Naturalization

18/09/2019 Naturalization - Wikipedia
Naturalization
Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen in a country may acquire
citizenship or nationality of that country.[1] It may be done automatically by a statute, i.e., without any effort on
the part of the individual, or it may involve an application or a motion and approval by legal authorities.[2] The
rules of naturalization vary from country to country but typically include a promise to obeying and upholding
that country's laws,[3] taking and subscribing to the oath of allegiance, and may specify other requirements such
as a minimum legal residency and adequate knowledge of the national dominant language or culture. To counter
multiple citizenship, most countries require that applicants for naturalization renounce any other citizenship that
they currently hold, but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of original citizenship, as seen by the host
country and by the original country, will depend on the laws of the countries involved.
The massive increase in population flux due to globalization and the sharp increase in the numbers of refugees
following World War I created a large number of stateless persons, people who were not citizens of any state. In
some rare cases, laws for mass naturalization were passed. As naturalization laws had been designed to cater for Service members are sworn
the relatively few people who had voluntarily moved from one country to another (expatriates), many western in as citizens aboard the
USS Midway in 2009
democracies were not ready to naturalize large numbers of people. This included the massive influx of stateless
people which followed massive denationalizations and the expulsion of ethnic minorities from newly created
nation states in the first part of the 20th century, but they also included the mostly aristocratic Russians who had escaped the 1917 October
Revolution and the war communism period, and then the Spanish refugees. As Hannah Arendt pointed out, internment camps became the "only
nation" of such stateless people, since they were often considered "undesirable" and were stuck in an illegal situation, wherein their country had
expelled them or deprived them of their nationality, while they had not been naturalized, thus living in a judicial no man's land.
Since World War II, the increase in international migrations created a new category of migrants, most of them economic migrants. For economic,
political, humanitarian and pragmatic reasons, many states passed laws allowing a person to acquire their citizenship after birth, such as by
marriage to a national – jus matrimonii – or by having ancestors who are nationals of that country, in order to reduce the scope of this category.
However, in some countries this system still maintains a large part of the immigrant population in an illegal status, albeit with some massive
regularizations, for example, in Spain by José Luis Zapatero's government and in Italy by Berlusconi's government.
Contents
Laws by country
China
France
Germany
Criteria
Fee
Loss of previous citizenship
India
Italy
Indonesia
Israel
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Philippines
Russia
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States
Other countries
Mass naturalizations
In occupied territories
Denaturalization
Before World War I
Between World Wars
After World War II
In the United States
In the United Kingdom
In Canada
In South Africa
See also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization 1/19
References
External links
Laws by country
China
The People's Republic of China gives citizenship to persons with one or two parents with Chinese nationality who have not taken residence in other
countries. The country also gives citizenship to people born on its territory to stateless people who have settled there. Furthermore, individuals may
apply for nationality if they have a near relative with Chinese nationality, if they have settled in China, or if they present another legitimate
reason.[4] In practice, only few people gain Chinese citizenship; as of 2010, China had only 1,448 naturalised Chinese in total.[5]
The naturalization process starts with a written application. Applicants must submit three copies, written with a ball-point or fountain pen, to
national authorities, and to provincial authorities in the Ministry of Public Security and the Public Security Bureau. Applicants must also submit
original copies of a foreign passport, a residence permit, a permanent residence permit, and four two-and-a-half inch long pictures. According to the
conditions outlined in the Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China, authorities may also require "any other material that the authority
believes are related to the nationality application".[6]
France
People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain French citizenship through naturalisation:[7]
At least 5 years' residence, although reduced to the following minimum periods in certain situations:
2 years:
Successfully completed 2 years of studies with a view to obtaining a degree or diploma at a French higher educational institution;
Made an exceptional contribution to France's standing and influence in the arts, science, sport, culture, academia, entrepreneurship,
etc.
No minimum residence period:
Performed military service with the French Army;

Served voluntarily in wartime in the French Army or an allied army;
Rendered exceptional service to France (requires personal ministerial approval);
Attained the official status of a refugee in France;
Citizen of a member state of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and have French as their native language or have
completed at least 5 years of schooling in a French-speaking educational establishment.
Integration into French society, including adhering to the values and principles of the Republic, and having a sufficient knowledge of French
history, culture and society;
Sufficient spoken command of the French language;
No serious criminal convictions, defined as follows:
Never been sentenced to more than 6 months' imprisonment (not including suspended sentences) for any crime (unless the applicant has
been legally deemed rehabilitated or the sentence has been wiped from their criminal record);
Never been convicted of any crime that counters France's fundamental interests (unless the applicant has been legally deemed
rehabilitated or the sentence has been wiped from their criminal record);
Never been convicted of any act of terrorism (unless the applicant has been legally deemed rehabilitated or the sentence has been wiped
from their criminal record).
The fee for naturalisation is €55, except in French Guiana, where it is €27.50.
Germany
Criteria
People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain German citizenship through naturalisation:[8]
At least 8 years' residence in Germany with a valid residence permit. This minimum period is reduced for the following:
7 years for people who have successfully completed an official integration course;
3 years for spouses and registered same-sex partners of a German citizen (must have been married or in the registered partnership for at
least 2 years at the time of application).
Declaring allegiance to the German Constitution;
Sufficient command of the German language;
No serious criminal convictions.
Fee
The dependent minor children of an applicant for naturalisation may also themselves become naturalised German citizens.
The fee for standard naturalisation is €255, while it is €51 per dependent minor child naturalised along with their parent. The fee may be waived in
cases of extreme hardship or public interest.
Loss of previous citizenship

