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Pakistan Navy

The Pakistan Navy (PN; Urdu: ‫ ;ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺤﺮﯾﮧ‬Pɑkistan Bahri'a) is the

naval warfare uniform service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces.
It came into its modern existence from the Royal Indian Navy that
ceased to exist following the partition of British India through a
parliamentary act that established the independence of Pakistan
from the United Kingdom on 14 August 1947.[10]
 Pakistan Navy
‫ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺤﺮﯾﮧ‬

The Crest of the Pakistan Navy

Active 14 August 1947

Country  Pakistan

Type Navy

Role Naval warfare, force projection,[1]

defence and nuclear deterrence[2]

Size 37,700 total

personnel:73[3]:33[4][5][6][6][7]
25,000 active-duty
5,000 Reserves
1,200 Marines
2,000 Maritime Security

2,500 Coast Guards

2,000 civilian personnel[8]
 100 warships and 14 aircraft[9]

Part of Ministry of Defence

Pakistan Armed Forces

Headquarters Navy NHQ in Islamabad, Pakistan

Colors Navy blue and White

        

Anniversaries Navy Day: 8 September

Engagements Major conflicts and wartime

operations
Indo-Pakistani wars and
conflicts
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Bangladesh Liberation War

Kargil War in 1999

Indo-Pakistani standoff in 2001

Indo-Pakistani standoff in 2008

Indo-Pakistani border
skirmishes
Conflict in Arab world
First Persian Gulf War
 First Persian Gulf War

Blockade of Yemen

Pakistan Armed Forces

deployments in Saudi Arabia
War in Afghanistan
NATO logistics in the Afghan
War

War in Afghanistan (2001–

present)
Somali Civil War
Operation Restore Hope
Sri Lankan Civil War
Military assistance to Sri Lanka
War on Terror
War in Afghanistan (2001–
present)

War in North-West Pakistan

Balochistan insurgency

Operations Near the Horn of

Africa
UN Peacekeeping missions
2004 Tsunami relief operations
 2004 Tsunami relief operations

Operation Madad

Website www.paknavy.gov.pk

Commanders
Commander-in-Chief President Arif Alvi

Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Zafar Mahmood Abbasi

Vice Chief of Naval Staff Vice-Admiral Muhammad Fayyaz

Gillani

Insignia
Flag

Jack

Ensign

Roundel

Aircraft flown
Attack Mirage 5V

Electronic Hawker 850–XP

warfare

Helicopter Westland Sea King, Aérospatiale

 Alouette III, Harbin Z-9

Patrol Lockheed P-3C Orion, Fokker F27-

2000, Breguet Atlantique I, ATR-72-

500

Reconnaissance GIDS Uqab, EMT Luna X

Its primary objective is to ensure the defence of the sealines of

communications of Pakistan and safeguarding Pakistan's maritime
interests by executing national policies through the exercise of
military effect, diplomatic and humanitarian activities in support of
these objectives.[11][12] In addition to its war services, the Navy has
mobilised its war assets to conduct humanitarian rescue operations
at home as well as participating in multinational task forces
mandated by the United Nations to prevent seaborne terrorism and
privacy off the coasts.[13][14]

The Pakistan Navy is a volunteer force which has been in conflict

with neighbouring India twice on its sea borders, and has been
repeatedly deployed in the Indian Ocean to act as a military advisory
in the Arab states and other friendly nations during the events of
multinational conflict as part of its commitment to the United
Nations.:88[15] Overall manpower strength in the Navy is supported
by the various branches within the Navy, including the Aviation,
Marines, and the Maritime Security Agency– the coast guard branch
within the Navy.[16][17][18] Since its commencement on 14 August
1947, the defensive role of the Navy has expanded from securing
the sealines and becoming the custodian of Pakistan's second strike
capability with an ability to launch underwater missile system to
target enemy positions.[19]

The Constitution of Pakistan establishes the role of the President of

Pakistan as an elected civilian Commander-in-Chief, and the Navy is
commanded by the appointed Chief of Naval Staff, by statue a four-
star rank admiral, who is a senior member of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff Committee is appointed by the Prime Minister and confirmed
by the President of Pakistan. The Pakistan Navy is currently in
command under Admiral Zafar Mahmood Abbasi who was in this
command position on appointed on 7 October 2017.[20]

Mission
Existence and its constitutional role is protected by the Constitution
of Pakistan, where its role to serves as naval-based uniform service
branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces. In the Chapter 2: Armed
Forces in the PartXII: Miscellaneous codified the mission and
purpose of the army as alongside with the other parts of the Armed
Forces as such:[21] The Constitution of Pakistan establishes the
principal land warfare uniform branch in the Pakistan Armed Forces
as its states:

The Armed Forces shall, under the directions of the

Federal Government, defend Pakistan against external
aggression or threat of war, and, subject to law, act in
aid of civil power when called upon to do so

— Constitution of Pakistan.[22]

History

Division of Royal Indian Navy in 1947

Today is a historic day for Pakistan, doubly so for

those of us in the Navy. The Dominion of Pakistan has
come into being and with it a new Navy – the Royal
 Pakistan Navy – has been born. I am proud to have
been appointed to command it and serve with you at
this time. In the coming months, it will be my duty and
yours to build up our Navy into a happy and efficient
force

— Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan,

addressing the Naval Academy in March 1948., [23]

The Royal Indian Navy's rating sailors breaching the Gates of Delhi during the rebellion against the
British rule in India in 1857.

The Pakistan Navy came into its modern existence on the

Fourteenth of August in 1947 from the Royal Indian Navy with the
establishment of Pakistan as an independent state from the United
Kingdom.[23] The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee (AFRC)
under British Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck divided the shares
and assets of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) between the India and
Pakistan with ratio of 2:1,:conts.[24] as Pakistan receiving the assets
of two sloops, two frigates, four minesweepers, two naval trawlers,
four harbour launches.:45–46[25] The Armed Forces Reconstitution
Committee (AFRC) allocated about the two-thirds of the assets of
the Royal Indian Navy to the India while one third was given to
Pakistan despite Pakistan having inherited the high percentage of
delta areas on its coast and the large maritime area covering the
Arabian sea on West and the Bay of Bengal on East.:90[26] In addition,
India also objected to transfer any machinery at the Bombay
Dockyard to Pakistan and further refused to part the machinery that
happened to be on its soil.:90[27]

Due to the absence of the Constitution, the Ministry of Defence ran

under the government act of 1935 with British monarchy overseeing
the armed forces development, leading the Pakistan Navy to fall
under the Royal patronage until the Constitution was promulgated
that established the Navy as a federal institution in 1956.[23]

The Navy endured a difficult history— with only 200 officers and
3,000 sailors were inherited to the Navy– the most senior being
Captain HMS Choudri who had little experience in the military
staffing.:45[25] Of the ~200 officers, twenty of these had come from
the Executive Branch of the Royal Indian Navy,[28] and only six
officers were the mechanical engineers while there were none
electrical engineers or specialists to care for the electrical systems
needed to be look after in the weapons systems or the powering up
the machinery in the vessels as whole.:47[25] The Navy suffered
perennial problems with inadequate staff, lack of operational bases,
lack of financial support, and poor technological and personnel
resources.:45[25] Secondly, it grew out as the smallest military
uniform branch that contributed in its lack of importance in federal
budgets as well as the problems relating to its institutional
infrastructure.:46[25]

The Army and the Air Force were the dominant forces where the
defence planning were based wholly on army and air force point of
view.:46[25] Additional problems relating to the Navy were the lack of
facilities and maintenance machinery, as the only naval dockyard on
the subcontinent was located in Bombay in India.:46[25]

To overcome these difficulties, the Navy had to launch a recruitment

program for the young nation, starting in the East-Pakistan which
proved to be very difficult to sustain the program; therefore, it was
moved back to West-Pakistan to concentrate recruitment on West
Pakistan.:46[25] Furthermore, the Navy's procurement was greatly
determined by its war role and it had to struggle for a role for itself
throughout its history from its beginning.:66[29]

The beginning: 1947–1964

Reorganization under the United States Navy (1947–1964)

PNS Shamsher visiting Australia in 1951. The frigate was transferred to Pakistan by the Royal
Indian Navy in 1947 as a training ship.:19[30]

The Navy's combat actions largely remained in absence during the

first war with India in 1947–48 as all the fighting was restricted to
land and aerial combat missions.:474[31] On operational planning,
Captain HMS Choudri had engaged on commanding a former RIN
destroyer from Karachi to Bombay to oversee the evacuation of
Indian emigrants to Pakistan.:474[31] In 1948, the Royal Pakistan Navy
had to engaged in humanitarian missions to evacuate Indian
immigrants trapped in disputed and hostile areas, with its frigates
operating continuously.:48[25]

Command and control of the new Navy was extremely difficult as

Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's administration had to extend the
employment of large number of the Royal Navy officers from the
British admiralty with Rear admiral James Wilfred Jefford appointed
as the Flag Officer Commanding (FOC) who worked on creating the
contingency plan, "Short-term Emergency Plan (STEP)", to work up
the frigates and naval defences in case of escalation of the war at
sea.[23]:48[25] In 1948, the Directorate-General for the Naval
Intelligence (DGNI), a staff corps, was established under Lieutenant
S. M. Ahsan, who served as its first Director-General, in Karachi.[23]
When the first war came to an end in 1948, the Navy temporarily
established its Navy NHQ in Karachi and acquired its first O-class
destroyer from the transfer by the Royal Navy.:49[25]

The Royal Pakistan Navy greatly depended on the generous

donations from the British Royal Navy with two Battle-class
destroyers, PNS Tippu Sultan and PNS Tariq.[32] Tippu Sultan was
commissioned on 30 September 1949, under Commander P.S.
Evans, whilst Tariq was placed under the command of Lieutenant-
Commander A. R. Khan.[32] The two destroyers formed the 25th
Destroyer Squadron, as PNS Jhelum and PNS Tughril, under
Commander Muzaffar Hasan, also joined the Royal Pakistan
Navy.[32]

In 1950, the Navy's nationalisation took place when many officers

from the air force and army volunteered to join the navy and NCOs
gaining commission as an officers.:50–51[25] Support from the army
and air force to the navy led to the establishment of logistics and
maintenance machinery with vigorous efforts directed towards
integrating the navy presence in East Pakistan, thereby creating
opportunities for people in East Pakistan to participate in the build-
up.:51[25]

In 1951, the Pakistan government called for appointing native chiefs

of the armed forces, but it was not until 1953 that a native navy chief
was appointed.:51–52[25] The British Admiralty, however, maintained
the command of the Navy through Rear-Admiral Jefford who had
native deputy chiefs of staff including Commodore HMS Choudhri,
Commodore Khalid Jamil, and Commander M.A. Alavi.:51–52[25]
PNS Badr, a destroyer, visiting the Great Britain on a goodwill mission in 1957.

