WRITTING FORMAL

- avoid the uses of “ ‘ “ for example, I am : correct. I’m : not correct

- avoid using “you”, get often rid “I” and “we”
- passive sound not active sentence
- HOW TO MAKE FORMAL LETTER : opening and closing, intro topic, describe problem, what
do you want, ending (look forward,await)

QUESTION TYPES
- Knowledge Questions : for example, define “….” (key : outline,define,describe,give)
- Comprehension Questions : for example, give 3 examples of “…..” (key :
explain,summarize,illustrate,paraphrase)
- Application Questions : for example, show how “…” will affect “…” (key :
apply,show,generalize,organize,solve)
- Analysis Questions : for example, compare “…” and “…” as “….” (key :
analyze,compare,categorize,distinguish)
- Synthesis Questions : for example, design an “….” (key : design,plan,produce,develop)
- Evaluation Questions : for example, discuss the argument “….” (key :
discuss,evaluate,examine,explore,recommend)

PRE-WRITING PHASE
- mindmaps
- list of interesting concepts, facts and Q&A
- conversation
-organize
WRITING PHASE
- remain focused on main idea
- follow outline
- concentrate on structure NOT spelling
PRESENTATION PHASE
- check for spelling, punctuation, grammatical mistakes
- font size, margins, line spacing, paper size

ACADEMIC WRITING
- limit the first person pronouns (the aim of this study is to …)
- passive forms (focus on verb NOT noun)
- complex noun phrases

COMPARISON ESSAY
- intro
- similarity of X & Y
- difference of X & Y
- conclusion, first summarize and second make own opinion

ARGUMENT ESSAY
- intro
- introduce argument (from expert)
- development (reasons and data support)
- counter argument (opinion different)
- conclusion (evidence, examples, details,reasons)

WRITING A REPORT
- title
- content list
- summary
- introduction (background)
- body of report (mist factual)
- conclusions (my opinions)
- recommendations
- appendices (cross reference)
- bibliography (list of other publications)

WRITING A REVIEW
- introduction (general comments)
- plot (brief summary what happens)
- characters (brief describe and comment)
- other information (anything important)
- conclusion (personal recommendation)

WRITING CV/RESUME
- name, address, telp, email
- objective (what problems)
- profile education and qualification (put recent at first)
- work experience (opt)
- skills
- interests (avoid vague, reading/travel)

SPEAKING SKILLS
- make eye contact
- “let’s see now” to buy thngs
- use question tag (isn’t it?)
- discuss all opinion and choice

ORAL PRESENTATION
- beginning with joke and fact suprising story
- close with summary and questions
- don’t put too much in presentation

YEARS
1999 : nineteen ninety-nine
1608 : sixteen o eight
1700 : seventeen hundred
2000 : two thousand
AD 76 / A.D 76 (ad seventy - six) : After Christian calendar
1000 BC : Before Christian calendar

PRONOUNCIATION BRITISH
- stress vowel : longer (pOcket : ae is longer)
- /r/ pronounce is silent (car, learn). but pronounce before vowel (red,bedroom)
- pronoun t as /t/ (waTer : not “d” pronounce)
- /j:/ (fall) usually. use diphtory for a/o