People who naturalise as German citizens must usually give up their previous nationality, as German law takes a restrictive approach to multiple
citizenship. Exceptions are made for:
EU and Swiss citizens, provided that the law of their country of origin does not prohibit the acquisition of another citizenship;
Citizens of countries where renouncing one's citizenship is too difficult or humiliating (e.g. Afghanistan), prohibitively expensive (e.g. the United
States) or legally impossible (e.g. Argentina).
India
The Indian citizenship and nationality law and the Constitution of India provides single citizenship for the entire country. The provisions relating to
citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution are contained in Articles 5 to 11 (https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/India_2014
#50) in Part II of the Constitution of India. Relevant Indian legislation is the Citizenship Act 1955, which has been amended by the Citizenship
(Amendment) Act 1986, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1992, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003 (https://web.archive.org/web/200604252
30738/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf), and the Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005 (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20110514150614/http://www.manupatra.com/downloads/2005-data/Citizenship%20Amendment%20Ordinance%202005/Citizenshi
p%20Amendment%20Ordinance%202005.htm). The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003 received the assent of the President of India on 7 January
2004 and came into force on 3 December 2004. The Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005 was promulgated by the President of India and
came into force on 28 June 2005.
Following these reforms, Indian nationality law largely follows the jus sanguinis (citizenship by right of blood) as opposed to the jus soli (citizenship
by right of birth within the territory).
Italy
The Italian Government grants Italian citizenship for the following reasons.[9]
Automatically
Jus sanguinis: for birth;

If an Italian citizen recognizes, at a time after birth, a minor child;
For adoption;
To obtain or re-obtain from a parent.
Following declaration
By descent;
Jus soli: by birth or descent in Italy;
By marriage or naturalization
By marriage: the foreign or stateless spouse of an Italian citizen may acquire Italian citizenship after two years of legal residence in Italy or,
if residing abroad, after three years from the date of marriage;
By naturalization: the foreigner can apply for Italian citizenship after ten years of legal residence in Italy, reduced to five years for those who
have been recognized as stateless or refugee and four years for citizens of countries of the European Community.
Indonesia
Indonesian nationality is regulated by Law No. 12/2006 (UU No. 12 Tahun 2006). The Indonesian nationality law is based on jus sanguinis and jus
soli. The Indonesian nationality law does not recognize dual citizenship except for persons under the age of 18 (single citizenship principle). After
reaching 18 years of age individuals are forced to choose one citizenship (limited double citizenship principle).[10]
A foreign citizen can apply to become an Indonesian citizen with the following requirements:
Age 18 or older, or married

Resided in Indonesia for a minimum of 5 consecutive years or 10 non-consecutive years
Physically and mentally healthy
Ability to speak Indonesian and acknowledge Pancasila and Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945
Never convicted of a crime for which the punishment is imprisonment for one year or more
If having Indonesian citizenship will not give the person dual citizenship
Employed or have fixed income
Pay citizenship fee
Any application for citizenship is granted by the President of Indonesia.
Israel
Israel's Declaration of Independence was made on 14 May 1948, the day before the British Mandate was due to expire as a result of the United
Nations Partition Plan.[11] The Israeli parliament created two laws regarding immigration, citizenship and naturalization: the Law of Return and the
Israeli nationality law.[12] The Law of Return, enacted on July 15, 1950, gives Jews living anywhere in the world the right to immigrate to Israel. This
right to immigrate did not and still does not grant citizenship. In fact, for four years after Israel gained independence, there were no Israeli
citizens.[12]
On July 14, 1952, the Israeli parliament enacted the Israeli Nationality Law.[12] The Nationality Law naturalized all citizens of Mandated Palestine,
the inhabitants of Israel on July 15, 1952, and those who had legally resided in Israel between May 14, 1948, and July 14, 1952. The law further
clarified that naturalization was available to immigrants who had arrived before Israel's creation, immigrants who arrived after statehood was
granted, and those who did not come to Israel as immigrants but have since expressed desire to settle in Israel, with restriction. Naturalization
applicants must also meet the following requirements: be over 18 years of age, have resided in Israel for three out of the five preceding years, have
settled or intend to settle permanently in Israel, have some knowledge of Hebrew, and have renounced prior nationality or demonstrated ability to
renounce nationality after becoming a citizen of Israel.[12]
Because of Israel's relatively new and culturally mixed identity, Israel does not grant citizenship to persons born on Israeli soil. Instead, the
government chose to enact a jus sanguinis system, with the naturalization restrictions listed above. There is currently no legislation on second-
generation immigrants (those born in Israel to immigrant parents). Furthermore, foreign spouses can apply for citizenship through the Minister of
the Interior, but have a variety of restrictions and are not guaranteed citizenship.[13]
Luxembourg
People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain Luxembourg citizenship through naturalisation:[14]
At least 18 years old.