During this time, a number of goodwill missions were carried out by

the navy's warships, and non-combat missions were conducted
under the auspices of the Royal Navy.[32] In 1951, HMS Choudhri's
promotion papers as naval chief were approved by Prime Minister
Liaquat Ali Khan but it was not until 1953 when HMS Choudhri was
promoted as vice admiral and commander with the support from
army commander-in-chief General Ayub Khan.:52[25] He handed over
the command of 25th Destroyer squadron to a Polish naval officer,
Commander Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski.[33]

In the mid 1950s, the Ministry of Finance awarded contracts to the

Corps of Engineers (Pakistan Army) for the construction of the
Karachi Naval Dockyard.[23] In 1954, several efforts were made to
procure a Ch-class submarine from the Royal Navy but was rejected
by British Admiralty which agreed to loan the Ch-class destroyer,
HMS Chivalrous, which was renamed PNS Taimur.:51–52[25] From
1953–56, HMS Choudri bitterly negotiated with the United States
over the modernisation of the navy and convinced the U.S.
government to provide monetary support for modernisation of
ageing O–class destroyers and minesweepers, while commissioning
the Ch–class destroyers from the Royal Navy.:54[25] British naval
tradition was disbanded and cancelled when the United States
Navy's advisers were dispatched to the Pakistani military in 1955.[34]

With the promulgation of the Constitution of Pakistan that

established the republicanism featuring the federalised government,
the prefix Royal was dropped, and the service was re-designated the
Pakistan Navy ("PN") with the Jack replaced the Queen's colour and
the White Ensign respectively in 1956.[23] The order of precedence of
the three services changed from Navy–Army–Air force to Army–
Navy–Air Force.[35]

In February 1956, the British government announced the transfer of

several major surface combat warships to Pakistan Navy, including
a cruiser and four destroyers to be purchased with funds made
available under the U.S. Military Assistance Program.:54[25] In 1957,
the Navy finalised the purchase of a cruiser from the United
Kingdom and used the government's own funds for the purchase
which caused a great ire against Admiral Choudhri in the Finance
Ministry.:55[25]

In 1958, the Navy made an unsuccessful attempt to obtain Neptun-

class submarines from Sweden using the American security funds;
it was halted by the United States and Pakistan's Finance Ministry
despite the fact that the idea had support from Army GHQ.:57[25] In
1958–59, the Navy NHQ staff began quarrelling with the Army GHQ
staff and the Ministry of Defense (MoD) over plans regarding the
modernisation of the navy that resulted in bitter interservice rivalry
between army and navy and ended with Admiral Choudri's
resignation to the Presidency in 1959.:57[25]

Proposal of attaining the aircraft carrier was deferred due to

financial constraints, forcing Pakistan to move towards establishing
the formidable submarine command.:108[36] From 1956 to 1963, two
destroyers, eight coastal minesweepers, and an oiler were procured
from the United States and United Kingdom as a direct result of
Pakistan's participation in the anti-Communist defence pacts SEATO
and CENTO.[25]

War with India and subsequent war deployments (1965–

1970)

After the bitter resignation of Vice-Admiral HMS Choudri in 1959,

Vice-Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan was appointed as the Commander
in Chief in Navy who worked towards building relations with
President Ayub Khan in retaining hopes for procuring a submarine
despite financial constraints.:58–59[25] The Royal Navy accepted the
long awaiting requests from the Pakistan Navy for a regular visit to
Karachi Naval Dockyard to provide first hand experience in
submarine operations in 1960–61.:58[25] The Ayub administration did
not increase the financial funding of the navy at the expense to army
and air force but he did not object to American contributions to train
the Pakistan Navy in submarine operations.:59[25] It was the U.S.
Navy that provided an insightful and crucial training support to
Pakistan Navy enabling it to conduct operations in long range in the
Indian Ocean and the proposal of procuring the submarine was met
with favourable views in 1963 due to the prospect of the Soviet Navy
leasing a submarine to the Indian Navy.:58[25] After seeing the U.S.
contribution, the United Kingdom decided to provide training and
education to Pakistan Navy on submarine operations, and in 1964,
PNS Ghazi was commissioned from the United States under the
Security Assistance Program (SAP).:58[25]
PNS Ghazi in war theatre in 1965. In 1968, she executed a circumnavigation of Africa and Southern
Europe in order to be refit in Turkey. Sunk in 1971 under mysterious circumstances.[37]

Even though, neither the Navy nor the Air Force was notified of the
Kashmir incursion in 1965, the Navy was well-prepared at the time
when the second war broke out between Pakistan and India in
1965.[25] The naval chief Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan ordered all war
units of the Pakistan Navy to take up defensive positions off the
coast, but did not order any offensive operations in the Bay of
Bengal.:60–61[25] As the Indian Air Force's repeated sorties and raids
disrupted PAF operations, the Navy assumed a more aggressive role
in the conflict.:61[25] On 2 September, the Navy deployed its first long-
range submarine, PNS Ghazi under Commander K. R. Niazi which
was charged with gathering intelligence on Indian naval movements
that stalked the diverting threats posed by the aircraft carrier
INS Vikrant.[37]
On the night of 7/8 September, a naval squadron comprising four
destroyers, one frigate, one cruiser, and one submarine, under the
command of Commodore S. M. Anwar, launched artillery operation
— an attack on the radar facilities used by the Indian Air Force in the
small coastal town of Dwarka.[37] The operation ended with limited
damage to the area.[37] After gunnery bombardment, Ghazi was
deployed against the Indian Navy's Western Naval Command at
Bombay on 22 September and ended her operations and reported
safely back to Karachi Naval Dockyard on 23 September 1965.[37]

small ship PNS Alamgir in 1947

The Pakistan Navy explored the idea of installing Russian missile

system on former British frigates but Soviets refrained from doing
so due to objections from India.[38]
The naval operation in Dwarka had greatly increased the prestige of
the Pakistan Navy and it had also alerted Indian Navy commanders
to the significant threat posed by the Pakistan Navy, and to its own
naval shortcomings.[39] After the war, the United States imposed an
arms embargo on Pakistan and Pakistani military began exploring
options for military procurement from China, France, and Soviet
Union.:62[25] The United Kingdom offered the Navy to jointly built the
Type 21 frigate but was rejected by Ayub administration that would
only allow the financial capital to be spent on submarine
procurement.:63[25]

In 1966, the Pakistan Navy established its own special operations

force, the Navy Special Service Group (Navy SSG) after the
recommendations from the United States Navy.[40] In 1966–70,
Pakistan Navy had been well aware of massive procurement and
acquisitions of weapon systems being acquired from the Soviet
Union and United Kingdom, and the danger it will posed to
Pakistan.:63[25] In 1966–69, there were series of unsuccessful talks
of acquiring the warships from the Soviet Navy which ended with no
yielding results.:63[25] The Soviet Union offered to sell their Osa-class
missile boat but Pakistan Navy wanted the Styx missiles to be
installed in frigates in a believe that the missile boats were not big
enough to meet the Pakistani requirements in operating in the Indian
Ocean.:63[25] The Russians later determined to their strategic
interests lay with India and allowed the developing relationship with
Pakistan to wither.:283–288[38]

Difficulties arose between and after the arms embargo was lifted by
the United States which lifted based strictly on cash-and-carry
basis.:63[25] Pleas for strengthening the Navy in East Pakistan were
ignored due to monetary issues and financial constraints restricted
the Navy's capabilities to function more efficiently.:63[25] In 1968, the
Daphné-class submarines were procured from France while
operating Tench-class submarines that was refitted and upgraded
by the Turkish Navy.:63[25] Due to the Egyptian blockade of the Suez
Canal, the Navy had to execute a notable submerged
circumnavigation operation from the Indian Ocean through the
Atlantic Ocean in order to undergo a refit program at the Gölcük
Naval Shipyard in Turkey which was the only facility to manage the
refitting and mid-life upgrades of military computers of the Tench
class.[41] Despite reservations harbouring by the Navy NHQ about
the ageing Ghazi, she was sailed under the command of
Commander Ahmed Tasnim starting from the Karachi coast in
Indian Ocean to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, through the
Atlantic Ocean and ended at the east coast of the Sea of Marmara
where the Gölcük Naval Shipyard was located.[41]

In 1968–69, the Navy NHQ staff began its tussle with the Air AHQ
staff over the issue establishing the naval aviation who feared the
loss of fighter jets and their pilots in the sea and was hostile
towards this idea.:63[25] The United States entered in discussing the
transfer of P3B Orion aircraft to the Navy in 1970 with Yahya
administration but were not procured until the end of the
1970s.:63[25] In 1970, the foreign relations between Pakistan and
East Pakistan further deteriorated and the Navy knew that it was
impossible to defend East Pakistan from approaching Indian
Navy.:63[25] Series of reforms were carried when Navy's serious
reservations were considered by the Yahya administration and East
Pakistanis were hastily recruited in what was known as Eastern
Naval Command (Pakistan) but this proved to be disaster for Navy
when majority of Bengali naval officers and ~3,000 sailors defected
to India to join the Awami League's military wing– the Mukti
Bahini.:64–65[25] Such events had jeopardised the operational scope
of the Navy and the Navy NHQ staffers and commanders knew very
well that it (Navy) was ill-prepared for the war and Pakistan was
about to have a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of
disconnecting strategy from reality.:65[25]

Indo-Pakistan war of 1971

By 1971, the Navy NHQ staffers and their commanders knew very
well that the Pakistan Navy was poorly represented in East Pakistan
(now Bangladesh) and there was no main infrastructure to conduct
defensive operation against the Eastern Naval Command of Indian
Navy in Bay of Bengal.:64[25] The Navy was only able conducted the
riverine-based operations that was being undertaken by the Pakistan
Marines with the assistance from the Navy Special Service Group,
code named, Barisal, in April 1971.[23] Although, the Governor of East
Pakistan, Vice-Admiral S.M. Ahsan, made efforts to increase the
naval presence and significance in 1969 but the Indian Navy's
Eastern Naval Command continued to pose a significant threat
since it had capability of conduct operations in long-range areas.[42]

Furthermore, the defections from Navy's Bengali officers and sailors

had jeopardise the Navy's operational scope who went onto join the
Awami League's militant wing, the Mukti Bahini in a program known
as Jackpot.[42] Though, the program was disrupted by the Navy from
further annihilation but the naval facilities were severely damaged
due to this operation on 15 March 1971.[42] East-Pakistan's
geography was surrounded by India on all three landward sides by
the Indian Army as the Navy was in attempt to prevent India from
blocking the coasts.[42]

During this time, the Navy NHQ was housed in Karachi that decided
to deploy the newly MLU Ghazi submarine on East while Hangor in
West for the intelligence gathering purposes.[42]

At the end of East-Pakistan crisis.... We (Eastern

Command) had no intelligence and hence, were both
deaf and blind with the Indian Navy and Indian Air
Force pounding us day and night....

— Admiral Mohammad Sharif, to U.S. Admiral

Zumwalt in 1971, .[43]
PNS Nazim, which previously took part in the Vietnam and Korean Wars in the U.S. Navy as USS
Wiltsie. She is now serving in the Maritime Security Agency as its "on-sea" headquarters.

With no naval aviation branch to guard the Karachi port, the Indian
Navy breached the seaborne borders of Pakistan and successfully
launched the first missile attack, consisting of three Soviet-built Osa-
class missile boats escorted by two anti-submarine patrol vessels
on 4 December 1971.[44] Nearing Karachi's port area, the Indian
Navy's squadron launched Styx missiles anti-ship missiles, which
the obsolescent Pakistani warships had no viable defence
against.[44] Two of the warships, PNS Muhafiz and PNS Khaibar,
were sunk, while PNS Shahjahan was damaged beyond repair.[44]
After the attacks, the Indian Navy's missile boat squadron safely
returned to its home base without sustaining any damages.[44]
On 8 December 1971, Hangor commanded by its Commander
Ahmed Tasnim, sank the Indian frigate INS Khukri off the coast of
Gujarat, India— this was the first sinking of a warship by a
submarine since World War II, and resulted in the loss of eighteen
officers and one-seventy six sailors of the Indian Navy while the
inflicting severe damages to another warship, INS Kirpan, by the
same submarine.[45] The Pakistan Air Force now covering for
Karachi made several of the unsuccessful attempts to engage the
Indian Navy's missile boat squadron by carrying out the aerial
bombing missions over the Okha Harbor– the forward base of the
Indian Navy's missile boat squadron.[44] The Indian Navy retaliated
with a second missile attack on Pakistan's coast on the night of 8
December 1971 when a small flotilla of Indian vessels, consisting of
a missile boat and two frigates, approached Karachi and launched a
missile attack that sank the Panamanian cargo ship Gulf Star, PNS
Dacca and the British merchant ship SS Harmattan were
damaged.[44]

The missile-based attacks were the complete success for the Indian
Navy, and a psychological trauma for Pakistan Navy, the human and
material cost severely cutting into its combat capability, nearly 1,700
sailors perished at the barracks.[46]
PNS Zulfiqar in 1947: She was subjected to a serious friendly fire incident when the senior naval
observers misidentified their own ship as a smaller missile boat, giving clearance to the PAF to
mount a missile attack.[46] She was scrapped in metal in 1983.

