f . . . - 9. . '

+| 278 ;+
C _

And

PM = zc for 8=0 (14)

o vo•( - fo) ) D• -f:3
,ý I
Uoe ýFý(- - f,,) + I

It in imposit~ble: to have a solution with f n~egati~ve, at any timle.

Thuo fjnmis~t always be positive 6.i,•,., Ogo 4. 0 -. I .)O otherwise
pekpressture cornea at all burnt and

Phi = pB
B
- ,I- A for =0
oF fao]
o}• l-fo-)

L
Note that in the case of a conventional gun without shot-start or recoil-
ing parta and e 0

[•= lira + 1

fo =lim (I - Uo Psa/IZC)- 1
Pas -' o

12) C
PB -,e U' es"

This agrees with equation (20A) P 138 of "Theory of the In-

terior Ballistics of Guns" by Dr. J. Corner. 3 Our solution, however,
ia much more general and is particularly applicable to systems using
the Davis Gun principle.

To determine muzzle velocity, let subscript e denote condi-

tion at muzzle exit. K. E. of projectile at muzzle exit = K. E. of pro-
jectile at all-burnt 4 work done on the projectile from all burnt to
muzzle exit.

V•
M VP + f Adx

2g g B
B

See, Reference 2.

10
 Let YB be the ratio of the volume behind the projectile at any
travel X > XB to the volume behindu the shot at the time of all-burnt.

,ý
B
CX
C
•XB
.
4T

Using the adiabatic law for free expansion, we have the pressure (PI)
at any travel X > XB given by

P P B (aXX'+ 'Y) PB (Yh)V

Using the fact that at X' YB IXB,

and X - X Y Y

where YR is the ratio of the final volume to t'ie volume at all-burnt.

Xe

"A B

APB( XB + [t YB

and remembering that

PB A (P'X B !):IZC A

Ii2A
thus.

x1

72PdX W, _(16)
IB

We have already s)hown in equation (8) that

A Wogf0
VB -

thus
•C~k• fo(17)
0
4(B,)ZM

Substituting equations (16) and (17) in equation (15) and solving for the
muzzle velocity we get:

2• - _CI L ti
f! + L j (18)

BAL LISTIC DESIGN

For purposes of establishing some preliminary design parameters

such as charge weight, total gun length, peak pressure, and also g-.dn
weight for the Davis Gin the foiiow-ing design ballistic quantities were
selected as being typical of 'high performance guns.4

4 See References 3 and S.

12
 Expansion Ratio:- Final Volume (Y)
Initial Volume

Travel of projectile to all-burnt

Total rravel 0. 60

Loading Density (,60) 00. 70 grams/cm5 3

Propellant Constants See Appendix A & B

The range of projectile weights c )nsidered was from 3 to 12 lbs.

and the weight of the recoiling mass was taken as 1, 2 and 3 tim-nes that
of the projectile weight (i.e., 2 , 3/2, 4/3). The bhot-start effect
was assumed negligible.

TO DETER-MINE CHARGE WEIGHT

First determine YB, the ratio of th'e final volume to the volume
at all-burnt

Xe 4
YB y •BX + 4

s inc e

fCXe +

and

77 K = 6 -XB=Xe

we have

YB
-. 6QXe+_T
13
Also. since

Q Xe M Ct(Y- 1)

we have

y
.6(Y- ~iT 1I4
for

Y=5

With this value of YB, it is then possible to determine the value of

1-

(Y)= .368

L -1 I
Next determine u, the central ballistic parameter. We shall as-
sume that no shot-start device is used so that fo = 1. The travel at all-
burnt is then given as

XB ~
L [enW -1

and the ratio of travel to all-burnt to total travel is accordingly

Xe G X:e =Y - 1

solving for JA we have

L 1)XB(
+ 1 1.224
1Xe

14
 Substitution of the above values of W and YB into eq. (18) yie)di-
an expression for C/M as a function of velocity and M/M'. This ts
plotted in Figure 1. Frorn Figure I the charge weight is plotted in
Figures 2, 3, and 4 for different velocities (keeping 0 tixed).

"r'O DFTF IRMINE CHAMB3FR VOLTUME \ )

(Uo)

Since we are fixing our lo;•ing density as 0. 7 gins/cmr it is then

possible by using Figures 2, 3, and 4 to plo)t U. for different velocities
(keeping C? M/M fixed). This is done in Figures i, 6, and 7.