At least 5 years of legal residence in Luxembourg, including an uninterrupted period of one year immediately before applying for citizenship.
Passing a Luxembourgish language exam.
Taking a course on "Living together in the Grand Duchy" and passing the associated examination.
Never having been handed an immediate custodial sentence of 12 months or more or a suspended custodial sentence of 24 months or more,
in any country.
Malaysia
Naturalisation in Malaysia is guided by the 1964 Malaysian Constitution. According to the law, those who want to be the country citizen should live
in the country for a period of 10–12 years. The would-be-citizens are required to speak the Malay language as well submitting the identity cards of
two Malaysians who recommend the applicant for citizenship.[15] As the Government of Malaysia does not recognise dual citizenship, those who
seek naturalisation are needed to reside permanently in the country and renouncing their former country citizenship.[16]
The requirements are as follows:[17]
The applicant shall appear before the Registrar of Citizenship when submitting the application.
The applicant must be aged 21 years and above on the date of the application.
The applicant has resided in the federation for a period of not less than 10 years in a period of 12 years, including the 12 months immediately
preceding the date of application.
The applicant intends to reside permanently in the federation.
The applicant is of good character.
The applicant has adequate knowledge of the Malay language.
The applicant must be sponsored by two referees who are citizens aged 21 years and above and who are not relatives, not hired persons, and
not advocates or solicitors to the applicant.
Form C must be completed and submitted together with copies of the necessary documents.
The Article 16 of 1957 Malaysian Constitution also stated a similar condition previously.[18]
Philippines
Commonwealth Act No. 473, the Revised Naturalization Law, approved June 17, 1939, provided that persons having certain specified qualifications
may become a citizen of the Philippines by naturalization.[19] Republic Act No. 9139, approved June 8, 2001, provided that aliens under the age of
18 who were born in the Philippines, who have resided in the Philippines and have resided therein since birth, and who possess other specified
qualifications may be granted Philippines citizenship by administrative proceeding subject to certain requirements.[20][21]
Russia
Naturalization in Russia is guided by articles 13 and 14 of the federal law “About Citizenship of Russian Federation” passed on May 31, 2002.
Citizenship of Russia can be obtained in general or simplified order. To become a citizen in general order, one must be 18 years of age or older,
continuously live in Russia as a permanent resident for at least five years (this term is limited to one year for valued specialists, political asylum
seekers and refugees), have legal means of existence, promise to obey the laws and Constitution of Russia and be fluent in the Russian language.
There is also a possibility to naturalize in a simplified order, in which certain requirements will be waived. Eligible for that are persons, at least one
parent of whom is a Russian citizen living on Russian territory; persons, who lived on the territories of the former Soviet republics but never
obtained citizenships of those nations after they gained independence; persons, who were born on the territory of RSFSR and formerly held Soviet
citizenship; persons married to Russian citizens for at least 3 years; persons, who served in Russian Armed Forces under contract for at least 3
years; parents of mentally incapacitated children over 18 who are Russian citizens; participants of the State Program for Assisting Compatriots
Residing Abroad; and some other categories.[22]
South Africa
Chapter 2 of the South African Citizenship Act, enacted on October 6, 1995, defines who is considered a naturalized citizen at the time of the act and
also outlines the naturalization process for future immigrants.[23]
Any person who immediately prior to the commencement of the act had been a South African citizen via naturalization, had been deemed to be a
South African citizen by registration, or had been a citizen via naturalization of any of the former states now composing South Africa is now
considered to be a naturalized citizen of South Africa.[23]
Those wishing to apply for naturalization in the future must apply to the Minister of Home Affairs and must meet a slew of requirements. First,
naturalization applicants must be over the age of 18 and must have been a permanent resident of South Africa for one year prior to application and
for four out of the eight years prior to application. Applicants must also demonstrate good character and knowledge of the basic responsibilities and
privileges of a South African citizen. The ability to communicate in one of the official languages of South Africa is also required. Applicants must
show the intention to reside in South Africa after naturalization, and they are required to make a declaration of allegiance.[23] According to Article 3
(https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/South_Africa_2012#30), subsection 3 of the South African constitution, national legislation must
provide for the acquisition, loss and restoration of citizenship.
Being a naturalized South African citizen is a privilege, not a right. Even after meeting all the requirements and going through the naturalization
process, the minister holds the right to deny citizenship.[24] Foreign spouses of South African citizens can apply for naturalization after two years of
marriage, but is subject to potential denial of the minister. The minister can also grant citizenship to minors, if their parent applies for them.[23]
The minister also holds the power to revoke naturalization at any time for specific reasons listed in the Act. Reasons for revoking the naturalization
certificate include marrying someone who is a citizen of another country and holding citizenship in another country, or applying for citizenship of
another country without prior authorization for retention of citizenship.[24] If a permanent resident is denied naturalization, he or she must wait at
least one year before reapplying.[23]
United Kingdom
There has always been a distinction in the law of England and Wales between the subjects of the monarch and aliens: the monarch's subjects owed
the monarch allegiance, and included those born in his or her dominions (natural-born subjects) and those who later gave him or her their
allegiance (naturalised subjects). Today, the requirements for naturalisation as a citizen of the United Kingdom depend on whether or not one is the
spouse or civil partner of a citizen. An applicant who is a spouse or civil partner of a British citizen must:
hold indefinite leave to remain in the UK (or an equivalent such as Right of Abode or Irish citizenship)
have lived legally in the UK for three years
been outside of the UK no more than 90 days during the one-year period prior to filing the application.
show sufficient knowledge of life in the UK, either by passing the Life in the United Kingdom test or by attending combined English language
and citizenship classes. Proof of this must be supplied with one's application for naturalisation. Those aged 65 or over may be able to claim
exemption.
meet specified English, Welsh or Scottish Gaelic language competence standards. Those who pass the Life in the UK test are deemed to meet
English language requirements.
For those not married to or in a civil partnership with a British citizen, the requirements are:
Five years legal residence in the UK

