Chapter 3 : First Law of Thermodynamics

1.1 First law of thermodynamics

1.2 I law for closed system and non cyclic process
1.3 Internal energy
1.4 Expression for Internal energy and Heat for different processes
1.5 I law for open system and SFEE
1.6 Problems
1.7 Summery

Concepts in chapter 3:
 Joule experiment, I law to closed and open system
 Concept of Internal energy,PMM1
 Steady flow energy equation
 Equation for heat and Internal energy in thermodynamic processes
1.1 Joule Experiment: First law applied to closed system, cyclic process
This chapter covers the first law of thermodynamics in detail. In 1840 an Englishman named James
Prescott Joule conducted an experiment to establish relation between heat and work and laid the
foundation for first law of thermodynamics. He has conducted an experiment to show that work can
be converted to heat. The experimental set up is as shown in figure. It consists of an insulated
container having fluid filled inside and a thermometer to measure temperature with a stirrer
connected to a pulley and a weight pan at the end. As the weight falls freely the pulley rotates and in
turn rotates the stirrer. Due to the stirring action the fluid temperature rises. W can observe that
falling weight does some work which in turn is converted to heat. Hence from above experiment it is
observed that heat and work are inter convertible. By the law of conservation of energy, the net
work done by the system is equal to the net heat supplied to the system. Thus the first law of
thermodynamics can therefore be stated as follows:“When a system undergoes a thermodynamic
cyclic process, then the net heat supplied to the system from the surroundings is equal to the net
work done by the system on its surrounding”.

i.e.,  Q =  W
If in a cycle more than one heat and work interaction are involved then,
1 Q2 + 2 Q3 + 3 Q4 + 4 Q1 = 1 W 2 + 2 W 3 + 3 W 4 + 4 W 1
Thus the first law for a closed system undergoing a cyclic process is stated as “When a closed system
is undergoing a cyclic process the algebraic sum of heat transfers is equal to the algebraic sum of the
work transfers”.
1.2 First law for a closed system undergoing a non cyclic process: (Show that energy is property)
“If a system undergoes a change of state during which both heat transfer and work transfer are
involved, the net energy transfer will be stored or accumulated within the system”
Q-W=ΔE
Q= ΔE+W
Consider a system that undergoes a cycle, changing from state 1 to state 2 by process A and
returning from state 2 to state 1 by process B.

We have from 1st law of thermodynamics, ∮ ∂Q = ∮ ∂W

For the process, 1-A-2-B-1, ∮ ∂Q = ∮ ∂W
Considering the two separate processes, we have
∫ +∫ =∫ +∫ -------1

Now consider another cycle, the system changing from state 1 to state 2 by process A, as before and
returning to state 1 by process C. For this cycle we can write
∫ +∫ =∫ +∫ --- (2)
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
∫ −∫ =∫ +∫
Or, by rearranging, ∫ − =∫ −
Since B and C represent arbitrary processes between state 1 to state 2, we conclude that the
quantity (Q - W) is the same for all processes between state 1 and state 2.  (Q - W) depends
only on the initial and final states and not on the path followed between the two states. This is a
point function and differential is a property of the system. This property is called the energy of the
system, E. Therefore, we can write
Q - W = dE
Or Q = dE + W
If it is integrated between initial and final states, 1 and 2, we get
Q1-2 = E2 – E1 + W1-2
i.e., Q1-2 - W1-2 = E2 – E1
The above equation is the statement of first law for a closed system undergoing a non cyclic process,
where Q1-2 represents the net heat transfer between the system and the surroundings during the
process, W1-2 represents net work transfer between the system and the surroundings during the
process and (E2 – E1) represents the change in the energy of the system during the process.
The energy E is an extensive property and Specific energy is an intensive property but the energy has
all forms like potential energy, Kinetic energy, flow energy and other forms of energy also.
Thus ΔE= ΔKE + ΔPE +ΔU+ Flow energy+ other energy
When this equation is applied to a closed system we neglect all other energy except Internal energy
Q1-2 - W1-2 = ΔU
Q1-2 - W1-2 = U2 – U1
1.3 Internal energy: Internal energy in the energy associated with internal structure of matter. It is
the energy due to vibration, rotation of the molecules in a gas. It is the stored energy and a function
of temperature.
PMM1(Perpetual Machine of first kind)
“It is impossible to construct a machine which can do continuous work without receiving energy
from other systems or surroundings”. Such a machine is called PMM1.
Internal energy is property of a system:
Let there be a cyclic process following the path 1-A-2-B-1
From 1st Law we can write

∂Q + ∂Q = ∂W + ∂W

Let there be another cyclic process following the path 1-A-2-C-1 as shown in figure, for this path
from first law

∂Q + ∂Q = ∂W + ∂W

Subtract second equation from first

∂Q − ∂Q = ∂W + ∂W

Or, by rearranging, ∫ − =∫ −

Q  W  dU
dU2-B-1= dU2-C-1
Thus the internal energy do not depend on path but depend on end states and hence is a point
function and property.

