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Lecture 6 : Electronic Configurations
6.1. Energy Level of Electrons
‐ Energy levels fill from the lowest energy
‐ Each shell has an increasing number of sub shells
‐ The number (n) is called the principal quantum number
‐ Energy levels increases as n increases
‐ Order: 1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p
6.2. Representing Orbitals
1s orbital
‐ Orbitals of s sub – shell are spherical
‐ Electron is more likely to be found near the nucleus
2s orbital
‐ Larger in size than 1s
‐ Higher in energy than 1s
2p orbitals
‐ p orbitals are dumbbell shaped
‐ There are 3 types of p orbitals px py and pz in a sub shell
n=3
‐ 3s, 3p and 3d
‐ 5 types of d orbitals in a d sub – shell
n = 4
‐ 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f
‐ 7 types of orbitals in f sub shell
6.3. Rules for Writing Electronic Configurations
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
‐ Each orbital can hold no more than 2 electrons
‐ Two electrons in the same orbital have opposing spins
Aufbau Principle
‐ Electrons fill orbitals starting with the lowest energy orbital
Hund’s Rule
‐ Electrons enter the lowest energy unoccupied orbital first
‐ Orbitals of identical energy are first occupied singly by electrons with parallel spins
‐ Only when each equivalent orbital has a single electron the electrons can pair
Lecture 7 : Bonds
7.1. Intramolecular bonds
‐ Bonds between atoms
Covalent Bonds
‐ Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
‐ One atom pulls the electrons in the bond closer to its side
‐ Can be single, double or triple
Polar Covalent Bond
‐ Electronegativity difference is intermediate
‐ Bond polarity
‐ Atom with the larger electron density = partial negative charge
‐ Atom with electron deficiency = partial positive charge
‐ Unequal electron sharing results in a dipole moment
‐ E.g. HF
Non‐Polar Covalent Bond
‐ Identical/Similar electronegativities
‐ Share electrons equally
‐ No dipole moment
‐ E.g. Cl2
Network Covalent Bonds
‐ A network solid or covalent network solid is a chemical compound in which the
atoms are bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous network
‐ SiO2 forms a network of polar covalent bonds
‐ Very high melting point
‐ Don’t conduct electricity except graphene
Metallic Bonds
‐ Atoms of metals (+) bond together by electrons (‐)
‐ Free electrons are shared
‐ Free electrons are free to move throughout the lattice
Ionic Bonds
‐ Involves large difference in electronegativity
‐ Positive ions bonds to negative ion
‐ E.g. NaCl
7.2. Intermolecular Bonds
‐ Bonds between molecules
Dispersion Force/London Force
‐ Temporary polarity in molecules due to unequal electron distribution
‐ Present in all molecules
‐ Weak force
Dipole – Dipole Forces
‐ Permanent polarity in molecules leads to attractive forces
‐ Elevates BP and MP
‐ Moderate force
Hydrogen Bonding
‐ Strong dipole – dipole attraction
‐ Occurs when H is attached to electronegative atom
‐ Hydrogen has no other e‐, when pulled away, nucleus is de – shielded, exposing the H
proton
‐ Moderate force
Ion Dipole Forces
‐ Electrostatic attraction between an ion and a polar molecule
‐ E.g. NaCl in water
Dipole – Induced – Dipole Forces
‐ A weak attraction that results when a polar molecule induces a dipole in an atom or in a
nonpolar molecule by disturbing the arrangement of electrons in the nonpolar species. It
is the attraction between a dipolar molecule & a polarizable molecule
7.3. Classification of Matter based on Bond Type
Elements
Atomic Metallic (single type of atom)
‐ Held together by metallic bonds
‐ Generally malleable and ductile, lustrous, soft to hard, excellent thermal and electrical
conduction and range of mpt and bpt
Atomic Covalent (single type of atom)
‐ Atoms held together by covalent bonds
‐ Generally very hard, high mpt, poor thermal and electrical conduction (except graphene)
Atomic Non – Bonding (single type of atom)
Molecular (two atoms bonded together) (H2, O2)
Compounds
Ionic
‐ Held together by ionic bonds
‐ Hard, brittle and have high mpt
‐ Poor thermal insulation
‐ Good conductivity in solution
‐ E.g. NaCl
Molecular (H2O)
‐ Held together by covalent bonds
‐ Low to medium mpt
‐ Poor thermal and electrical conduction