Indefinite leave to remain or "equivalent" for this purpose (see above) must have been held for 12 months
the applicant must intend to continue to live in the UK or work overseas for the UK government or a British corporation or association
the same "good character" standards apply as for those married to British citizens
the same language and knowledge of life in the UK standards apply as for those married to British citizens.
United States
"The sole authority to naturalize persons as citizens of the United States is conferred upon the Attorney General."[25] In particular cases, however,
federal judges may enjoin the Attorney General to confer U.S. nationality upon a person.[1][3] The term "Attorney General" in the Immigration and
Nationality Act (INA) includes any immigration judge or member of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA).
The INA states the following:
No person, except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, shall be naturalized unless such applicant, (1) immediately preceding the
date of filing his application for naturalization has resided continuously, after being lawfully admitted for permanent residence,
within the United States for at least five years and during the five years immediately preceding the date of filing his application has
been physically present therein for periods totaling at least half of that time, and who has resided within the State or within the
district of the Service in the United States in which the applicant filed the application for at least three months, (2) has resided
continuously within the United States from the date of the application up to the time of admission to citizenship, and (3) during all
the periods referred to in this subsection has been and still is a person of good moral character, attached to the principles of the
Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States.[2]
The Naturalization Act of 1795 set the initial rules on naturalization: "free, White persons" who had been
resident for five years or more.[26] An 1862 law allowed honorably discharged Army veterans of any war
to petition for naturalization after only one year of residence in the United States. An 1894 law extended
the same privilege to honorably discharged five-year veterans of the Navy or Marine Corps. Laws
enacted in 1919, 1926, 1940, and 1952 continued preferential treatment provisions for veterans.[27]
Following the Spanish–American War in 1898, Philippine citizens were classified as U.S. nationals, and
the 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act granted U.S. citizenship to natives of Puerto Rico. But the 1934 Tydings–
McDuffie Act reclassified Filipinos as aliens, and set a quota of 50 immigrants per year, and otherwise
A man taking the required
applying the Immigration Act of 1924 to them.
citizenship oath of allegiance in front
of U.S. government officials in New
The Magnuson Act repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act. During the 1940s, 100 annual immigrants from
York City (1910).
British India and the Philippines were allowed. The War Brides Act of 1945 permitted soldiers to bring
back their foreign wives and established precedent in naturalization through marriage. The Immigration
Act of 1965 finally allowed people from all nations to be given equal access to immigration and
naturalization.
Illegal immigration became a major issue in the United States at the end of the 20th century. The
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, while tightening border controls, also provided the
opportunity of naturalization for illegal aliens who had been in the country for at least four years. Today,
lawful permanent residents of the United States are eligible to apply for U.S. citizenship after five
years,[1] unless they continue to be married to a U.S. citizen, in which case they can apply after only three
New citizens at a naturalization
years of permanent residency.[28]
ceremony at Kennedy Space Center
in Florida (2010).
The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 streamlined the naturalization process for children adopted
internationally. A child under age 18 who is adopted by at least one U.S. citizen parent, and is in the
custody of the citizen parent(s), is now automatically naturalized once admitted to the United States as an immigrant or when legally adopted in the
United States, depending on the visa under which the child was admitted to the United States. The Act also provides that the non-citizen minor
child of a newly naturalized U.S. citizen, whether by birth or adoption, also automatically receives U.S. citizenship
Other countries
The following list is a brief summary of the duration of legal residence before a national of a foreign state, without any cultural, historical, or
marriage ties or connections to the state in question, can request citizenship under that state's naturalization laws.
Country Residence requirement Dual citizenship Notes Main article Ref
Albania Continuous [29]

5 years Yes Albanian nationality law
residence
Continuous
residence as a
permanent
resident,
unless the
applicant has
spent all of
Andorra 20 years No their mandatory Andorran nationality law [30]
education in
Andorra in
which case 10
years
continuous as
a permanent
residence
Angola Continuous [31]

10 years Yes Angolan nationality law
residence
Argentina Continuous [32]

2 years Yes Argentine nationality law
residence
Armenia 3 years Yes Armenian nationality law
Legal
residency in
Australia,
including one
year as a [33]
Australia 4 years Yes Australian nationality law
permanent
resident
immediately
prior to making
an application
Exceptions for
those born in
Austria,
citizens of
another EEA
Austria 10–30 years No country, Austrian nationality law [34]
refugees or
"exceptionally
integrated" in
which case it is
6 years.
The applicant
must be a
fluent speaker
Azerbaijan 5 years No Azerbaijani nationality law
of the
Azerbaijani
language.
Belgium Continuous [35]

5 years Yes Belgian nationality law
residence
Bangladesh 5 years Yes Bangladeshi nationality law [36]
Barbados 5 years Barbadian nationality law [37][38]
Belarus 7 years Yes Belarusian nationality law [39]
Benin 10 years Yes Beninese nationality law
Belize 5 years Yes Belizean nationality law
Bhutan 20 years No Bhutanese nationality law [40]
Continuous [41]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 8 years Bosnian nationality law
residence
Brazil Uninterrupted [42]

4 years Yes Brazilian nationality law
residence.