The commercial pilots from the Pakistan International Airlines

volunteered to conduct air surveillance missions with the Pakistan
Air Force, but this proved less than helpful when the Pakistan Navy's
forward observer team, led by Cdre. A. W. Bhombal misidentified
their own larger frigate, PNS Zulfiqar, as an Indian missile boat,
giving clearance to the F-86 fighter jets of the Pakistan Air Force
which made several attack runs before finally identifying Zulfiqar by
the Navy NHQ.[46] This serious friendly fire incident resulted in
further loss of navy personnel, as well as the loss of the ship, which
was severely damaged and the Pakistan Navy's operational
capabilities were now virtually extinct, and morale plummeted.[46]
The Indian Navy observers who watched the raid nearby later wrote
in their war logs that the "PAF pilots failed to recognize the
difference between a large PNS Zulfiqar frigate and a relatively small
Osa missile boat."[46] The PAF, however, contested this claim by
holding Cdre. Bhombal of the responsibility of misidentifying his
own warship and giving clearance to the PAF to mount an attack on
their own ship.[46][47]

The Navy's only long range submarine, Ghazi, was deployed to the
area but, according to neutral sources, it sank en route under
mysterious circumstances.[48] Pakistani authorities state that it sank
either due to internal explosion or detonation of mines which it was
laying at the time.[49] The Indian Navy claims to have sunk the
submarine.[50][51][52][53]

The submarine's destruction enabled the Indian Navy to enforce a

blockade on then East Pakistan.[54] According to the defence
magazine, Pakistan Defence Journal, the attack on Karachi, Dhaka,
Chittagong and the loss of Ghazi, the Navy no longer was able to
match the threat of Indian Navy as it was already outclassed by the
Indian Navy after the 1965 war.[44]

The damage inflicted by the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force on the
Navy stood at seven gunboats, one minesweeper, two destroyers,
three patrol craft, eighteen cargo, supply and communication
vessels, and large-scale damage inflicted on the naval base and
docks in the coastal town of Karachi.[44] Three merchant navy ships;
Anwar Baksh, Pasni and Madhumathi;[55] and ten smaller vessels
were captured.[56] Around 1,900 personnel were lost, while 1413
servicemen (mostly officers) were captured by Indian forces in
Dhaka.[57] The Indian Navy lost 18 officers and 176 sailors[45][58] and
a frigate, while another frigate was damaged and a Breguet Alizé
naval aircraft was shot down by the Pakistan Air Force.[44]

According to one Pakistan scholar, Tariq Ali, the Pakistan Navy lost
half its force in the war.[59] Despite the limited resources and
manpower, the Navy performed its task diligently by providing
support to inter-services (air force and army) until the end.[60]

According to the testimony provided by the Admiral Mohammad

Shariff in 2015, the primary reason for this loss has been attributed
to the High Command's failure in defining a role for the Navy, or even
considering Navy as military in general.[60] Since then the Navy has
sought to improve the structure and fleet by putting special
emphasis on sub-surface warfare capability as it allows for the most
efficient way to deny the control of Pakistani sea lanes to an
adversary.[60] In a thesis written by Dr. P. I. Cheema in 2002, Ayub
Khan, who had enjoyed considerable influence on Pakistan's national
politicians, did not fully understood the Navy as a military service or
neither comprehend the importance of safeguarding the sea lines of
communication, which prevented the development of the Navy as a
potent force as it should have in 1970s.:93[27]

Restructuring and building towards modern Navy: 1972–

1989

The Daphné-class submarine PNS Ghazi deployed during the Operation Restore Hope in 1991. She
was purchased from the Portuguese Navy in 1975 and joined the Pakistan Navy in 1977.[61]

After surrendering of Pakistan Eastern Command in East and

unilateral decision of ceasefire in West, Pakistan learned a sharp
lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy
from reality, and the war turned out to be turning point as a "naval
consciousness" for the federal government which begin to pay
attention by taking series of step to modernise and increase the
operational scope of the Navy.:103[25][27]:65 Unlike the army or the air
force, the naval officers were able to continue their military service
with the Navy, and their promotions were relatively quicker than the
any other military uniform branches in 1972–74.:141[25]

In January 1972, the Bhutto administration formed the POW

Commission to investigate the number of war prisoners held by the
Indian Army in East and submitted the request to the Supreme Court
of Pakistan to investigate the causes of the war failure with India in
1971.:28[62] After concluding a quick visit in the United States in
1972, President Bhutto used his administrative powers to
dishonorably discharge the commission of five senior admirals in
the Navy, appointing the junior most H. H. Ahmed as the first Chief
of Naval Staff of the Navy.:61[63] In 1973, the Navy NHQ was
permanently moved to Islamabad to provide synergy with the Army
GHQ in Rawalpindi.:contents[61][64]
The Gearing-class PNS Taimur (former USS Epperson) was acquired from the United States in
1977. She was sunk as a target in during a naval exercise in 2000.[65]

In 1974, the Naval Aviation branch was established with the transfer
of the Westland Sea King helicopters from the United Kingdom in
1975, followed by test firing the surface-to-ship Exocet missile as a
befitting response to the Indian Navy in 1979.[61] With the ability to
fire the land-based Exocet missile from a reconnaissance aircraft,
the Navy became the first of its king in the South Asia to acquire
land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance
aircraft.:77[66]

In 1976, the Navy moved towards successfully acquiring the military

computers from the British firm, the Ferranti, to increase its
defences for its coastlines.[61] The War Enquiry Commission noted
the lack of strategic communication and the grand strategy between
the four-branches of the military during the conflict and wars with
India, recommending the establishment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Committee to maintain strategic military communication between
the inter-services and the federal government, that is to be chaired
by the appointed Chairman joint chiefs as the government's principal
military adviser.:140[25] In 1976, Navy saw its first four-star rank
admiral when Mohammad Shariff was promoted to this rank, and
later becoming the first admiral to be appointed as the Chairman of
Joint Chiefs Committee in 1977.:372[60][67] In 1977, the United States
reportedly transferred the two refitted Gearing-class destroyer to the
Pakistan Navy, which were much superior to the British frigates,
followed by obtaining more destroyers from the U.S. Navy in 1982–
83.:142[25]

During this time, the Navy to diversify its procurement with defence
deals made with China, France, and the United Kingdom but the
dependence grew on China when the Navy acquired the anti-
submarine warships that gave the Navy credible sea-denial
capability.[3] In 1979, the France offered to sell their Agosta-70A-
class submarine and was immediately acquired which were
commissioned as Hurmat and Hashmat.[41] Induction of the Agosta-
70A class gave Pakistan Navy a depth advantage over the Indian
Navy, and gave the Navy an ability to conduct operations in deeper
Indian Ocean at wider range.[3]:143[25][68]
In 1982, the Reagan administration submitted the proposal of
US$3.2 billion aid for Pakistan that was aimed towards economic
uplift and security assistance to the United States Congress as the
Navy entered in successful negotiation of obtaining the Harpoon
system, despite the strong Indian lobby opposing and objecting of
this deal.:144[25] In 1985, the Navy bought the Mirage 5V aircraft for
the naval role and were equipped with the Exocet A39 missile that
gives the capability of sea denial to the Pakistan Navy.:144[25] With
the induction of the missile systems, long-range and depth
endurance submarines, missiles destroyers, fighter aircraft, and
establishment of the Maritime Security Agency, the Pakistan Navy
eventually ended the Indian Navy's control over the Indian Ocean,
and the Indian Navy's confidence that it could contained the
Pakistan Navy at shorelines.:145[25]

Eventually, the Pakistan Navy began its wartime deployment in

Middle Eastern countries through the Persian Gulf and deployed its
war assets in Saudi Arabia in support of the U.S. Navy's fleet in wake
of the events involving the Iran–Iraq War and tensions with
Libya.:145[25] In 1982, the Reagan administration approved US$3.2
billion military and economic aid to Pakistan with Pakistan acquiring
eight Brooke and Garcia-class frigates from the United States Navy
on a five-year lease in 1988.[60] A depot for repairs, USS Hector
followed the lease of these ships in April 1989. This was done due
to the Zia administration's co-operation with the Reagan
administration against the Soviet Union's invasion in Afghanistan.[60]

Self reliance, engagement and covert operations (1990–

1999)

The Garcia-class and Brooke-class guided missile destroyer (FFG) being transferred to Pakistan
Navy in 1986. All were returned to United States in 1993–95 when the renewing of lease with an
option of purchase was denied by the United States.:476[69]

After the Russian troops withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989, the

Bush administration imposed the arms embargo on Pakistan by
uncovering the existence of the covert atomic bomb program to the
United States Congress, which ultimately refrained the transfer of
the maritime patrol aircraft, missile systems, and defence software
on 1 October 1990.[60] With the expiration of the lease of the Garcia
and Brooke-class guided missile frigates, the Navy had to returned
the frigates to the United States that were sold to India for scrapped
metals, and Navy to faced the problems for adequate funding
towards the modern Navy.:185[25] The embargo seriously impaired
the Navy's operational scope and paralysed its ability to operate in
the Indian Ocean, since the Navy's fleet was composed of entirely
the former U.S.-built warships.:185[25]

Since 1987, the Pakistan Navy had been interested in acquiring the
Type 21 frigates from the United Kingdom, and the Navy turned to
the Royal Navy for an immediate purchase which was approved in
1993 whose expensive refitting and technological upgrades had to
carried out by Pakistan itself at their Naval Base in Karachi over the
years.:185[25] In 1994, the Pakistan Navy entered in lengthy,
complicated, and controversial negotiation with France to acquire
the long-range submarine technology by dismissing the idea of
procuring nuclear-powered submarine from China due to noise issue
that the Indian Navy was quiet able to track.:183–185[25][70] Despite
embargo, the United States Navy maintained its relations with
Pakistan Navy, inviting the Pakistanis to participate in the Inspired
Siren in 1994, and gave the Pakistan Navy instructions and run down
on the nuclear submarine and aircraft carrier operations.:185[25] In an
attempt to warm the political relations with the United States, the
Pakistani military joined the U.S. actions in the Somali Civil War,
conducting wartime patrol in the Somali coast.[71]

The Navy's P3C Orion taking a flight in 2010. One of its sister aircraft was involved in serious crash
during its routine mission in 1999, claiming valuable lives.[61]

In 1994, the Navy was deployed in support of the U.S. Navy and
extended its support in 1995 to took participation in Operation
United Shield to concluded its side of operation after evacuating
personnel and equipment of army, marines, and air force.[72] By
1996, the Brown amendment was introduced that allowed the
uplifting of the embargo on Pakistan, allowing the transfer of the
maritime patrol aircraft to the Navy.:185[25]

By 1997, the controversy over the technology transfer from France

had tarnished the public image of the Navy with the arrest of naval
chief when several cases were levelled on political and military
leadership of the Navy.[70] Despite India's strong objections in
France, the air-independent propulsion was transferred to Pakistan
which built the Agosta 90B-class submarine, capable to operating in
Indian Ocean and at higher submarine depth.[70] In 1999, the Navy
saw the public disagreement with the federal government over the
issue of Pakistan Army's engagement with Indian Army in Kashmir
and over the rightful appointment of the Admiral Fasih Bokhari as
Chairman joint chiefs.[39] Pakistan Navy was forced to deploy its
existing war assets when the Indian Navy deployed its warships
near Korangi Creek Cantonment and Port of Karachi with their
codename: Operation Talwar.[73]

On 10 August 1999, a serious incident took place in Sir Creek region

when the Indian Air Force shot down the Naval Aviation aircraft that
resulted in deaths of 16 naval personnel, mostly officers.:62[74]:62[74]
On 29 August 1999, another aircraft of the Navy, P3C Orion, was lost
due to an accident and resulted in lost of twenty one
lives.:537[75][76][77]

When Gen. Pervez Musharraf was confirmed as the Chairman Joint

Chiefs, Admiral Fasih Bokhari reportedly submitted his resignation
from his commission in protest, and left the command to Admiral
Abdul Aziz Mirza.:35[74]

Over the issue of the Indian Air Force's shot down of the aircraft, the
Navy filed a lawsuit against the Indian Air Force at the International
Court of Justice, but the claim was later dismissed due to over-
reaching of the court's mandate.:62–63[74][78][78]

Pakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong

navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan's sea frontiers
and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and
protecting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous
efforts are at hand to provide the best available
equipment to the Navy despite all economic
constraints.