TO DETERMINE PEAK PRESSURES

Having previously determined M, C, and U 0 it is now possible to

determine peak presaure for different values of [2. From equation (,2)
with 8 - 0,

fm I I 1 - 83
f, 1.224

Since fm ' 0 we use equatiom (14)

12A C

i fm ,G Ae would use eqk ation (10)

12A C
r- P T eB
[3 e"
For the example selected in this report it is then possible to plot
Pm v@ A.ao" This is done in figure 8. At a loading density of 0.7 grns/cc
our peak pressure is about 50, 000 psi using eq. (14).

TO FiND TOTAL GUN LENGTH (L)

U
Tho total gun length (L) is equal to -K-0 Y where the assumption is
made that chamber area = bore area. Since chamber voluine hae al-
ready been calculated and plotted in Figures 5, 6, and 7 it i-i now possi-
ble to plot total gun length (L) for different velocities, bore diameters and
projectile weights. This is done in Figures 9 through 17 inclusive.

TO DETERMINE GUN WEIGHT

In order to complete the preliminary ballistic analysis it is neces-

sary that estimateR be made of gun weight. To reduce the amount of cal-
culations necessary, a projectile weight of 8 lbs was selected. This ap-
pears to be reasonable for the range of projectile weights considered.
Before any weight calculations could be made it was first necessary to
determine several ballistic quantities:

to - True length of initial volume

Xe - Total travel of projectile

Xe - Total travel of recoil balancing mass

PB - Pressure at all-burnt

Pe - Muzzle Pressure

16
 Since the tot-il length L has already been calculated and
mun
plotted in Figures 9 thru 17 inclusive, it was a simple matter to de-
termine Xe and Xe

Xe + Xe' L - to

that

tX = UL/A

Table I lists the values of to Xe P X' for the eight pound projec -
tile weight with different values of C? and gun caliber. Since at the be-
ginning of the calculations it was assumed that 177K =0. 6, the position of
the projectile and recoil balancing mass at all-burnt may be found by
simply multiplying Xe and X; by 0. 6.

To determine the pressure at all-burnt (PB) equation 110) was

used

Uo' er'

whe re0

UL0 - C/6

Also, since

to 27. 7 C/U 0

whe re
3
to = 0o7/nA cm

17
 I % (- r. - . - -Z
0 I- '- '

oi II-4 V - -Z -- -L 0c)-

l 00 f 00

C; .*: 11 .ý C;
S r all

c4
a folk-
-41- 0
r-~ ir-

zCc

-0 -4: Vr 0- -

tl: ýlsLr' a:lrýI

"D Lr ?%j -a

6Lo
ICI. - -~
N0O -^

F-'j
0 0C lCc 00C
if .-. C) 0 r
C is the charge weight in lbs and Uo is the initial chamber volume in
in. 3 we have

7 1
Uoýt--
k'0 6).

and

B AA - 52. 000 psi

Remember Lng

Pe (YB"

we find that the muzzle pressure Pe 32, 000 psi

WEIGHT DETERMIN ATION

From Table I it was necessary to caulate an approximate gun

weight for stveral different caliber guns ising the same projectile
weight. The rmethod of calculation was the -iarne as is shown by the
following sample. It should be noted that all calcuiations were based
on the use of an eight pound projectile, a maximum pressure of 53. 000
psi and an exit or muzzle pressure of 32, 000 psi.

For ease of calculation thb- rropused guin was assumed to have the
following for TI:

19
 ___!1_ ._

Where

L = length containing peak pressure

Xef lan
lgth containing preboure varying from peak pressure
to exit pressure (of zocoil balancing maus),

Xrnf = length containing pretsure varying from peak pressura

to muzzle pressure (tf projectile).

At this point attention is called to the assumption made that the

ratio of travel at the propellant conditioýi "'ail burnt' to total travel is
.6, Using this assumption it can further be assumed that the peak pes-
sure occurs at or before the "all burnt" condition. Therefore It loiion's
that peak pressure wiil occur within .6 of the travel from the chamber
to either th, muzzle or exit. Hence, using table I, for 10 rnrn at v
2,000 ft/sec and M/M, = 1/2:

L = .6X + .6 Xe +o (11

= .6 (19.4) 4 .6 (9.7) 4 7. 27

Xrf .4 Xe (2)

7,76

20
 Xef = 4 Xe (3)

= .4(9. 7)

3.88

It should be recalled that pressure (max) = 53, 000 psi and pres-
sure (muzzle or exit) = 32, 000 psi. Using a yield strength of 230, 000
psi for steel, the follkwing P/YS can be calculated for the length L',

p/yS = pressure (max) _ 53, 00C . 2304 (4)

yield strength 230,000

From reference (9) the wall ratio; WR is given as 1. 3132. Since by

definition,
WR = Outer Diameter (O.D.) (5)
inner Diameter (I. D.)