Reduced to 3
years if the
applicant is
married to a
Bulgarian
national, was
born in
Bulgaria, or
settled in the
country before
Bulgaria the age of 18. [43]
5 years Partial Bulgarian nationality law
Citizens of the
EU, EEA or
Switzerland, as
well as
spouses of
Bulgarian
nationals, are
not required to
renounce their
existing
citizenship.
Burkina Faso 10 years Burkinabé nationality law [44]
Cambodia 5 years Yes Cambodian nationality law
Three out of
five years as a [45]
Canada 3 years Yes Canadian nationality law
permanent
resident.
Chile Continuous
5 years Yes Chilean nationality law
residence
As a
Colombia 5 years Yes permanent Colombian nationality law
resident
Requires
proven
knowledge of
Spanish
language and
Costa Rica 5–7 years Yes Costa Rica's Costa Rican nationality law [46]
history, having
a way of living,
no criminal
records and
two witnesses.
Continuous
residence;
applicant must [47][48]
Croatia 8 years Partial Croatian nationality law
be a fluent
Croatian
speaker
Foreigners can
become
naturalized
Cuba Yes Cuban nationality law
citizens of
Cuba since
2019.
or by using the
"Naturalization
of Investors in
Cyprus by
Cyprus 7 years Yes Exception", a Cypriot nationality law [49][50]
government
run cash-for-
passport
program.
5 years as
permanent
Czech Republic 5 years Yes residence or 10 Czech nationality law [51]
years
residence.
Denmark Continuous [52]

9 years Yes Danish nationality law
residence
Egypt 10 years Partial Egyptian nationality law

El Salvador 1–5 years Yes Salvadoran nationality law
Eight years
residence out
Estonia of which five [53]
8 years No Estonian nationality law
years as a
permanent
residence.
Finland Continuous
5 years Yes Finnish nationality law
residence
Five years of
lawful
Fiji 5 years residence out Fijian nationality law
of the previous
10 years
Continuous
residency. Two
years
continuous
residency for
applicants who
have had at
least two years
of higher
education
leading to a
Master's
degree or
France 5 years Yes higher in French nationality law
France. No
minimum
residency
requirement for
applicants who
have served in
the French
Army, rendered
exceptional
service to
France, and
some other
cases.
Continuous
residence. 7
years for
applicants who
have
successfully
completed an
official
Germany integration
8 years Partial German nationality law
course; 3 years
for applicants
who are
married to, or
in a registered
same-sex
partnership
with, a German
citizen
Greece 7 years Yes Greek nationality law [54]
Continuous [55]
Hungary 8 years Yes Hungarian nationality law
residence
Iceland 7 years Yes Icelandic nationality law [56]
Five years over

the last nine
years, including
at least one
year before
applying. The
law provides an [57]
Ireland 5 years Yes Irish nationality law
exemption to
the residency
requirements
for persons
who are "of
Irish descent or
associations".

To naturalize,
three years out
of the previous
five years of
residence is
required and
must have the
right to reside
in Israel on a
Israel 5 years Partial permanent Israeli citizenship law
basis.
However, Jews
around the
world may
obtain Israeli
citizenship
upon arrival by
the Law of
Return.
The residence
has to be
continuous.
The law
provide some
cases in which
there is a faster
access to
naturalization:
Italy 10 years Yes three years if at Italian nationality law
least one
grandparent
was/is Italian,
four years for
EU nationals,
five years for
refugees or
stateless
people.
Continuous
residence;
Japan three years if
5 years No Japanese nationality law
married to a
Japanese
national.
Jordan 15 years Yes Jordanian nationality law
Kazakhstan 5 years No Kazakhstani nationality law
Yes, under certain

Latvia 10 years Latvian nationality law
conditions
Foreigners
Lebanon cannot obtain
Yes Lebanese nationality law
Lebanese
citizenship
Liberian law
allows
members of
Liberia 2 years No other races to Liberian nationality law [58]
hold permanent
residency
status
Years spent in
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein 10 years under the age Liechtenstein nationality law [59]
20 count
double
Continuous
residence as a
permanent
Lithuania 10 years No resident; seven Lithuanian nationality law [60]
years if married
to a Lithuanian
national.