— Pervez Musharraf, 1999, [73]

After his incident in 1999, another proposal was raised to switched

the air-independent propulsion of Agosta submarine to substitute
with nuclear propulsion, however the proposal was dismissed.[73]
War on Terror in Afghanistan and operations in North-West (2001–
present)

PNS Shah Jahan and PNS Tippu Sultan, the Tariq-class guided missile destroyers, are participating
in Exercise Inspired Siren in the Indian Ocean in 2002.

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States, the sanctions on
Pakistan were eventually uplifted, allowing the Navy to procure the
U.S.-built weapon systems and warships to regain its ability to
operate in the Indian Ocean as it became involved in war
preparations during the standoff with India in 2001–02.[73] In 2001,
the Navy took serious consideration of deploying the nuclear
weapons on its submarines although none of the nuclear weapons
were ever deployed in the submarines.[70]
In 2003–04, there were several proposals made for acquiring the
vintage aircraft carriers but the Navy itself had dismissed the idea
since the country has not aspired to have an aircraft capability.:79[79]
In 2002–03, the Pakistan Navy deployment took place in the Indian
Ocean, participating in the naval drills to combat terrorism from
seaborne platforms, and eventually entered in defence negotiations
with China for acquiring the technology to designing and building
the guided missile frigates— the F-22P guided missile frigates were
eventually built it in 2006–15.[61]

An elite operative of the Navy Special Service Group (SSGN) is silhouetted by the setting sun
abroad PNS Babur while under way in the Indian Ocean in 2007.

Since 2004, the Navy's deployment took place in Indian Ocean,

playing a crucial role in the multinational NAVCENT in Bahrain, and
took the leadership of the CTF-150 and CTF-151 as well as taking
active participation in the Operation Enduring Freedom in 2006–
10.[80][81][82] In 2008, the task force group consisting of PNS Badr,
PNS Shah Jahan, PNS Nasr, and the Pakistan Air Force's Explosive
Ordnance Disposal participated in the Exercise Inspired Union with
the U.S. Navy in the Indian Ocean to develop skills in a prevention of
seaborne terrorism.[83]

Its deployment in the War on terror also included their actions in the
War in Afghanistan when the Navy's special forces were deployed to
take participation in the Operations: Black Thunderstorm, Rah-i-Nijat,
Mehran, and the Help.[61]

Despite its seaborne mission, the Navy had played an active role in
controlling the insurgency in former tribal belt in Western Pakistan,
mostly taking roles in managing logistics and intelligence gathering
as well as conducting ground operations with the army in Western
areas to track down the al-Qaeda operatives.[84] From 2010–11, the
Navy was in a brief direct conflict with the violent TTP group and al-
Qaeda, and its Naval Intelligence was able to track down the
infiltrated militants within the ranks of the Navy.[85][86]

In 2015, the Navy was deployed in support of the Saudi-led blockade

of Yemen after accepting the request from the Saudi Arabia.[87] As
of current, the Navy continues increase its operational scope in the
Indian Ocean and reportedly successfully entering in defence talks
with Turkey to jointly built the MILGEM project in Pakistan in 2018–
2019 while it had earlier announced to start the building the program
of the nuclear submarine for its current operational capabilities in
2013.[88]

Involvement in the civil society

PNS Badr participating in the relief operations after the earthquake hit the northern parts of the
country in 2005.

Adm. Bashir meeting with the U.S. Army General David Petraeus, top commander of ISAF in
Afghanistan, to initiate peace initiatives and counter-terrorism operations against Taliban forces in
Afghanistan in 2010.
The Pakistan Navy has played an integral part in the civil society of
Pakistan, almost since its inception.[89] In 1996, General Jehangir
Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the
society:

In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then

we must understand that Military leaders can
pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own
position starts getting undermined because the
military is after all is a mirror image of the civil
society from which it is drawn.

— General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–

military relations, [89]

In times of national calamities and emergencies, the Pakistan Navy

has been deployed in relief operations and nation building programs
in the country.[90] In 2004, a tactical task force under then-
Commodore Asif Sandila coordinated the peacetime relief
operations in Maldives, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Bangladesh when
the underwater earthquake caused a tsunami and struck the South
Asian nations.[91][92][92][93][94][95][96] In 2005, the Navy deployed the
PNS Badr (D-184) to help assists the relief efforts for the earthquake
that struck the northern part of the country on October 2005.[61]

In 2010, the Navy coordinated its one the largest relief operation
during the nationwide flash floods, with Navy divers rescuing and
evacuating more than 352,291 people on August 2010.[97] In
addition, the Navy and Marines personnel provided 43,850 kg of
food and relief goods to flood victims; 5,700 kg of ready-to-cook
food, 1,000 kg of dates and 5,000 kg of food has been dispatched to
Sukkur.[98] As of January 2011, under the program PN Model Village,
the Navy's civil engineering corps built the model houses in the
affected areas for the internally displaced person (IDPs).[99]

On 10 June 2018, Pakistan Navy and Maritime Security Agency

rescued eleven Iranian crew members on an sunken Iranian boat in
the Northern Arabian Sea, about 230 kilometres (140 mi) away from
Karachi.[100][101]

Corporate and business activities

The Pakistan Navy has the wider commercial and financial interests
in the country, and is a forerunner of the Bahria Foundation (lit.
Naval Foundation).[102] From 1996–2000, the Navy was a major
sponsor of the Bahria Town– the real estate enterprise– and
reportedly received market shares for the use of its name in
commercial building projects.[103] In 2002, the Navy filed a civil
lawsuit to refrain the Bahria Town using its name for profiteering–
the lawsuit was eventually settled in civil court in favour of Navy in
2018.[103]

For external billets appointment, the federal government takes the

senior leadership of the Navy as secondment to manage the federal
institutions such as the Karachi Port Trust, Port of Karachi, and the
Port of Gwadar.[104][105]

Organization

Command and control structure

The American Chief of Naval Operations, Adm. Gary Roughead, inspecting Pakistan Navy sailors at
the Navy NHQ in Islamabad in 2009.

Leadership in the Navy is provided by the Minister of Defense,

leading and controlling the direction of the department of navy from
the Naval Secretariat-II at the Ministry of Defense, with the Defense
Secretary who is responsible for the bureaucratic affairs of the
army's department.[106] The Constitution sets the role of the elected
President of Pakistan as the civilian Commander-in-Chief of the
Pakistan Armed Forces while the Prime Minister of Pakistan served
as the Chief Executive of the Pakistan Armed Forces, both the
people-elected civilians, the President and Prime minister, maintains
a civilian control of the military.[107]

The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), an appointed four-star rank admiral,

is a principal military adviser on the naval/maritime security affairs
to the Federal government and is a senior member of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC)— a military body that advises and
briefs the elected civilian Prime Minister and its executive cabinet on
national security affairs and operational military matters under the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[108]
The war functions of the Navy is controlled from the single combat
headquarters, the Navy NHQ, located in Islamabad at vicinity of the
Joint Staff Headquarters and the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi
Cantonment in Punjab in Pakistan.[108] The Chief of Naval Staff
controls and commands the Navy at all levels of operational
command, and is assisted by number of Principal Staff Officers
(PSOs) who are commissioned at the three-star rank and two-star
rank admirals.[108]

The military administration of the Navy under the naval chief based
in the Navy NHQ includes its Principal Staff Officers:

Post Officer

Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (VCNS)&Chief of Staff, Personnel (COS-P), NHQ Vice Admiral Muhammad Fayyaz Gillani

Chief of Staff, Operations (COS-O), NHQ Vice Admiral Muhammad Amjad Khan Niazi

Chief of Staff, Logistics (COS-L), NHQ Rear Admiral Syed Asad Karim

Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Operations (DCNS-O), NHQ Rear Admiral Ovais Ahmad Bilgrami

Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Personnel (DCNS-P), NHQ.

Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Supply (DCNS-S), NHQ.

Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Materials (DCNS-M), NHQ. Rear Admiral Ahmed Fauzan

Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Training and Evaluation (DCNS-T&E.), NHQ. Rear Admiral Abdul Samad

Deputy Chief of Naval Staff,Administration (DCNS-A), NHQ. Local Rear Admiral Hamid Hussain

Deputy Chief of Naval Staff,Projects (DCNS-Proj), NHQ. Local Rear Admiral Tariq Mehmood

Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Welfare and Rehabilitation (DCNS-W&R), NHQ. Local Rear Admiral Imran Nasir

Chief Project Director, PMO-313 (CPD PMO-313), NHQ Rear Admiral Muhammad Shafique

Naval Secretary (NS), NHQ Rear Admiral Mian Zakirullah Jan

Director General C4I (DG C4I), NHQ Rear Admiral Zain Zulfiqar

Director General Naval Intelligence (DG NI), NHQ Rear Admiral Abdul Basit Butt

Director General Public Relations (DG PR), NHQ Local Rear Admiral Arshid Javed
Naval components and branches

The senior military leadership of the Navy meeting with the U.S. Chief of Naval Operations Adm.
Gary Roughead at the Navy NHQ in Islamabad.

Due the influence from the Royal Navy and later by the United States
Navy since its earliest inception, the Pakistan Navy has a unique
command structure and the Navy's functionality is divided in various
branches.:73[3]

There are sixteen military branches in the Navy that are

administrative authorities, directed by the several appointed Deputy
Chief Of Naval Staff (DCNS) and often assisted by the Assistant
Chief Of Naval Staff (ACNS) holding the rank of Commodore a one-
star rank.:73[3] The Deputy Chiefs Of Naval Staff directly reports to
the Chief Of Staff (COS) of their respected command– the Deputy
Chiefs Of Naval Staff are usually holding the either the two-star or
three-star ranks, depending on assignments nature.:73[3]
Navy NHQ in Islamabad Deputy Chief
  of
Navy Staff Headquarters Naval Staff
of Operations
  (DCNS–O.)

Deputy Chief
  of Naval Staff
  of Projects
(DCNS–Proj.)

Chief Project
  Director PMO
  313 (CPD
PMO-313.)

Director-
General
  Naval
  Intelligence
(DG NI.)
Chief of Staff of Operations
(COS-O)  
 
Director-
  General C4I
(DG C4I.)

Director-
General
  Public
  Relations (DG
PR.)

Chief of Staff of Personnel  

 (COS-P)   Deputy Chief
of Naval Staff
of Personnel
(DCNS–P.)

Deputy Chief
of Naval Staff
  of Training
  and Evaluation
(DCNS-T&E.)

Deputy Chief
  of Naval Staff
  of
  Administration
(DCNS–A.)

