Contrast a developed and developing country, comparing energy balances, demand,

imports-exports, infrastructures.

Table of Contents

Bulgaria ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Greece ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Table 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Sankey Diagrams ....................................................................................................................... 7
Bulgaria‘s energy balance...................................................................................................... 7
Greece‘s energy balance ....................................................................................................... 8
Table 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 9

Bulgaria
Regarding energy growth toward its national pursuits under the Europe 2020
strategy 1 , Bulgaria is predicted to obtain its goal for lowering greenhouse gas
emissions and increasing the share of renewable energy. Bulgaria has taken measures
to enhance electricity efficiency; however energy consumption remained above the
indicative countrywide targets. Bulgaria stays the most energy-intensive economic
system in the EU through a huge margin2. However, in 2016 power consumption per
unit of GDP were three instances below the EU common basis (European
Commission, (2017c). This inefficient use of power is stopping Bulgaria from wholly
exploiting the plausible of its incredibly low energy prices.
In 2016, the greenhouse fuel depth of Bulgaria's financial system was once 4.3
instances greater than the EU common (European Commission 2017c). Bulgaria
exceeded its 2017 indicative goal as set below the Renewable Energy Directive by the
European Union. The 2017 stage of the renewable power share in gross consumption
stood at 18.7 %, properly above the 16 % target.
Consumption per capita is 2.7 toe (15% decrease than the EU common in 2017), with
electricity accounting for about four 450 kWh in 2017 (21% under the EU average).

1
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2011_energy2020_en_0.pdf
2
https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_import/2019-european-semester-country-report-
bulgaria_en.pdf

1
Total electricity consumption contracted via 2.8%/year between 2006 and 2013,
reaching 17 Mtoe in 2013. It has been developing again, so as Bulgaria has
accomplished 19 Mtoe in 2017.

Bulgaria is pushing ahead to modernize and enhance its fuel network. On the other
hand, Bulgaria still lacks access to diversified sources of gas; bilateral trade and
market-based balancing are in their infancy; an organized exchange for standardized
gas commodity buying and selling is not yet operational and some problems with the
functioning of the interior market stay unresolved.
Energy effectivity indicative countrywide target:
16.9 Mtoe in predominant energy consumption (PEC)
8.6 Mtoe in ultimate energy consumption (FEC)
Bulgaria is buying nearly all its gasoline from its single dealer by means of the single
supply route through Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Romania. The highly bad
buying and selling choice is in addition compounded by means of a market shape
which is dominated through a common incumbent business enterprise and a lack of
transparency and have an impact on a wholesale rate formation.
Market concentration numbers and price tiers reflect poorly the EU average: 2015
HHI numbers for Bulgaria and the EU stood respectively at 9484 and 4771. Between
2013 and 2016, retail expenses for the median purchaser band for households
expanded through much less than 1 Euro Cent / kWh, while the shares of taxes and
levies remained stable. When measured in buying strength standards per unit of
energy, the Bulgarian retail fees appear lots nearer to the EU average.

2
Source: Eurostat, 2017

In 2015 Bulgarian residential customers used 51.8 ktoe of natural gas, representing
about 2.4% of the ultimate energy consumption of households and less than 2% of the
gross inland consumption of herbal gas

In 2015, the Bulgarian important and ultimate strength consumption improved for a
2d year in a row, attaining respectively 17.9 Mtoe and 9.5 Mtoe. Both values are
about 1 Mtoe above the indicative countrywide pursuits for 2020, with the avenue
transport region and the industry recording the biggest annual increases.

Source: Eurostat 2017

Bulgaria’s Energy Consumption statistics was stated at 9,749.500 TOE th in Dec 2018. This
records an enlarge from the preceding wide variety of 9,742.000 TOE th for Dec 2017.
Bulgaria’s Energy Consumption information is up to date yearly, averaging 9,150.900 TOE th

3
from Dec 1997 to 2018, with 22 observations3. The data reached an all-time excessive of
9,953.100 TOE th in 2006 and a document low of 8,436.000 TOE th in 2000. Bulgaria’s
Energy Consumption records stays active status in CEIC and is reported through National
Statistical Institute of Bulgaria.

Greece
According to the 2016 EU Reference Scenario 4 Greece's energy dependency is
projected to remain high at 70.6% in 2020, while by 2030 it is expected to decline
marginally to 69.6%.

Given this country's high energy dependence on imported fuels, it is reasonable to ask
whether it can be reduced, what realistic goals can be set, and how the State could in
the coming years design and implement an appropriate policy.

Long-term energy planning must meet four main requirements: (a) improving energy
efficiency, (b) adequacy of energy sources and uninterrupted supply, (c) lower
geopolitical risk and (d) competitive prices. In Greece, in particular, it should aim for
optimum use of lignite in medium-term power generation (ie, higher output, by
improving the energy efficiency of lignite units and limiting emissions) and the
gradual reliance on oil. Priority is also given to the brave reduction of oil in the
islands' electricity production and the further penetration of natural gas, especially in
industry and the building sector, in combination with RES applications. If Greece
certifies commercially exploitable quantities of hydrocarbons by the end of 2020
through the beginning of 2021, then it is not excluded that by the end of 2025 it will
be able to produce sufficient quantities, which are expected to lead to a reduction in
oil and gas imports and by consequently a reduction in dependence on these fuels.

The country's lignite production is at a high level (4.4 Mtoe in 2016). According to
the latest IENE data, electricity imports to Greece amounted to 8.7 TWh in 2017
minus exports of 0.9 TWh with a final result of 7.8 TWh. According to the IPTO on
the interconnected system, the share of international interconnections in the energy
balance has fallen from 17% in 2016 to 12% in 2017. The evolution of the European
Community framework makes regional cooperation increasingly necessary to
consolidate a wide range of areas functions.