Twelve months'
continuous
residence prior
to applying for
naturalization;
three years'
residence if
married to a
Luxembourgish
Luxembourg citizen. The [61]
5 years Yes Luxembourgish nationality law
applicant must
pass the
Luxembourgish
language
examinations
or have had at
least 7 years of
education in a
Luxembourgish
school.
Five years for a
person who is
of an African
Malawi 7 years race or has Malawian nationality law
Commonwealth
or Malawian
ties
Or a
government
Malta 5 years run cash-for- Maltese nationality law [62]
passport
program.
Mexico 5 years Yes Mexican nationality law
Eight years for

stateless
Moldova 10 years Yes citizens or Moldovan nationality law
recognised
refugees
Monaco Continuous [63]

10 years No Monégasque nationality law
residence
Montenegro 10 year No Montenegrin nationality law s[64]
Mozambique 5 years Yes Mozambican nationality law
Foreigners
cannot become
Myanmar N/A No naturalized Myanmar nationality law [65]
citizens of
Myanmar
Netherlands Continuous [66]

5 years Partial Dutch nationality law
residence
Continuous [67]
New Zealand 5 years Yes New Zealand nationality law
residence
Continuous [68]
North Macedonia 8 years No Macedonian nationality law
residence
Seven years
out of the
previous 10
(with out-of-
realm
vacations of up
Norway 7 years Yes to two months Norwegian nationality law [69]
per year) as a
permanent
resident
immediately
before the
application
Oman 20 years No Omani nationality law
Paraguay 3 years Paraguayan nationality law [70]
Peru Continuous
2 years Yes Peruvian nationality law
residence

Continuous [19]
Philippines 5–10 years Yes Philippine nationality law
residence
Ten years
residence or
Poland 10 years Yes three years Polish nationality law
permanent
residence
Portugal Continuous [71]

5 years Yes Portuguese nationality law
residence
Romania 8 years Yes Romanian nationality law [72]
Fifteen years
for foreigners
San Marino 30 years married to a Sammarinese nationality law
citizen of San
Marino
Continuous
residence.
Three years if
married to a
Russia 5 years Yes Russian Russian nationality law [73]
citizen. One
year for valued
specialists and
refugees.
Samoa 5 years Samoan nationality law [74]
Serbia Continuous [75]

3 years Yes Serbian nationality law
residence
Slovakia 8 years Partial Slovak nationality law
Ten years
residence; five
years [76]
Slovenia 10 years Yes Slovenian nationality law
continuous
before the
application.
Spain Two to five [77][78][79]

10 years Partial Spanish nationality law
years
Somalia 7 years No Somalian nationality law
Three years
continuous if
South Korea 5 years Partial married to a South Korean nationality law [80]
South Korean
national
Four years
continuous for
Sweden 5 years Yes stateless Swedish nationality law [81]
people and
refugees
The years
between the
age of eight
and eighteen
Switzerland count double, [82]
10 years Yes Swiss nationality law
while a
minimum of six
years'
residence is
required
Taiwan Nationality law of the Republic