Naval
  Secretary
  (NS.)

Deputy Chief
  of Naval Staff
  of Supply
(DCNS-S.)
Chief of Staff of Logistics
(COS-L) Deputy Chief
    of Naval Staff
  of Materials
(DCNS-M.)
Source: Organizations

The each and appointed deputy chiefs of naval staff headed their
respected branches and report directly to the chiefs of staff their
respected command at the Navy NHQ in Islamabad.[7] The branches
in the Navy are in fact administrative not combat service— therefore
these branches imposes educational and medical qualifications its
junior officers to be educated at the higher level of their knowledge
once passed out from the naval academy.[109] Each branches in the
Navy offers the specialisation and officers interested in joining the
particular service have to pass the aptitude tests before attending
the specialised school that usually last for two to three years, in
which the officer is able to attain the college degree.[109]

Military administration in the Navy

 Specialization Specializat
Administrative Administrative
Call and Call and
Branches in Branches in
Sign Qualification Sign Qualificati
the Navy the Navy
Badges Badges
Surface warfare
Underwater
warfare Ship
Naval Electronic Mechanica
Ops Mechanical Mech
Operations Warfare Engineering
Communication Badge
Navigation
NBCD
Logistics Education
Logistics Log Education Ed
Badge Badge
Judge
Naval Polic
Advocate JAG JAG Badge Naval Police NP
Badge
General Corps
Weapons Marine
Engineering WEB WEB Badge Engineering MEB
Branch Branch
Aviation AVN Naval aviator Music MUS Music Badg
 badge
Medical MED Medical Badge Supply S Supply Bad
Navy
Naval Marines
NI Intelligence Marines Corps MC
Intelligence Badge
Badge
Maritime
Navy SEALs SSGNSSGN Badge Security MSA MSA Badge
Agency
Chaplain
Special
SB IT Badge (Khatib) CS
Branch
Service

Sources: Professional Branch of Pakistan Navy. For other Enlisted

Branch .

Operational Commands

Since its restructuring and reorganisation over the several years, the
Pakistan Navy now operates eight operational and tactical field
commands, two of the important commands of aviation and
submarines are reporting directly to the senior Pakistan Fleet
Command.[108] Each command is headed by the senior commander
who usually holds a ranks of three-star rank: Vice-Admiral.[108] The
appointment to the senior fleet commander known as s
"Commander Pakistan Fleet" leads the navy's entire fleet with a
responsibility of deploying the entire combat formations of the
navy.:73[3]

Each of the tens commands directly reports to the Chief of Naval

Staff (CNS), operating directly at the Navy NHQ in Islamabad in
Pakistan.[108]

Geographically, there three operational and tactical commands, such

as Karachi Command (COMKAR), Northern Command (COMNOR),
and Central Punjab Command (COMCEP), are administrating the
bulk of naval installations, offshore establishments, and training
facilities besides the seven oceanic based commands.:73[3]

In 2012, the Pakistan Navy established the Naval Strategic Forces

Command that has area responsibility of exercising the deployment
of sea-borne nuclear weapons and is described by the military as
the "custodian of the nation's nuclear second strike capability.[110]

The peacetime commands and the Commands in the Navy allocated

are given below.
Operational Commands in the Pakistan Navy
Headquarters Navy NHQ, Islamabad in Pakistan
Subordinate
Operational
combat
and Tactical Call Sign Commander Notes
squadrons and
Commands
arms
Commander COMPAK Vice Subordinate The war-fighting
Pakistan Fleet Admiral Asif squadrons command responsible
Khaliq 25th Destroyer for operational
HI(M), Ops Squadron deployments of the

18th Destroyer Surface, Submarine,

and Aviation
Squadron
Commands to ensure
9th Auxiliary
the operational
Squadron
readiness and
21st Auxiliary
assurances of the Nav
Squadron
10th Patrol
Squadron
Fast Patrol
Squadron
Naval Aviation
 Submarine
Service
Commander COMKAR Rear Subordinate Directs the offshore
Karachi Admiral offshore establishments, traini
Zahid llyas establishments schools, military
HI(M), S BT, PNS Bahadur– protocol, and ensuring
Ops Submarine coastal defence of
Karachi coast.
school
PNS
Himalaya–
Boot camp
PNS Karsaz
PNS Rahat
Pakistan Naval
Academy
PNS Rahnuma
– HR
Department
PNS Shifa
 School of
Logistics and
Management
PNS Nigraan –
Naval Police
HQ
Commander COMCOAST Rear Subordinate Directs the coastal
Coast Admiral branches command by ensuring
Faisal Rasul COS Marines the coastal defences
Lodhi, Corps Pakistan from Iranian
HI(M), Ops Naval border in West to India
borders in East.
Observatory
PNS Iqbal
PNS Qasim
Marines Base
Sir Creek
Manora Base
Pakistan Naval
Air Defense
 Commander
West–
COMWEST
Subordinate
establishments
Naval Directs the logistics
Rear Dockyard command to oversee
Admiral Weapons the maintenance,
Commander
COMLOG Adnan Depot military logistics and
Logistics
Khaliq, PNS Dilawar– material readiness for
SI(M), Engg Logistics Base construction warships
Commander at the shipyard.

Depot–
COMDEP
Commander COMCEP Rear Subordinate Oversees the
Central Punjab Admiral commands deployments of Marin
Muhammad Naval War battalions and
Zubair College– operations of the War
Shafique Lahore College in Punjab
HI(M), Ops
 Pakistan
Marines
Corps– Punjab
Detachment
Subordinate
commands
Vice
Navy Special This command was
Naval Strategic Admiral
Service Group identified by the milita
Forces NSFC Ahmed
Deployment of as Custodian of nucle
Command Saeed,
seaborne- second strike capabili
HI(M), Ops
nuclear
weapons
This Command
Flag Officer Sea
FOST oversees the training
Training
deployment of the Na
Directed the Submarin
Commander
COMSUBS Commodore Command but reporti
Submarines
directly to COMPAK
Commander COMNAV Commodore Directs the Naval
Naval Aviation Aviation Command bu
 reporting directly to
COMPAK
Commodore Directs the Navy's
Commander
COMNOR Bilal, SI(M), combat units in
North
Ops Northern Pakistan

Notes: Sources: Administrative Commands and the textbook: Seaforth

World Naval Review 2012 ISBN 9781783466320[3]

Special operations forces

The Navy SSG conducting the force-protection and underwater special forces training with their
United States Navy counterparts, the U.S. Navy SEALs. in 2011

The Pakistan Navy has a dedicated military division towards

conducting the unconventional warfare, combat diving, naval
interdiction, and the asymmetric warfare operations, established
under the watchful guidance of the United States Navy's SEALs in
1966.[111]

The Pakistan Marines dressed in operational camouflage uniforms, during training with United
States counterparts in Alexandria in 2009.

This elite and competitive division in the Navy is known as the

Special Service Group (Navy) (SSG(N)), colloquially known as the
SSGN or SEALs[112] as an unofficial call sign, whose classified
nature of operations are conducted under the authority of the Naval
Strategic Forces Command and is directly under the command of
the Commander of the Coastal Areas.[111]

The Navy Special Service Group is influenced from the competitive

training of the Army Special Service Group, and is headquartered at
the PNS Iqbal in Karachi where the physical conditioning and
weapon tactics training took place.[113] The Navy Special Service
Group's specialisation further included training and mastery in the
visit, board, search, and seizure methods, naval interdiction, and
security operations to prevent seaborne-based terrorism.[114]

In sharp contrast to the Army Special Service Group, the Navy

Special Service Group is a tighter unit composed of highly qualified
and selected personnel who are modelled and inspired by the U.S.
Navy SEALs training and tradition.[113] Actual number of personnel
of Navy Special Service Group is classified and their deployment are
also subjected to classified information.[113]

In 1970–71, the Navy established the Pakistan Marines to support

the amphibious warfare operations and were initially influenced
from the performances by the United States Marines Corps but the
Marines component was decommissioned by the federal
government in 1974.[115] On 14 April 1990, the Pakistan Marines
were again recommissioned in the Navy with about 2,000 personnel
who were drafted in the new contingent.[116] The advanced training
of the Marines are often takes place with the Pakistan Army at their
School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta in Balochistan.[117]

The 1st Marines Battalion, the special operation unit, of the Pakistan
Marines is specifically trained by the Pakistan Army to conduct the
infiltration and conducting the anti-aircraft warfare operations, and
the Marines's 1st Battalion is currently deployed in Sir Creek.[118]

Military philosophy

Combat doctrine

PNS Hamza, the air-independent powered Agosta 90B-class submarine, being prepared to go

through the depth tests in 2007. The Agosta 90B submarines are capable of launching the nuclear-
based cruise missiles from an underwater platform.[119][120]

The combat military doctrine and defence philosophy of the

Pakistan Navy is primarily directed towards preventing the
opportunity to the Indian Navy to launch or the remake of the missile
attacks on the port cities of Pakistan that took place in 1970s.[108]

From 1947 until 1971, the Pakistan Navy was seen as a force only
suitable for the coastal defence that needed the patrol submarines
as the strategy of protecting the sea lines of communication was
never considered by the Ayub administration in 1960s.:68[3] In 1971,
the Indian Navy ultimately played a decisive role when it had tightly
blocked the Pakistan's national reserves and prevented the sea-
based national trade crucial for the country's economic survival,
leading the federal government to realise the political realities and
learned a valuable lesson that led to the increase in the funding of
the Navy.:97–98[27]:94[121]

Over the years, the Pakistan Navy engaged in developing the tactical
doctrine that includes the acquisition, development, employment,
and aggressive deployment of the long-range and depth reaching
submarines in an effort to target and destroy its adversaries by
attacking surface warships before reaching the country's ports.[108]
The mining of the Karachi's harbour is also taken as a serious
consideration of preventing the enemy from launching the missile
attacks in the port city of Karachi.[108]

In 1983–85, the Pakistan Navy commissioned the Dassault Mirage 5

from France whose weapon system included the naval variant of the
Exocet missiles and are aimed towards engaging the Indian Navy's
aircraft out to 500 kilometres (310 mi) in the Indian Ocean.[108][122]
The routine deployment of the surface fleet as part of the Combined
Task Forces provides the opportunity to the safeguard the sealines
of communications.[108] Since 1999, the Pakistan Marines's special
reconnaissance forces has been deployed in the Sir Creek region are
aimed towards offshore protection against the incursions from the
Indian Army's Para Commandos from the sea while taking the
initiatives of deployment of the special forces groups behind the
enemy lines through insertion by the HALO/HAHO airdrop or by
using the midget submarines.[108]

Responding to the development of the INS Arihant, the Pakistan

Navy reportedly announced the launch of the nuclear powered
submarine program to counter the submarine threat in 2012.[123]

The Navy eventually pushed for attaining the naval-based nuclear

second-strike capability in 2017 when the ISPR annouched the
Pakistan Navy's to have attain the sea-based second strike
capability when it launched the nuclear SLCM based on the Babur
cruise missile, though the range of the SLCM remains to be at the
short range.[124]

Personnel
Commissioned officers

Commodore Asif Khaliq (left) saluting with officers Cdre. Keith Blount (middle) of RN Cdre. Daryl
Bates (right) of RNZN. The Cdre. is a star officer rank equivalent to one-star general (Brig.) in the
Pakistan Army.[125]

From its commencement on August 1947, the Pakistan Navy had

traditionally followed the ranks and insignia of the Royal Navy but
disbanded in favour of adopting the officer ranks system of the
United States Navy as early as the 1950s.:73[3][125]

Unlike the army or air force where there are several paths to become
the officers, there is only one way of becoming the naval officer by
must attending the Pakistan Naval Academy—after passing out the
boot camp in Manora Island— for one-and-half year for them to be
able to passed out from the Academy.[126]
The passed out cadets gain commission in the Navy as
midshipman, taking their first assignment in an open-sea ship that
gives them the experience of life at sea while being trained in
different careers on board.[126] The training of the passed out
midshipman usually lasts till six months before rotating back to the
naval academy to be promoted as the Sub-Lieutenants.[126] Their
college education is provided by the Navy at the Naval Engineering
College in Karachi for three years that led them to earn the
bachelor's degree in their choice of career.[126]

The rank hierarchy in Navy is divided in three categories: junior

officers, senior officers, and star officers— the Junior officers are
those in pay grade scale of OF-1 to OF-3 while the senior officers are
in scale of OF-4 to OF-5 and the star officers are in the pay grade
scale from OF-6 to above OF-9.[127]

Besides the military officers, the Department of Navy also offers

employments to civilians in financial management, accountancy,
medical services, computing, and administration, and has currently
employed ~2,000 civilians that met the Navy's quota in 2018.[8]
According the various admissions and estimations provided by the
International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Pakistan Navy's
combined strength of the standing navy is ~46,500 personnel
including the active duty personnel, Navy Reserves, Marines Corps,
the Maritime Security Agency (MSA), and the 2,000 personnel from
the naval-side of the Coast Guards– the branch within the Pakistan
Army.:73[3][128]

Equivalent
NATO OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4
code

Pakistan Admiral
Vice Rear
(Edit) of the Admiral CommodoreCaptainCommand
Admiral Admiral
Fleet

Enlisted personnel
The Pakistan Navy's enlisted personnel at the Jinnah's Tomb in Karachi in 2007.