Based on the recent European Regulation 1983/2017 issued in November 2017, EU

Member States are now invited to jointly assess the risk and disturbance factors in
both electricity and gas and to formulate coordinated crisis prevention plans and of
emergencies. Particularly noteworthy is that by 1st of December countries should have
signed the foreseen solidarity arrangements between the countries to ensure the
supply of vulnerable consumers and critical infrastructure in emergency situations. As

3
https://www.ceicdata.com/en/bulgaria/energy-and-non-energy-consumption/energy-consumption
4
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/20160713%20draft_publication_REF2016_
v13.pdf

4
can be seen from the statistics summarizing Greece's net imports per ktoe but also on
a percentage basis, in 2015, 2025 and 2030, the share of net oil imports is expected to
decline by about 5% in 2025, compared to current situation (2015), and will remain at
approximately the same level until 2030.5

There has been a significant decline in lignite production, by 30% in 2016 compared
to 2015, but still represents more than 50% of Greece's total energy production. The
rest of the energy production comes from RES, of which the production of biofuels
and waste represents the largest share, followed by solar, hydro and wind. Oil
production amounted to about 1.3 Mtoe in the mid-1980s, but has dropped to
negligible levels (0.16 Mtoe in 2016).

High lignite production allows Greece to be almost self-sufficient in its consumption.

However, low oil production and almost zero natural gas production are
leadingGreece to the need of importingthese fuels. It should be emphasized that total
energy production accounts for less than one third of total primary energy supply in
the country.

Source: IEA, 2017

5
IENE (2017), “SE Europe Energy Outlook 2016-2017”, Athens, May 2017,
http://www.iene.gr/page.asp?pid=4187&lng=1

5
Table 1
YEAR
COAL NATURAL GAS NUCLEAR HYDRO BIOFUELS OIL WIND SOLAR
GREECE BULGARIA GREECE BULGARIA GREECE BULGARIA GREECE BULGARIA GREECE BULGARIA GREECE BULGARIA GREECE BULGARIA
1990 8066 8670 138 5396 152 3821 59 161 893 172 12071 9454
1995 8389 7601 44 4584 303 4503 88 199 935 212 12851 6002
2000 9038 6398 1705 2931 318 4747 139 230 1009 558 14879 4139
2005 8952 6915 2354 2804 431 4875 222 373 1015 751 16951 4799 33
2010 7863 6904 3235 2300 641 3996 446 435 1076 934 13854 3873 103
2015 5606 6600 2677 2595 524 4023 939 487 1403 1232 11210 4240 299
2017 4636 6122 4117 2762 498 4067 1154 243 1284 1344 10390 4325 308

Source: IEA, 2019

Source:IEA, 2019

The table below shows that the sectors where Greece and Bulgaria are fundamentally based
on their energy efficiency are oil and carbon. On the other hand we can observe that Greece
and Bulgaria lag behind in development of energy sectors such as hydroelectricity and
biofuels.

Furhermore gas is an area in which Bulgaria, although a developing country has developed a
lot that is why Bulgaria relies on natural gas. This happens also referring to nuclear power.

Below we also can observe that Bulgaria imports a lot of oil whereas Greece exports a great
amount of natural gas.

6
Sankey Diagrams

Bulgaria‘s energy balance

7
Greece‘s energy balance

8
Table 2
Greece Bulgaria
Electricity - production 52.05 billionkWh (2016 est.) 42.29 billionkWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - consumption 56.89 billionkWh (2016 est.) 32.34 billionkWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports 1.037 billionkWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - imports 9.833 billionkWh (2016 est.)
Oil - production 4,100 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Oil - imports 484,300 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Oil - exports 3,229 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Oil - provedreserves 10 millionbbl (1 January 2018
est.)
9.187 billionkWh (2017 est.)
4.568 billionkWh (2016 est.)
1,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
133,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
15 millionbbl (1 January 2018
est.)

Naturalgas - 991.1 million cu m (1 January 5.663 billion cu m (1 January

provedreserves 2018 est.) 2018 est.)

Naturalgas - production 8 millioncu m (2017 est.) 79.28 millioncu m (2017 est.)

Naturalgas - consumption 4.927 billioncu m (2017 est.) 3.313 billioncu m (2017 est.)

Naturalgas - exports 0 cu m (2017 est.) 31.15 millioncu m (2017 est.)

Naturalgas - imports 4.984 billioncu m (2017 est.) 3.256 billioncu m (2017 est.)
Electricity - 19.17 millionkW (2016 est.) 10.75 millionkW (2016 est.)
installedgeneratingcapacity

Electricity - 57% of total installed 39% of total installed

fromfossilfuels capacity (2016 est.) capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - 14% of total installed 23% of total installed

fromhydroelectricplants capacity (2017 est.) capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - 0% of total installed 20% of total installed

fromnuclearfuels capacity (2017 est.) capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other 29% of total installed 19% of total installed

renewable sources capacity (2017 est.) capacity (2017 est.)

Refinedpetroleumproduc 655,400 bbl/day (2017 est.) 144,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)

ts - production

Refinedpetroleumproduc 304,100 bbl/day (2017 est.) 97,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

ts - consumption

Refinedpetroleumproduc 371,900 bbl/day (2017 est.) 92,720 bbl/day (2015 est.)

ts - exports

Refinedpetroleumproduc 192,200 bbl/day (2017 est.) 49,260 bbl/day (2015 est.)

ts - imports

9
 Carbon dioxide emissions 69.37 millionMt (2017 est.) 46.31 millionMt (2017 est.)
from consumption of
energy

Electricityaccess electrification - electrification -

totalpopulation: 100% (2016) totalpopulation: 100% (2016)

10