5 years Partial
of China

Continuous
residence;
applicant must
have
knowledge of
the Thai
Thailand language. [83]
5 years No Thai nationality law
Residence and
language
requirememts
are waived for
spouses and
children of Thai
citizens.
Togo 5 years No Togolese nationality law
Tonga 5 years Tongan nationality law
Continuous
residence;
applicant must
Turkey 5 years Yes be a fluent Turkish nationality law [84]
speaker of the
Turkish
language.
Continuous
residence;
applicant must
Tunisia 5 years Yes be a fluent Tunisia nationality law
speaker of the
Arabic
language.
Ukraine 5 years Yes Ukrainian nationality law
United Arab Emirates 30 years No Emirati nationality law
Non-
EU/EEA/Swiss
citizens must
have indefinite
United Kingdom 5 years Yes British nationality law
leave to remain
before applying
for
naturalisation.
Must have
been physically
present in the
US for at least
30 of the 60
months
preceding the
application;
United States 5 years Yes United States nationality law
ineligible if
absent for a
continuous
period of 6
months or
more during
these 60
months.
Three years if
the applicant
Uruguay 5 years Yes has a Uruguayan nationality law
Uruguayan
family member.
Uzbekistan 5 years No Uzbekistani nationality law
Natural-born
citizens of
Spain,
Portugal, Italy,
Latin American
Venezuela or Caribbean
10 years Yes Venezuelan nationality law
country and
have been
legally living in
Venezuela for 5
continuous
years.
Mass naturalizations
A few rare mass naturalization processes have been implemented by nation states. In 1891, Brazil granted naturalization to all aliens living in the
country.[85] In 1922, Greece massively naturalized all the Greek refugees coming from Turkey. The second massive naturalization process was in
favor of Armenian refugees coming from Turkey, who went to Syria, Lebanon or other former Ottoman countries. Reciprocally, Turkey massively
naturalized the refugees of Turkish descent or other ethnic backgrounds in Muslim creed from these countries during a redemption process.
Canada instituted a mass naturalization by Act of Parliament with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946.
After annexation of the territories east of the Curzon line by the Soviet Union in 1945, Soviets naturalized en masse all the inhabitants of those
territories—including ethnic Poles, as well as its other citizens who had been deported into the Soviet Union, mainly to Kazakhstan. Those persons
were forcibly naturalized as Soviet citizens. Later on, Germany granted to the ethnic German population in Russia and Kazakhstan full citizenship
rights. Poland has a limited repatriation program in place.
The most recent massive naturalization case resulted from the Argentine economic crisis in the beginning of the 21st century. Existing or slightly
updated right of return laws in Spain and Italy allowed many of their diasporic descendants to obtain—in many cases to regain—naturalization in
virtue of jus sanguinis, as in the Greek case. Hence, many Argentines acquired European nationality.
Since the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants citizenship only to those "born or naturalized in the United States, and
subject to the jurisdiction thereof", and the original United States Constitution only grants Congress the power of naturalization, it could be argued
that all acts of Congress that expand the right of citizenship are cases of mass naturalization. This includes the acts that extended U.S. citizenship to
citizens of Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, as well as the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
which made all Native Americans citizens (most of them were previously excluded under the "jurisdiction" clause of the 14th Amendment).
In the eastern Malaysian state of Sabah, mass naturalisation also happened during the administration of United Sabah National Organisation
(USNO) and Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA's) Muslim-dominated political parties to increase the Muslim population in the territory by
naturalising immigrants and refugees from the mainly-Muslim dominated areas of Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines and Sulawesi
of Indonesia.[86][87][88]
In occupied territories
The mass naturalization of native persons in occupied territories is illegal under the laws of war (Hague and Geneva Conventions). However, there
have been many instances of such illegal mass naturalizations in the 20th century.
Denaturalization
Denaturalization is the reverse of naturalization, when a state deprives one of its citizens of his or her citizenship. From the point of view of the
individual, denaturalization means revocation or loss of citizenship. Denaturalization can be based on various legal justifications. The most severe
form is the "stripping of citizenship" when denaturalization takes place as a penalty for actions considered criminal by the state, often only
indirectly related to nationality, for instance for having served in a foreign military. In countries that enforce single citizenship, voluntary
naturalization in another country will lead to an automatic loss of the original citizenship; the language of the law often refers to such cases as
"giving up one's citizenship" or (implicit) renunciation of citizenship. In another case, affecting only foreign-born citizens, denaturalization can refer
to the loss of citizenship by an annulment of naturalization, also known as "administrative denaturalization" where the original act of naturalization
is found to be invalid, for instance due to an administrative error or if it had been based on fraud (including bribery). In the US, the Bancroft
Treaties in the 19th century regulated legislation concerning denaturalization.
In 2010,[89] the U.S. government launched a program (Operation Janus) “to prevent aliens who received a final removal order under a different
identity from obtaining immigration benefits”.[90] In January 2018, for the first time, a denaturalization was performed as a result of this
program,[91] and a further program (Operation Second Look) was initiated by the HSI specifically to address leads received from Operation Janus.
In June 2018, UCSIS announced an increase of the efforts to detect fraudulent naturalization cases, aiming at the revocation of the citizenship of
individuals who had applied under false pretense.[90]
Before World War I

In the United States, the proposed, but never ratified, Titles of Nobility amendment of 1810 would revoke the American citizenship of anyone who
would "accept, claim, receive or retain, any title of nobility" or who would receive any gifts or honors from a foreign power.
Between World Wars

Before World War I, only a small number of countries had laws governing denaturalization that could be enforced against citizens guilty of "lacking
patriotism". Such denaturalized citizens became stateless persons. During and after the war, most European countries passed amendments to
revoke naturalization.[92]
In Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power or Bare Life (1998), philosopher Giorgio Agamben mentioned a number of denaturalization laws that were
passed after World War I by most European countries:
It is important to note that starting with the period of World War I, many European states began to introduce laws which permitted
their own citizens to be denaturalized and denationalized. The first was France, in 1915, with regard to naturalized citizens of "enemy"
origins; in 1922 the example was followed by Belgium, which revoked the naturalization of citizens who had committed "anti-
national" acts during the war; in 1926 the Fascist regime in Italy passed a similar law concerning citizens who had shown themselves
to be "unworthy of Italian citizenship"; in 1933 it was Austria's turn, and so forth, until in 1935 the Nuremberg Laws divided German
citizens into full citizens and citizens without political rights. These laws—and the mass statelessness that ensued—mark a decisive
turning point in the life of the modern nation-state and its definitive emancipation from the naive notions of "people" and "citizen"
The 1915 French denaturalization law applied only to naturalized citizens with "enemy origins" who had kept their original nationality. Later under
Raymond Poincaré's government, another law was passed in 1927 which entitled the government to denaturalize any new citizen who committed
acts contrary to the national interest.
In 1916, Portugal passed a law which automatically denaturalized all citizens born to a German father.
In 1922, Belgium enacted a law revoking the naturalization of persons accused of having committed "antinational acts" during the war; this was
supplemented in 1934 by a new decree against people "in dereliction of their duties as Belgian citizens."
After 1926 in Italy, people who were deemed not to deserve the Italian citizenship or who were considered to represent a threat to the public order
could lose their naturalization.
Egypt in 1926 and Turkey in 1928 enacted laws authorizing denaturalization of any person threatening the public order. Austria passed a similar law
in 1933 by which it could denaturalize any citizen who participated in a hostile action against the state. Russia also passed several similar decrees
after 1921.[92]
In 1933, Nazi Germany passed a law authorizing it to denaturalize any person "living abroad" and began restricting the citizenship rights of
naturalized citizens of Jewish origin, followed in 1935 by citizens by birth on the basis of the Nuremberg laws.
During Vichy France, 15,000 persons, mostly Jews, were denaturalized (between June 1940 and August 1944), following the setting up, in July
1940, of a Commission charged of revision of naturalizations since the 1927 reform of the nationality law.[93]
After World War II
In the United States