The recruitment and the enlistment in the navy is nationwide and the
recruitment in the Navy is carried out by the release of the
employment tender in the print newspapers and televised
commercials twice an year– first group attending the boot camp in
May and the second being directed on November.[129] The
Directorate of Recruitment that is located in the Navy NHQ in
Islamabad controls the recruiting offices and centers in all over the
country— the recruiting offices are located in Punjab, Khyber-
Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan.[130] Before 1966, almost all
the enlisted personnel and officers had to be sent to attend the
military academies in the United Kingdom to be educated and to be
trained in technical branches for the Pakistan Navy.:90[27]

After passing out from the nine-month long boot camp, the enlisted
personnel are directed for subsequent job training at the PNS Karsaz
in Karachi on the matters of technical subjects and assigned for
different branches in the Navy.[129]

Promotion in the Navy from the enlistment to officers ranks are

much quicker than the army or the air force, as the Department of
Navy offers financial aid to those enlisted personnel successful in
their profession to attend the colleges and universities.[129] Most of
the enlisted personnel rarely stays in their enlisted ranks at the time
of their retirement as most retires at junior officer ranks once
reaching their retirement age of 62:90[27]

Their technical experiences in their fields is consolidated into the

professional training that forms their basis to attend the respective
university for them to earned the four-year college degree.[129]

The noncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective anchors

color patches or badges chevrons on their shoulders.[129] Retirement
age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on the enlisted
ranks that they have attained during their services.[129]
 Structure of Enlisted Ranks of the Pakistan Navy

Pay grade E-9 E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1

Insignia

Master Chief Petty Fleet Chief Petty Chief Petty Petty Petty Officer (2nd- Petty Officer (1st- Leading Able Seaman–
Title
Officer Officer Officer Officer Class) class) Seaman–III Seaman–II I

Abbreviation MCPO FCPO CPO — – PO LH AS-II OS-I

NATO Code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1

Recruitment and training

The passing out (graduation) of cadets from the Pakistan Naval Academy in Karachi in 2008. The
education and boot camp training last for two years before cadets becomes sailors.[129]

After the Navy was established on August 1947, the Navy had to
send its officers and enlisted personnel to be trained at the Britannia
Royal Naval College in the United Kingdom whose training and
education by the British Royal Navy was crucial at all levels of
cadet's learning and schooling.:91[27][131] During its earliest time in
1947, the Department of Navy had only 3,800 personnel (200
officers, 3,000 Enlists, and 500 civilian employees) as the Navy
faced the same problems as its Department of Army as the most
technical enlisted personnel and skilled executive officers were
Punjabi Muslims while others had Urdu-speaking background (i.e.
Indian immigrants as naturalised citizens of Pakistan).:47[25]

After 1971, the Bhutto administration introduced the quota system

to give fair chance to the residents of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and
Balochistan to enlist in the military.:75[3] In 2007, the Navy gave
commissioned to its first Baloch batch, consisting of fifty-three
women and seventy-two enlists from Balochistan in Pakistan.[132] In
2012, the Navy pushed its personnel strength to Balochistan after
sending a large formation of Baloch university students to Navy
Engineering Colleges and War College as well as staff schools to
complete their officer training requirements.[133] The Navy
established three additional facilities in Balochistan to supervise the
training to its personnel.[133]

Recruitment in the Navy remains to be challenge for the naval

recruiters to enlists citizens and their selfless commitment to the
military from the urbanised metropolitan cities where the preference
of college education (especially attending post-graduate schooling
in the United States and the English-speaking countries) is much
higher and strongly desirable.:80[25] Furthermore, the medical
standards and education levels required by the Department of Navy
to be able to perform technical jobs also poses significant
challenges as the Navy requiring the significant percentage marks
once the matriculation examinations are concluded.[129]

The Navy has only one boot camp, the PNS Himalaya in Manora
Island, where the basic military training takes place.[129] The basic
military training at the PNS Himalaya goes for nine-months where
instructions on military life is given while the physical conditioning is
strongly emphasised.[134] Once completing the boot camp, the
enlisted personnel are send to attend the Pakistan Naval Academy
where their training lasts for year and half before they are able to
passed out from the Naval Academy.:93[27][126] Once passing out, the
commissioned junior officers must spent six-month deployment in
Indian Ocean before being selected to attend the professional
schools, such as the Naval Engineering College in Karachi, to move
towards attaining the bachelor's degree in a period of four-years.[126]

As the estimates made in 2003 and 2009, the Navy had

approximately ~30,200 active duty personnel.[128] In 2014, the
estimates established the Navy's manpower strength at 30,700
active duty personnel.[135] but its combined manpower strength is
increased and approximated at ~40,500 personnel based on recent
estimates in 2018.:73[3]

Education and training

Schooling, teaching, and institutions

The campus of the Naval Engineering College (PNEC) in Karachi in Pakistan.

The Pakistan Navy offers the wide range of lucrative careers to the
high school graduates in the technical fields by issuing specialised
diplomas and certifications at the PNS Karsaz and the PNS Bahadur,
which consists of the schools of operations, underwater, surface
weapons, communications, and the naval police.[129][136] Instructions
and technical education on technical fields and the engineering are
primarily taught at the Pakistan Navy Engineering College that is
open for both military and public admission, and offers college
degree programs at undergraduate and post-graduate level.[137]

When the Navy was established in 1947, there was no technical

schools for the Navy to look after the ship maintenance and power
machinery that led to the establishment of the Pakistan Naval
Polytechnic Institute (PNPI) in 1951 and the Navy Engineering
College in 1962 whose admissions are open to public besides the
military personnel.[138] From 1947–67, the Navy had to rely on the
education and training provided by the Royal Navy at all levels of
schooling, and had to sent most of its officers and enlists to be
trained at the Britannia Royal Naval College at the Dartmouth and
the Royal Naval College in Greenwhich who were mostly trained in
communication and navigation.[139] Training on the operations of
warships and education on the military staffing was crucial for the
Pakistan Navy in 1960s under the United States-sponsored
International Military Education and Training (IMET) arranged for
Pakistan under the Security Assistance Program (SAP) as the U.S.
Navy's officers served in the faculty of the engineering and technical
schools of the Navy.:190[140]
In 1966, the Pakistan Naval Academy was established under the
guidance of the United States Navy, and is a premier institution of
higher learning whose alumni included the Commanders of the
Royal Qatari Navy, Royal Saudi Navy, and the Sri Lanka Navy while
other nations naval cadets have also attended the naval
academy.[139]

In 1968, the Naval War College was established in Lahore, whose

curriculum is very similar to the Naval War College in the United
States, is a primary military staff college which offers critical
thinking techniques and developing ideas for naval warfare to the
officers in the army and the air force.[141] In 1970, the School of
Logistics and Management was established that conducts research
on military logistics and management in imparting naval warfare
techniques to the military officers serving in the army, air force, and
marines departments of the Pakistani military.[142]

After the 1971 war with India, the Navy established several schools
on strategy, naval warfare, and weapons tactics by commissioning
the PNS Bahadur in 1981 as the navy established schools are listed
below:
 School and
Navy schools and Year of college
Website
colleges establishment principal
locations
Naval Polytechnic 1951 Karachi in Sindh "Naval Polytechnic

Institute Institute" .
PNS Karsaz 1954 Karachi in Sindh "PNS Karsaz" .
"Pakistan Navy
Navy Engineering
1962 Karachi in Sindh Engineering
College
College" .
Submarine School 1964 Karachi in Sindh "Submarine School" .
"PNS Iqbal—Naval
PNS Iqbal 1967 Karachi in Sindh Special Warfare
School" .
Naval War College 1968 Lahore in Punjab "Naval War College" .
School of Logistics "School of Logistics
1970 Karachi in Sindh
and Management and Management" .
School of Aviation 1975 Karachi in Sindh "School of Aviation" .
PNS Bahadur 1980 Karachi in Sindh "PNS Bahadur" .
PNS Rahnuma 1982 Karachi in Sindh -
Navigation and "Navigation and
1981 Karachi in Sindh
 1981 Karachi in Sindh
Operations School Operations School" .
Surface Weapons "Surface Weapons
1981 Karachi in Sindh
School School" .
Underwater Warfare "Underwater Warfare
1981 Karachi in Sindh
School School" .

Communications 1981 Karachi in Sindh "Communications

School School" .
Navy Hydrography "Hydrography
1984 Karachi in Sindh
School School" .
Navy School of Music 1993 Karachi in Sindh "School of Music" .
"Regulating and
Naval Police School 1997 Karachi in Sindh
Provost School" .
Information Warfare "Information Warfare
2002 Karachi in Sindh
School School" .
Naval Special Nathia Gali in
Operation Training 2015 Khyber- "Naval STOC" .
Center Pakhtunkhwa
School and
Public schooling Year of college
Website
and universities establishment principal
locations
Pakistan Navy School 1999 Karachi in Sindh
Islamabad in
Bahria University 2000 "Bahria University" .
Pakistan
Bahria College, Nore 1 "Bahria College
1986 Karachi in Sindh
Karachi Karachi" .

Bahria College, Naval 1986 Islamabad in

Complex Islamabad Pakistan
Bahria College, "Bahria College,
1986 Karachi in Sindh
Karsaz Karachi Karsaz" .
Cadet College Petaro 1957 Jamshoro in Sindh "Petaro" .
Ormara in "Cadet College
Cadet College Ormara 1987
Balochistan Ormara" .
Higher education Year of
locations Website
institutions establishment
National Defense "National Defense
1971 Islamabad
University University" .
National University of "National University
Sciences and 1991 Multiple campuses of Sciences and
Technology Technology" .

Source: Pakistan Navy (Official Website)

The PNS Karsaz—the training facility on heavy machinery was established in 1954.