0.D. = I.D. x WR (6)

= 100 x 1. 3132

= 131.32 mm or 5. 170 in.

Similarly, to obtain the outer diameter at the muzzle or exit, from (•

P/VS = 32,000 1391

230, 000

WR = 1.1639

and from (6)

0. D. 1= 100 x 1. 1639 = 116.39 mm or 4. 582 in.

Therefore the final configuration of the gun is shown in the following

figure.

21
By using the standard equations, the volume of the gun was obtained.
For example,

Volume total

= Volume of cylindrical section

4 Volume of muzzle tapered eection

+ Volume of exit tapered section

Volume of cylindrical section

.7854 (L') (OD - i-D 2 )

.7854 (24.73)(5. 1702 - 3.9402)

3
= 217. 6 in.

Volume of muzzle tapered section

= 3D-8(2 + -2
.2618 (xmf ( 2 - OD 2 ) (OD 1 ) -D11 ) -. 7,54 (Xmf) DZ

2.618 (7. 76) [(5. 170)2 + (5. 170) (4. 582)2 + (4. 582)2]

-. 7854 (7. 76) (3. 940)2

145. 08 94.61

50.47 in.

Volume of exit tapered section

.2618 (Xef) (OD5 + (OD 2 ) (ODI) + OD2 ) - .7854 (Xef)(ID)2

22
 . Z6 18 (3. 88)[(S. 170)- + (5. 170)(4. 582) (4. 582)2]

25. 24 in.

Volume total

* 217.6 + 50.47 + 25.24

293. 31 in. 3
2

Since the density of steel is .283 lb/in. 3, the weight of the gun is
equal to

28 3 x 293. 31 = 83. 00 lb.

The density of . 283 lb/in. 3 was used in all three cases.

The results of the weight calculations for the 100mm, 120mm

and 140 mm guns of various yield strengths using an eight PC...d pro-
jectile with 8, 16 and 24 pound recoil balancing mabses at velocities
from 1000 fps to 3000 fps are shown in Table II.

DISCUSSION

A study of Table II reveals the following.

1. The gun weight is an exponential function of velocity;

Z. The weight of the gun is proportional to the muzzle energy

and is dependent only on the ratio of the propelled weight to the recoil
balancing weight and on the material from which the gun is fabricated;

3. For guns of the same material a saving in gun weight

of approximately 22% will result when the weight of the recoil balancing
weight is increased from equal to the projectile weight to twice the pro-
jectile veight;

23
 Table II. GUN WEIGHT

YeS. Y.S. Y.S.

Caliber Velocity 2n0,000 275, 000 3Z5,000
•mm) M/M. (,fps) (ib) (Ib) (Ib)

100 1 1000 27.6 21..ý 16.8

1500 62.5 48.2 38.0
2000 110.8 85.6 67.4
2500 173.7 134.2 105.8
3000 250.6 193.6 152.8

1/2 1000 20.8 16.1 12. 7

1500 46.9 36.2 28 5
2000 83.0 64.2 50.5
2500 130. 3 100.6 79.4
3u00 187. 9 146.5 114.4

1/3 1000 18.6 14,3 11. 3

k500 41.7 32.2 25.4
2000 73.9 57.1 45.0
2500 i15.7' 89.4 70.5
3000 167. 1i 127.6 101.8

120 1

1/2 SAME AS 100 mm

!/3

140 1

1/2 SAME AS 100 mrn

J/3

24
 4. For guns of the same material a saving in gun weight of
approximately 33% will result when the weight of the recoil balancing
weight is increased from equal to the projectile weight to three times
the projectile weight;

5. For the tame ratio of propelled weight to recoil balanc-

ing veight the weight of the maraged steel gun(YS = 275, 000) in ap-
proximately 23% less thar, the high strength steel gun(YS = 230, 000);

6. For the same ratio of propelled weight to recoil balanc-

ing weight the weight of the filament wound steel gun(YS = 325,000) is
approximately 40% less than the high strength steel gun(YS = 230,000).

7. In tne extreme case a gun made from high strength steel

(YS = 230, 000) and having % propelled weight to recoil balancing weight
(M/M') ratio of 1/1 would be approximately 146% heavier thun a fila-
ment wound steel gun (YS = 3257, 000) having a propelled weight to ex-
pelled weight ratio of 1/3.