Loss of U.S. citizenship was a consequence of foreign military service based on Section 349(a)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act until its
provisions were found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1967 in Afroyim v. Rusk.[94][95]
Yaser Esam Hamdi was a U.S. citizen captured in Afghanistan in 2001. He was fighting against U.S. and Afghan Northern Alliance forces, siding
with the Taliban. He was named by the Bush administration as an illegal enemy combatant, and militarily detained in the country for almost three
years without receiving any charges. On September 23, 2004, the U.S. Justice Department agreed to release Hamdi to Saudi Arabia on the condition
that he give up his U.S. citizenship, though since it was done under duress it is possible that he can later reclaim it.
In the United Kingdom

Section 4 of the British Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002[96] gave power to the Home Secretary to ‘deprive a person of a citizenship
status if the Secretary of State is satisfied that the person has done anything seriously prejudicial to the vital interests’ of the United Kingdom etc.,
except in the case where such might render the person stateless.[97]
In Canada
Under Canadian citizenship law citizenship can be revoked by an order from the federal cabinet if:
Naturalized Canadians is convicted of fraud in relation to their citizenship application or original admission to Canada as an immigrant[98]
In the past (pre-1977) revoking citizenship was more broad:
Naturalization in another country

Long residence overseas (before 1967)
Loss based on parent's loss of Canadian citizenship
Those who are revoked can appeal to the Federal Court of Canada.
In South Africa
In Apartheid-era South Africa, the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970, removed South
African citizenship from Black South Africans, making them citizens of nominally-
independent or self-governing tribal "homelands", the Bantustans — none of which
achieved international recognition. In parallel with the creation of the homelands, South
Africa's black population was subjected to a massive programme of forced relocation. It has
been estimated that 3.5 million people were forced from their homes from the 1960s
through the 1980s, many being resettled in the Bantustans.
With the demise of the apartheid regime in South Africa in 1994, the Bantustans were
dismantled and their territory reincorporated into the Republic of South Africa. The drive
to achieve this was spearheaded by the African National Congress as a central element of
its programme of reform. The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act itself was repealed by the
1993 Interim Constitution, with all citizens being restored to their South African
citizenship.
Map of the black homelands in South Africa at the
end of Apartheid in 1994
See also
Citizenship
Permanent residency
History of citizenship
European Convention on Nationality
Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
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External links
Media related to Naturalization at Wikimedia Commons
PoliticosLatinos.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20070928151630/http://www.politicoslatinos.com/2008candidates-videos.html) Videos of

2008 US Presidential Election Candidates' Positions regarding Immigration
Naturalization First Appeared in the Constitution (https://archive.today/20130126034522/http://www.i-newswire.com/pr237819.html)
EUDO CITIZENSHIP Observatory (http://www.eudo-citizenship.eu)
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18/09/2019 Naturalization - Wikipedia

Performed military service with the French Army;

Loss of previous citizenship

Jus sanguinis: for birth;

Age 18 or older, or married

At least 18 years old.

The requirements are as follows:[17]

Five years legal residence in the UK

The INA states the following:

Country Residence requirement Dual citizenship Notes Main article Ref

Albania Continuous [29]

Angola Continuous [31]

Argentina Continuous [32]

Belgium Continuous [35]

Barbados 5 years Barbadian nationality law [37][38]

Belarus 7 years Yes Belarusian nationality law [39]

Benin 10 years Yes Beninese nationality law

Belize 5 years Yes Belizean nationality law

Bhutan 20 years No Bhutanese nationality law [40]

Brazil Uninterrupted [42]

Country Residence requirement Dual citizenship Notes Main article Ref

Cambodia 5 years Yes Cambodian nationality law

Denmark Continuous [52]

Country Residence requirement Dual citizenship Notes Main article Ref

Five years over

Country Residence requirement Dual citizenship Notes Main article Ref

Kazakhstan 5 years No Kazakhstani nationality law

Yes, under certain

Country Residence requirement Dual citizenship Notes Main article Ref

Eight years for

Monaco Continuous [63]

Netherlands Continuous [66]

Paraguay 3 years Paraguayan nationality law [70]

Country Residence requirement Dual citizenship Notes Main article Ref

Portugal Continuous [71]

Serbia Continuous [75]

Spain Two to five [77][78][79]

Taiwan Nationality law of the Republic

Country Residence requirement Dual citizenship Notes Main article Ref

Tonga 5 years Tongan nationality law

United Arab Emirates 30 years No Emirati nationality law

Before World War I

Between World Wars

After World War II

In the United States

In the United Kingdom

Naturalization in another country

16. "Application to Renounce Malaysia Citizenship" (http://www.kln.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=218250&folderId=228818&name=D

PoliticosLatinos.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20070928151630/http://www.politicoslatinos.com/2008candidates-videos.html) Videos of

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