Established in 1971, the National Defense University in Islamabad is

the most senior and premier institute of higher learning that
provides the advance critical thinking level and research-based
strategy level education to the senior military officers in the
Pakistani military.:9–10[143] Admissions to the NDU is not restricted to
military officials but the civilians can also attend and graduate from
the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore the broader aspects of
national security.[144] The NDU in Islamabad is a significant
institution of higher learning in understanding the institutional
norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the
"highest learning platform where the military leadership comes
together for common instruction", according to thesis written by
Pakistani author Aqil Shah.:8[144] Without securing their graduation
from their master's program at the National Defense University, no
officer in the Pakistani military can be promoted as general in the
army or air force, or admiral in the navy or marines as it is a
prerequisite for their promotion to become a senior member at the
Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.:8–9[144]

Besides, the platform provided at the NDU in Islamabad represents a

radical shift from the emphasis on operational and staff functions
and the level of ranks are imposed as qualification to attend the
master's program at the NDU, usually brigadiers, air commodores,
and commodores, are invited to given admission in broad range of
strategic, political, social, and economic factors as these factors
affects the country's national security.:8–9[144] In this sense, the NDU
becomes the critical thinking institution as its constitutes active-
duty senior military officers corps' baptism into a shared ideological
framework about the military's appropriate role, status, and
behaviour in relation to state and society, and shared values affect
how these officers perceive and respond to civilian governmental
decisions, policies, and political crises.:9–10[143] Admissions to the
NDU is not restricted to military officials but the civilians can also
attend and graduate from the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore
the broader aspects of national security.:8–9[144]
Established in 1991, the National University of Sciences and
Technology (NUST) has now absorbed and amalgamated the
existing naval engineering college, and is a counterpart institution in
science and technology to that of the National Defense University
(NDU) in Islamabad.[145] Besides the strategic and military
education, the Navy leads the scientific programs at the Naval
Observatory for producing timing and navigation while it leads the
research on hydrography by conducting the hydrographic survey for
the Pakistani military through the PNS Behr Paima, and provides
support to the oceanographic program led by the civilians National
Institute of Oceanography (NIO).[146]

Bases and facilities

Pakistan Navy personnel conducting a naval interdiction exercise with the U.S. Navy personnel in
the Indian Ocean in 2004.
From 1947–1991, the entire naval infrastructure and bases of the
Pakistan Navy were primarily based in Karachi with the exception of
the Navy NHQ that is in the Islamabad.[7] In 1950s, it was the crucial
help from the United States Navy that the Karachi Naval Dockyard
was built and constructed for wartime operations.:27[147] Besides,
the Naval Base Karachi, the PNS Dhaka in East Pakistan was the
only naval base for the Pakistan Navy, dedicated for coastal
operations only:24[148]

After the Indian Navy's missile attacks in Karachi in 1971, the Navy
concentrated building and moving its operational assets in
Balochistan, Punjab, and the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[7]

These naval bases are operationalised for various purposes

including the logistics and maintenance support, armoury and
ammunition support, air stations, military hospitals, SEALs teams,
coastal and missile defences, missile boats and submarine bases,
forward operating bases etc.[7] The PNS Zafar serves as the major
logistics naval base for the Pakistani military's operational capability
in the western and northern Pakistan, followed by the naval forward
operating base constructed at the vicinity of the Naval War College
in Lahore.[149]
The primary naval air station, where the Mirage 5 are stationed, is
the Naval Air Station Mehran (PNS Mehran), followed by the
establishment of the naval air stations in Makran, Ormara, Turbat
and the Manora Island.[150] In 2017, the PNS Siddiq was
commissioned to support the aerial missions for the Navy's Naval
Aviation reconnaissance group to guard the safety of the CPEC.[150]

The PNS Hameed, commissioned in 2017, is an ELF and a VLF

facility near the Karachi coast, while the Karachi-based PNS Iqbal
and the PNS Qasim serves for the operational activities dedicated
for the Navy Special Service Group and the Marines Corps.[151] The
Jinnah Naval Base and the Kalmat Naval Base are dedicated
towards maintaining and harbouring the country's strategic assets
such as the nuclear-capable submarines.[152][153]

Besides deployment within Pakistan, the Pakistan Navy, along with

the inter-services branches, are permanently based in different parts
in the Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[154]

Awards and honours

Service awards
Nishan-e-Haider

The Nishan-i-Haidar: As of 2019, the Navy has yet to achieved this feat since no naval officer is
posthumously honoured with the Nishan-e-Haider.[155]
In military awards hierarchy, the Nishan-i-Haidar (lit. Order of Lion;
Urdu: ‫ ;ﻧﺸﺎن ﺣﯿﺪر‬its abbreviation is noted as NH) is the highest and
the most prestigious honour awarded posthumously for bravery and
actions of valor in event of war.:220[156] Established in March 1956 by
the Constitution, this award is an equivalent to the American Medal
of Honor, British Victoria Cross (VC), Russian Order of St. Andrew, or
the French Legion of Honour.:87[157]

In a sharp contrast to the American Medal of Honor, the Nishan-e-

Haider (NH) has only conferred to the ones who have martyred and
proved their distinguished valor of actions in an event of conflict or
war— therefore the Nishan-e-Haider has never been conferred to the
living military officers who are mostly conferred with the Sitara-e-
Jurat.:5[158][159]

Recommendations in forms of letters are received and then

accepted by the federal government which recognises the martyred
services of the one individual that distinguished by the his acts of
valor during the events of the war.:14[160]

The honour is a namesake of Ali— the fourth caliph, the cousin, and
the son-in-law of Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam— and the
recipients receiving this honorary title as a sign of respect: Shaheed
meaning martyr.:4[161]

From 1947 till 2019, there has been ten Pakistani military officers
and enlisted personnel who have achieved this feat/or have
honoured with this prestigious medal— out of which, nine recipients
have came from the Pakistan Army while there is only one recipients
from the Pakistan Air Force, that are bestowed with this prestigious
medal.[162]

Almost all the recipients were martyred during their engagement in

wars with India in 1965, 1971, and in 1999, and honoured with this
prestigious award by the President of Pakistan based on the
accepted recommendations.[162]

Since the commencement of the Navy on August 1947, there has

been no single naval officer or/ either a navy's enlisted member in
the Pakistani military that has been honoured or bestowed with this
prestigious medal— a recommendation was sent to honour one
officer for his actions in the War on Terror in Afghanistan and the
Western Pakistan but the recommendation was rejected by the
President of Pakistan in 2011.[155]
Equipment

Ships: frigates, destroyers, and cruisers

The Tariq-class The F-22P USS McInerney in

guided missile Zulfiquar-class 2004. She is now
destroyer, former guided missile known as PNS
British general frigates designed Alamgir after a
purpose frigates and constructed major refit and
that underwent with a joint overhaul in 2010.
major refitting venture with
and overhauling in China and
2002. Pakistan in 2008.

Weapon systems of the Pakistan Navy

PNS Larkana patrolling off the Karachi coast in 2009. She is the lead ship of the Larkana–class
missile boats.
The names of the commissioned warship and noncombat vessels of
the Pakistan Navy are prefixed with the capital letters "PNS"— the
Pakistan Navy Ship.[108] The naming convention of the ship are
selected by the Ministry of Defense, often honouring the important
people or places in the history of Pakistan, and then commissioned
by the President of Pakistan.[163][164][165]

The Surface Fleet (also known as "Surface Warrior), established in

1947, is a crucial branch of the Navy often playing crucial role in
maintaining the military balance with the Indian Navy in the Indian
Ocean by taking participation in multinational task forces mandated
by the United Nations to prevent seaborne terrorism and privacy off
the coasts.[166]

The Pakistan Navy currently operates ~100 warships including the

ships from the Maritime Security Agency (MSA), Pakistan Marines,
and the patrol boats from the Coast Guards.[108] In current inventory
of the Navy, the Navy has combination of British, American, Chinese,
and locally produced warships including the American Oliver Hazard
Perry-class frigate, British-designed Tariq class, and Pakistan-built
Zulfiquar-class frigate that was built with Chinese assistance.
Decommissioning of the Tariq class destroyer has been
commenced due to their material ageing with construction of the
additional missile guidance Zulfiquar-class frigate in Pakistan by
2021, and the acquisition of the Jiangkai II-class frigates from China
that started in 2017.[167][168][169][170][170]

The Tariq class are the guided missile destroyers that are in the
service with the 25th Destroyer Squadron while the F-22P Zulfiquar
class are the guided missile frigate attached with the 18th Destroyer
Squadron with a complement of the American-transferred
USS McInerney (now PNS Alamgir) in 2011.[171]

PNS Alamgir (former USS McInerney), being handed over to Pakistan Navy on 31 August 2010 at
the Naval Station Mayport in Florida.

In 1992, the French Navy transferred its Tripartite-class minehunter

and helped designed the Munsif-class minehunters in Pakistan as a
local production that increased the Pakistan Navy's operational
scope and its overall capabilities.:154[172]
In 2011, the Navy commissioned the Azmat-class corvette based on
the Chinese design of Type 037II Houjian missile boat with the lead
boat being designed in China while three remaining were built in
Pakistan through the technology transfer agreement– these missile
boats are commissioned into the 10th Patrol Squadron.[173][174][175]
In addition, the 10th Patrol Squadron has commissioned the two
Jurrat-class missile boats based on the German-designed and two
missile boat based on the from the Turkish design, MRTP.[175] The
Larkana-class gunboats are locally produced at the KESW Ltd. in
Karachi that is in the current service with the Pakistan Navy, forming
the Fast Patrol Craft Squadron.[176]

In addition to the Navy's operations of warships, the Navy operates

twenty-two coast guard ships intended for the Maritime Security
Agency–most are imported from China while others are locally build
to guard the coastal shoreline of Pakistan's seaborne borders from
the illegal activities, followed by the ten of the locally designed and
built patrol boats for the Coast Guards for the safety and policing of
the beaches in the country.[177]

In 2017, the Pakistan Navy entered in discussion with the Turkish

Navy to acquire four of the MILGEM-class warship, and eventually
signing a major defence deal based on a technology transfer with
Turkey on 5 July 2018, which was described as "the largest defense
export of Turkey in one agreement."[178] In addition, the Navy
awarded the contract for another technology transfer of two 75 m
(246 ft) multi-purpose corvettes from American shipbuilder, the
Swift, and two offshore patrol vessels from Dutch shipbuilder
Damen Shipyards.[179][180][181][182]

Submarines

PNS Hashmat in the Persian Gulf in 2014. She is based on the French Agosta 70A-class design,
which is powered with the diesel-electric propulsion.

The Submarine Force ("Submarine Service Command") is a major

combat component of the Pakistan Navy whose primary mission is
to commence the peaceful engagement by conducting the
clandestine military reconnaissance for intelligence as well as
conducting the precision strikes on enemy positions from
underwater platform when its nation is at war with another
country.[183] Established in 1964, the Submarine Command of the
Pakistan Navy an elite component that is noted the first of its kind in
the region, and is responsible for protecting the country's sea lines
of communication, safeguarding the economic interests, foreign
trade, and the overall sea-based trade of the country during the
peacetime.[2][184]

PNS Hamza, an air-independent-powered Agosta 90B-class submarine, being prepared to go

through the depth tests in 2007.[119]

The Pakistan Navy uniquely operates the classes of submarines that

are powered with diesel-electric and air-independent propulsion.[185]
There are eight submarines that are in active service with the
Pakistan Navy, of which, the Hashmat-class submarines, based on
the Agosta-70A class, and the three of the Italian-designed and
locally built midget Cosmos-class (designated as X-Craft)
submarines are powered with the diesel-electric propulsion.:73[3]

The Agosta 90B-class submarines are equipped with the air-

independent propulsion system have capability of deeper dive and
has ability to submerged for a longer period of time without
detection from the enemy.[186] The Agosta-90B-class submarines,
noted for their long-range distances, are capable with the ability to
launch the Exocet missile and the Babur-III (a SLCM) from an
underwater platform.[187] The two of the three Agosta-90B class are
currently undergoing with refitting and modernisation program by
the Turkish firm, STM, and are expected to be return to its full active
duty in 2020–21.[187]

In 2014, Pakistan Navy entered in defence discussions with the

People's Liberation Army Navy for the procurement of the Yuan-
class submarines, and eventually succeeded when the technology
transfer agreement was signed between two nations on April 2015.
This national submarine program is known as Hangor-class
submarine features air-independent propulsion is being constructed
as a joint-venture with China with the expectation of being
commissioned between 2023–2028.[188] In a direct response to
INS Arihant, the Pakistan Navy eventually succeeded getting the
proposal approved for building the nuclear-powered submarine
whose delivery is expected to between 2028, according to the
Pakistan Navy officials.[123]

In April 2014, the Pakistan Navy issued a press release of

announcing the shifting of the primary submarine operations from
Naval Base Karachi to Jinnah Naval Base in Ormara.[189] Training on
the submarine operations takes place in PNS Abdoze (the training
facility in Karachi), followed by the establishment of the Fleet
Acoustic Research and Classification Center in May 2008 that
validates the safety standards of the submarines as well as acting
as an underwater listening post for tracking the unauthorised
deployment of the submarines.[190]

Auxiliaries, mine countermeasures, and amphibious warfare

PNS Nasr in Colombo Harbour, Sri Lanka in 2017.