8. In the middle case a gun made from high strength statel

(YS = 230, 000) and having a propelled weight to recoil balancing weight
(M/M') ratio of 1/1 would be approximately 95% heavier than a fila-
ment wound steel gun(YS = 325,000) having a propelled weight to ex-
pelled weight of I / 3.

CONC LUSIONS

I. Based on the ballistic analysis of the Davis Gun launcher it

appears feasible that a high performance type Davis Gun launcher could
be effectively used from a vehicle.

2. Using recoil balancing masses which are greater than that

of the projectile results in reduced gun lengths and weights. However,
the decrease in gun weight must be compared with the increase in total
round weight (C + M + M') for any parti(-ular system.

25
 A study of the data contmined in tabl 1 for particular Davis Gun
leads to the following concluiions:

1. A decrease in the ratio of propeiled wotight to recoil

balancing weight from I/I to 1/3 may reduce tie weight of the gun by
33% wit.h no sacrifice of velocity or muzzle energy;

2. An increaoe in the atrength of th- rma~teriI from which

the gun is made, namely, from 230, 000 to 325, OOG, may red'uAce the
weight of the gn by 40% with no s•Lcrifice ocf velocity or muzze energy;

3. A substantial fving in th- weight of the gtn can be

achleved by decreasing the ratio of the propelled weight to recoil
balancing weight while at the sa-re tiinc increasing the strerngth of
the material from which the gun is made. Fcr example, taking an ex-
treme case, a suving in weight of 60% can te achieved by using a fila-
meent wound steel gun with a yield strength of 325, 000 and a. propelled
mass to expelled mass ratio of 1/3 in lieu of a high strangth steel gun
with a yield strength of 230, 000 and a propelled mass to expelled mass
ratio of I 11.
 REF EJBENCES

1. Strubie, Raimond, "A Study of the Interior Ballistic Equations",

North Carolina State College, Raleigh, North Carolina, prepared
under Contract DA.-36-034-ORD-Z733RD.

Ž. Corner, J. , Theory of the Interior Ballistics of Guns, J. Wliey

and Sons, New York, 191;0.

3. An Abridged Translation of M. E. Serebryakov's "Interior Ballis..

tihcs" Published in Moscow 1949, Translated by V. A. Nekrassoff,
Dr. Eng. The Catholic University of America, Contract NOrd
10, 260.

4. Translation oi German article entitled "The Large-Caliber Air-

craft Gun" by W. Klunschmidt, Dusseldorf, Translated by H.
Horchler, Frankford Arsenal, 22 March 1962.

5. Hirschfelder, J. 0. , Kershner, R. B. , Curtiss, C. F. , and

Johnson, R. E. "Interior Ballistics V, The Performance of High-
Velocity Guns" N.D. R.C. Report No. A-222 (OSRD No. 1916).

6. King, C. M. "The Design of Gun T',bes", F. A. Report MR-608.

'7
 APPENDIX A

A METHOD OF SELECTING
BURNING RATE COEFFICIEN1' (B')

B mnay be chosen such that the area under the assumed linear
burning rate curve equals that under the exponential burning rate curve.

Pm&x. Pmax.
JB' PdP = jBPndP

B 2 B

(n + I)P(I-n).a

2m
 APPENDIX B

PROPELLANT CONSTANTS USED FOR THE EXAMPLE

IN THIS REPORT

petus 3.4 x 105 It-lbs !lb S

Pseudo Ratio of Specific Heat 1. Z5

11 Co-Volume 28 in. 3 /lb

Propellant Density 0. 06 lbs/nir. 3

Form Factor 0

B Buarnlg rate coefficient 4. 53 x 10 in. /sec-psin

n Burning rate exponent .7

 -- DAVIS LAUNCHER
C/M VS VELOCiTY
A*0 70gms/cc

a- 0 60

06l

-04

02

1000 2u00 3s00

V* Ve 'oc, y f/soC)
FA 33283
10

CH~ARGE vs VELOCIry mIMm, i

60m&' 0.70 qrsfcc

Xe

*L -00 -- 9400 In

\f-volcity
(t/"C' As3362
Fiue Cag sVlct /

w3
 DAVIS LAUNCHER
CHARGE vs VELOCITY M/M' s/
Aom Q1O gmi/cc
Y =5
--- ~~..- ?kamQ60

M- 12 lbs

£ ___ I m I0 lbs
oI b

4 . .. 4 i

im 1b

V4--volOc.ty (ft/sac) FA 33275

Fi g,, r e C ar
a° ge •,t Ve o;i ty MllM' 12•/
 DAVi.S $AUNCHER
CHARGE vs VVLOWIY 4 , P/MIMto I MetI

y v ~ _ _ _

xe

"aM gIho

ii:
M 4

,cOo 2000 oc
IVa'V*0cit y (ft / Ic) FA 33282

Figure 4. Chargre vs Ve-locity M/M' 1/

 DAVIS LAUNCHER
CHAMBER VOLUME vs VELOCITY, M/M' I
A* 0.70 gmis/cc
y 5 0 b
5o 4, ,, 0.60

t5oo-___ *be1M

0 N 4 lbs
E
a
0-0
100 -

• I00
.. .. ..

1000 t000 So000

V- Velocity (ft/nC) FA 33281

Figure 5. Chamber Vollmrne vs Velocity MIM = 1
34
 400

DAVIS LAUNCHER
CHAMBER VOLUME vS VELOCITY, M/M', a/_
A0 0.70 gm*/cc
y • 5
0•.60
Soo x e II t ibs

- I0 l

- PO1O1 a t

E
0

o I -

p-i

0000

1=O 2000 ,3000

VwVoioc!0y (ft/60C0 FA 33280

Figure 6. Chamber Volume ve Velocity M/M' = 1/2

! 1t
tit
400 u
F'
un ~aum - - - S

DAVIS LAUNCHER
CHAMBER VOLUME vs VELOCITY, •/MIM' o/s
Soo do Q
0.70 gme/cc
y - 5
x-b 0.60 12
,164

U m 6 lbs

Uh U

M 41be

Ia
000
I •II 1J
" III

1000 1'000 30'00

V-Velocity (ft /tec) FA 33284

Figure 7. Chamber Volume vs Velocity M/M' 1/ 3

36
 III I I I' I I I
DAVIS LAUNCHER
PEAK PRESSURE vS LOADING DENSITY

50K

dm '5

30K
S I

20K

-4 4?
-J4o",Loading Denty (Vm/cc) FA 33287

Figure 8. PeaifPressure v.r Loading Densiti

37
 DAVIS LAUNCHER
,40 -- TOTAL GUN LENGTH vs VELOCITY
BORE DIAMETER a 1OO mm
aI
60 M/M'
" O 0 Omsf& .....
y( 5 M 10.,oe
0 .60
ISO - -- __-

0£
/v

4o 1
0,

_J0 0, 200 3000 IIN

,,_i

vw~~~ /Veoct
38
~ecF _
328,,t

v= v.Iocity (tt/:) F 38

Figure 9. Total Qu~n Length vs VeloclTt.-Bore Diameter 100 mm

M/M" zI

38
 DAVIS LAUNCHER7
TOTAL GUN LENGTH vs VELOCITY
......BORE DIAMETER= 100 mm

a 0 m 0.70 gm/cc

Xe 0.60
M-lt lbs
,--. IS 0_ --. _

*,=

so- Or / I Ibs-
mope

__0 -- ____• M- 4Ib

O

000 000

I--M

a!

0 00200oc 30
m/m 1/2 VaVelocity ,= (ft/seC) FA 33279
F'igure 10. Total Gun Length vs Velocity..Bore Diameter =100 mm

39
 __ _I_ _ _
_I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l I IIIII____ __ _ __ _ _

I I

DAVIS LAUNCHER
i20 TOTAL GUN LENGTH vS VELOCITY
BORE DIAMETER a 100 mm
M /M ' *a /3 M 12 The

A" 0.70 gms/cc

y •5
x 0.60 N1 h

.C

-J

- t

MOpp/

Figue--TtlGnLnt v eoiy2oeDaee = m
4100
10000 2000 00

1000 2000 3000

velocity (ft"/sc) FA 33289
Figure I.Total IGun Length vs Velocity.Bore Diameter = 100 mm
M/M' = I1/3

40
 • I_•...
! • I• I I~~llm I...... .- ............. ..