The Navy has six replenishment oil tankers, three minehunters, and
four Griffon 2000TD hovercraft for the amphibious warfare.[191] The
Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM) are the important and center
pieces for the amphibious operations undertaken by the Marines
Corps and expeditionary actions by the Army as the two of the LCMs
are commissioned by the Navy after being handed over by the KESW
Ltd. in 2016.[192]

In 1987, the Pakistan Navy commissioned PNS Nasr, the Fuqing-

class, fleet tanker from China that was followed by the
commissioning of PNS Moawin (A20), of the Poolster class, from
the Royal Netherlands Navy in 1988.[191] In 1995, Poolster-class PNS
Moawin was subjected to a serious fire accident that claimed
valuable life during the refitting of the vessel in Karachi.[193] The
Navy also operates two coastal tankers that were indigenously
designed and locally built at the Karachi Shipyard— PNS Gwadar and
PNS Kalmat— commissioned in 1984 and in 1992.[194] In 2011, the
Navy commissioned two more small tankers/utility ships (STUS) —
PNS Madadgar and PNS Rasadgar —to support the logistics and
marine operations in the open sea.[195][196]
 Auxiliaries, mine countermeasures, and amphibious warfare

PNS Rah Naward, a tall ship commissioned from the British Royal Navy in 2010.

The Poolster-class PNS Moawin.

 The French Navy's Céphée. PNS Munsif is nearly identical to the one shown in the
photo.

The Griffon 2000TD hovercraft of the Pakistan Marines in Karachi in 2006.

In 1992, the Navy increased its operational capabilities in mine

countermeasures with the commissioning of PNS Munsif from the
French Navy, followed by the technology transfer to Pakistan which
led the commissioning of two more mine countermeasure vessels
from Munsif-class minehunter in 1996 and 1998.[197] Together with
the Munsif-class minehunters and the replenishment oil tankers,
these classes of ships are commissioned and complemented in the
9th Auxiliary Squadron.[191] In 2018, the Pakistan Navy
commissioned another PNS Moawin (A39) which was locally
engineered and constructed from the crucial design guidance from
Turkey– the fleet tanker is noted for being the largest warship ever
built in Pakistan.[198][199]

In 2011, the Pakistan Navy established the 21st Auxiliary Squadron

to further support its fleet's logistics operations to fulfill the
requirements of hydrological survey in the ocean, and the dredging
operations in the area of responsibility that includes the training
requirements for the Pakistan Navy's personnel at the deeper ocean
which is conducted by a dedicated Sail Training Vessel.[200] The 21st
Auxiliary Squadron consists of PNS Rah Naward, a tall ship acquired
from the United Kingdom in 2010, PNS Behr Khusha, a dredging
vessel commissioned from China in 2008, and PNS Behr Paima, that
was commissioned from Japan in 1983.[200][201][202][203]

Aircraft
The Pakistan Navy's Mirage 5 with the sky blue markings taxied with the Pakistan Air Force's F-16.

The Aircraft in the Pakistan Navy provides the logistical support to

the navy's readiness at all level of commands and serves as the
supply platform, through helicopters, to conduct the search and
rescue, special operations, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and the
anti-surface warfare (ASuW).[204] Unlike the Indian Navy, the
Pakistan Navy does not have the rapid aircraft carrier based strike
capability but relies its aerial strike operations from clear and
traditionally long landing platform built at the Mehran Naval Air
Station in Karachi.:66[205]

The Navy's Mirage 5 parked with the Air Force's JF-17 aircraft. Only handful of the Navy's Mirage 5
are equipped with the Exocet missiles whose ownership is tightly controlled and contested by the
Pakistan Air Force.

After realising the failure to protect the harbour from the attacks of
the Indian Navy in 1971, the Navy took the research on using the
aircraft on sea in an attempt to lessen the dependence on the
Pakistan Air Force, which already covers the airspace of Pakistan,
and established the naval aviation branch, the Naval Air Arm, in
1974.:64[204][206]

The Navy's principle aerial fighting branch is known as the Naval Air
Arm whose initial pilots' training took place at the Air Force
Academy in Risalpur.[207] In 1983, the Pakistani government
authorised the funding of the Mirage 5 for the Pakistan Air Force, out
of which, twelve Mirage 5 are equipped with the Exocet A39
missiles.:71[208] In addition, there are numbers of aircraft active in the
Maritime Security Agency (MSA).[209]

In 1993, the Pakistan Navy received five of the Mirage 5 aircraft from
the donations from the Pakistan Air Force after undergoing midlife
upgrade program in a joint multinational venture.[39][210] Overhauling
of the Mirage 5 aircraft are continuously carried out at the Pakistan
Aeronautical Complex (PAC) where Navy fighter pilots are given
instructions Mirage 5's avionics by the Air Force's pilots and their air
technicians.[207]

The Pakistan Air Force maintains a tight control over the ownership
of the Mirage aircraft with only handful of the Mirage jets are
inducted for their naval role covering for the Pakistan Navy's
seaborne borders from the Indian Navy's attacks.[39] Overall, the
military administration in the Air Force controls the Mirage aircraft
flight plans but allows the Navy fighter pilots to be a part of the flight
operations over the seas, which they fly with their air force
counterparts.[39] In 2014, the Navy submitted a proposal to acquire
JF-17 Thunder aircraft to counter the Indian Navy's aerial fleet
capability, which is due pending for approval by the federal
government.[211]

Besides the Mirage 5 fighter jet, the Navy also operates the Fokker
F27 Friendship, Breguet Atlantique, Lockheed P-3 Orion, ATR 72, and
Hawker 800 as their fixed-wing aircraft inventory.[204] The rotary-
wing aircraft in the naval air arm includes the Harbin Z-9 and the
Westland Sea King while the Lynx helicopters have now been
removed from active service due to maintenance issues, and a
tender has been issued for their removal.[212]
 Aircraft in the Pakistan Navy

The U.S.-built P-3C Orion of the Navy flying over the Australia during Navy's
exercise with the RAN in 2013.

The British-built Westland Sea King in 2010.

The French-built Breguet Atlantique making a landing in 2011.

The French-built Aérospatiale Alouette III landing vertically at the USS George H.W.
Bush in 2011.
 The Mirage 5, with the sky blue markings, are equipped with the Exocet A39, the
AshM, taxied at the Shahbaz Air Force Base in 2011.

Weapon system and air defence

The POF G3P4 is a standard rifle issued by the Ministry of Defense as seen by the Navy's enlisted

personnel in 2009.[213]
Current weapon systems in the Pakistan Navy is entirely composed
and focused towards missiles, serving as both weapons or a
defence from a threat.[214][215] Up until the 1971 with the Indian
Navy's introduction of anti-ship missiles, Navy had the strong
emphasis on classically using the artillery and ammunition focusing
towards the vintage tactics witnessed in the previous naval wars
fought in the World War II.[216]

The Navy's primary air defence systems included the usage of the
Anza man-portable air-defense systems and the Mistral surface-to-
air defence system.[214] The primary and standard rifle issued for the
Navy is the POF G3P4, which is standard issue by the Ministry of
Defense, and is based on the German design of the Heckler and
Koch G3 rifle.[213]

The Navy's air defence system are entrusted with the Pakistan
Marines who receives their weapons training at the School of
Infantry and Tactics in Quetta with the Pakistan Army
soldiers.[117][217]

In 2016, the Navy inducted the Harbah cruise missile, based on the
Babur design, that was test fired from the PNS Himmat– the Azmat-
class missile boat.[218] The Navy operates the Zarb cruise missile
that was first test fired on 10 April 2016.[219][220]

The cruise missiles system in the Navy, the Harbah, Zarb, and even
Babur–III, are the variants and derivatives of the improved
engineered version of the first cruise missile that entered in the
service of the Pakistan Army— the Babur cruise missile system in
2003.[221]

FN-16, the man-portable air-defense systems, tested on 25

December 2010 by Pakistan Marines with a range of 6 km and
altitude ~ 3.5 km.
Mistral shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile, test fired on 25
December 2010 by Pakistan Marines.

The military uniform in the Pakistan Navy includes the full white-
worn service uniform as seen in the footage, and is worn on regular
basis by the senior ranking star officers in the Navy.:295[222] In the
past times of 1947–2012, the Navy's uniform had closely followed
the uniforms issued in the British Royal Navy with star officers often
wearing the full white dress while the junior officers to enlisted
members only wearing dressed-up blue working uniforms as their
authorised working uniform in the vessels.:295[222]
In 2014, the Navy working uniform pattern for all officials have been
changed in favour of adopting the authorised digital camouflage
pattern uniform which incorporates sparse black and medium grey
shapes on a light grey background.[223]

The Navy Special Service Group follows the Army Special Service
Group's authorised uniform and wears the U.S. Woodland (M81)
uniform while the Pakistan Marines have their own woodland
pattern featuring light brown, olive green and blue shapes on a tan
or light olive background.[223]

Naval Jack

The Naval Jack of the Pakistan Navy adopted since 1956.

From 1947–56, the Pakistan Navy had stuck with the Ensign of the
Royal Indian Navy that featured the British Queen's colors and the
white flag.:264[224] The Navy continued the tradition that it inherited
from the Royal Indian Navy and British culture that was common
with the Royal Navy until the American military advisers was
attached the guide the Navy on military arts and science under the
Military Advisory Assistance Group by the Eisenhower
administration in 1956.:73[3]

Since then, the Navy's tradition and culture is commonly and

uniquenly influenced from the United States Navy.:73[3]

After the promulgation of the Constitution in 1956, the Navy gained

its independence from the British Royal patronage and became the
federal institution of the armed forces commissioned by the elected
President of Pakistan.:152[225] The prefix Royal was permanently
removed from the Navy as well as disbanding the British monarch
culture and tradition in the Navy.:152[225]

The naval jack and the ensign flag of the Navy immediately replaced
the English Queen's colors and the white ensign entirely, instead the
dark blue color with the anchor crest of the Navy was adopted while
the blue anchor was added in the side of the corner white colored
section on the national flag of Pakistan.:152[225] Since then, the naval
jack has always flown in the warships of the Pakistan Navy while the
naval ensign of the Navy is commonly used by the Pakistan Marines
as their primary war flag.:152[225]

See also
Pakistan Naval Air Arm
Pakistan Marines
Pakistan Marine Academy
Pakistan Coast Guards
Special Service Group (Navy)
Pakistan Naval Academy
List of serving admirals of the Pakistan Navy
Comparative military ranks
Military history of Pakistan
Military history of Pakistani Americans

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