DAVIS LAUNCHER
TOTAL GUN LENGTH vs VELOCITY
GORE) DIMETER x 120 mm-
I•a IIMi
M/M
60 .0 70 gmsi/cc
... . . y 5 " -o_" .. ° '
X00
IcI

Xeh

404

4 ID

1000 2000 3000

Velocity (ft/sec) FA 33285

Figure 12. Total Uun Length vt Velocity - Bore Diamenter I~
M'Mý - I
41
 DAVIS LAUNCHER
TOTAL GUN LENGTH vs VELOCITY
BORE DIAMETER= 120 mm
I ~M/ M,= ;ItP
6=- 0.70 gm/cc

Xe -ýk0.60

!20-
•j
- i_ 110...
qc____ __..... ___ __ .._ _ _1 1b
.00 M-- 12Ibs

40 //!Z/

0 1000 2000 3000

V-Velocity (ft/sec) FA 33278
Figure 13. Total Gun Length vs Velocity - Bore Diameter = 120 mm
M/M' = 1/2
42
 If Inm mI u I

DAVIS LAUNCHER
120 TOTAL GUN LENGTH vs VELOCITY
BORE DIAMETER z 120 mm
M/M ' i/a
Ao 0.70 gms/cc
y 35
~ '0.60
=cso
*

I xf

C
176ih S
C

Ms 4 The

1000 2000 3000

VmVelocity (ft/sec) FA 33286
Figure 14. Total Gun Length vs Velocity - Bore Diameter = 120 mm
M/M = 1/3
 I I i |

I LAVIS LAUNCHERf
TOTAL GUN LENGTH vs VELOCITY
BORE DIAMETER= 140 mm
M/M,= I
,___ __ _&oa- 0.70gms/cc_
y 5
im0,60

Ito

M- - ,lbs

M-8O lbs

40in _ l6bs

M- 6 lbs

V-Velocity (ft/sec) FA 33274

Figure 15. Total Gun Length vs Velocity - Bore Diameter = 140 mm-
mf . I
44
 "=" 4." ""I I+I1 . . I I . .

DAVIS LAUNCHER
120 TOTAL GUN LENGTH vS VELOCITY
BORE DIAMETER z-140 mm

*060

40 - b..,1

0+.- M.4.

0 I Ni I .

o - i ..... . . .......... . .. . '4, " ....... . ... e-' S4

1000 2000 3000

y5 ocit, ( FA 33276
Fi g rc T.a th Velocity ii i40
 DAVIS LAUNCHER
TOTAL GUN LENGTH vS VELOCITY
BORE DIAMETER= 140mm
M/M = /

y -5

4-

-- 4

+ 4

00

404

m- bibs

U- Gib$

#A- 4Ibs'

01000 2000 3000

V-Velocity (ftt'ac) F'A 3 3 277,1
Fig-ure 1 7. T i n I ength vm
ý,$d Velh- ity - B re' Diatr-vter -140 rn~r

M:M4t
 Unclassified
Security Classification
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - .&L%
S rcurty claaefIcitf io, of title, body of .bitrct nd indrxin annotation oftwe. be enter •.A*e. tk. overaIl report is clr lvslied)
I ORIGINATIN G AC rivs'Y (Corportel author) 2. C•ICOMY IE.•CJIO iy C LASIISFCATION

SFRANKFORD ARSENAL VUnplassified

Philadelphia, Pa. 19137 2b 10ouP

I, ftEPORT TITLE
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DAVIS GUNT LAUNCHERS FOR VEHICLES

4 •ESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report 8nd incl.jaJsiv ddt*.)

Interim Report
S AUTmrj;g;S) Liaer nime. f:Prt n&mi. In, tial)

GOLD)STEIN, Sidney

6 REPORT OATE 7T TOTAL NO OP PAGESO b NO Or F-tr

August 1965 48 6
So. CONTRACT Of GRQANT -40. S OAIke fINATOR'I 09PORT NuVM.t'WS)

AMCMS 55Z3.11.43400.01
b PROJ6CT 'ý. M66-3-1
1553150!D338
C 96b OT06MR P5PORT NO(S) (Any orhotnumbere 9h mov heSfl4 ý
LE4te repon)J

d
10 AVA IL ASILITY//LIMITATION NOTICE$
Distribution of this document is unlimited.

II SUPPL EMEN TA MY NOTES 12 SPONSOI41HO MILITARY ACTIVITY

U. S. Army Munitions Command

Dover, N. J.
13 ABSTRaACT
A set of interior ballistic equations is derived for a reactionless type of
launcher of the Davis Guan type in which two masses are ejected from a common
an 161n-: r.

Based on ballistic analysis of the Davis Gun launcher it appears feasible that
a high performance type Davis Gun launcher could be effectively used from a
vehicle.

D -D1 . 1473
A. Unclassified
Security Classification