Specific heat :
When interaction of heat takes place between a closed system and its surroundings, the
internal energy of the system changes. If δQ is the amount of heat transferred to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of substance by dT, then, specific heat C = δQ/dT

As we know, the specific heat of gas depends not only on the temperature but also upon the type of
the heating process. i.e., specific heat of a gas depends on whether the gas is heated under constant
volume or under constant pressure process.
 We have δQ = m CV. dT for a rev. non-flow process at constant volume
and δQ = m Cp. dT for a rev. non-flow process at constant pressure
For a perfect gas, Cp & CV are constant for any one gas at all pressure and temperatures. Hence,
integrating above equations.
Flow of heat in a rev. constant pressure process = m Cp (T2 – T1)
Flow of heat in a rev. constant volume process = m CV (T2 – T1)
The internal energy of a perfect gas is a function of temperature only. i.e, u = f (T), to evaluate this
function, let 1 kg of gas be heated at constant volume
From non-flow energy equation, δQ = dU + δW
δW = 0 since volume remains constant
δQ = dU = CV. dT
Int. U = CVT + k where k is a constant
For mass m, Int. energy = m CVT
Any process between state 1 to state 2,
Change in int. energy = m CV (T2 – T1)
(U2 – U1) = m CV (T2 – T1)
The relationship between Cp & CV & R
Cp – Cv = R ; = = & =
Enthalpy: Consider a system undergoing a quasi equilibrium constant pressure process. We have
from 1st law of thermodynamics for a non-flow process,
Q1-2 = U2 – U1 + W1-2
W1-2 =  12 pdv
Since pressure is constant W1-2 = p (V2 – V1)
Q1-2 = U2 – U1 + p (V2 – V1)
= (U2 + p2V2) – (U1 + p1V1)
i.e., heat transfer during the process is given in terms of the change in the quantity (U + pV) between
initial and final states. Therefore, it find more convenient in thermodynamics to define this sum as a
property called Enthalpy (H)
i.e., H = U + pV
In a constant pressure quasi equilibrium process, the heat transfer is equal to the change in
enthalpy which includes both the change in internal energy and the work for this particular process.

The enthalpy of a fluid is the property of the fluid, since it consists of the sum of a property and the
product of the two properties. Since enthalpy is a property, like internal energy, pressure, specific
volume and temperature, it can be introduced into any problem whether the process is a flow or a
non-flow process.

For a perfect gas, we have h = u + pV

= CV T + RT
= (CV + R) T
= CpT
i.e., h = CpT & H = mCpT
For any process, δQ = dH
= mCpdT
For a process between states 1 & 2
Change in enthalpy = (H2 – H1) = mCp (T2 – T1)

Specific heat at Constant Volume:

When heat interaction takes place at constant volume, δW = 0 and from 1st law of thermodynamics,
for unit mass, (δq)V = dU

The amount of heat supplied or removed per degree change in temperature, when the system is
kept under constant volume, is called as the specific heat at constant volume,

Or = =
Or dU = CV dT

Specific heat at Constant pressure

When heat interaction is at constant pressure, (δq)p = dh

The amount of heat added or removed per degree change in temperature, when the system is kept
under constant pressure, is called as the specific heat at constant pressure.

Or = =
Or dh = Cp. dT

Equation of State:

1 2

V
Process 1-2: Constant pressure process
Process 2-3: Constant Temperature process
For 1-2, =
For 2-3, =
=

= as P2=P1 and T2=T3

=
= , The magnitude of this constant C depends upon the particular gas and it is denoted by R
where R is called the specific gas constant.
=
The equation of state for perfect gas is PV=mRT where m= mass of gas in kg
The equation of state for perfect gas can also be written as
= Where = Molar volume, = , M=Molecular weight and
= Molar or Universal gas constant and its value is 8.314 kJ/kgmolK

Specific heat capacities of an ideal gas:

Specific heat at constant volume is defined by : =
Since enthalpy, h=u+pv and h=f(T) then specific heat at constant pressure =
h = u+PV = u + RT
ℎ
= +

CP=CV+R
CP-CV=R
1.4 Processes: Expression for Heat in different processes:
1. Isochoric or Constant volume process

Work done: = ∫ =0
Heat transfer: − =
−0 =
=
Internal energy:
=
=
Enthalpy:
 ℎ
=
ℎ=

2. Isobaric or constant pressure process

Work done: = ∫ =P2V2 – P1V1= P(V2 – V1)

Heat transfer: : − =
= +
=( − )+( − )
=( + )−( + )
=( − )
change in enthalpy.
Internal energy:
=
=
Enthalpy:
ℎ
=
ℎ=

3. Isothermal or constant Temperature process

=
PV=Constant
Work done: =∫ =∫
=
Heat transfer:
= +
=( − )+
= 0+
 =
Internal energy:
=
= =0
Enthalpy:
ℎ
=
ℎ= =0

4. Isentropic or reversible adiabatic process

Heat transfer Q = 0
Relationship between P and V:

From first law : du + Pdv =0

Cv dT + Pdv =0
=−
From equation of state: PV=RT
PdV+VdP=RdT
+ = −
+ = − −

+ = − +
+ = (− + )
+ =0
+ =0
Integrating
+ =0
Ƴ
PV =C
Work done: : = ∫ =∫
= ∫

= { }
[ ]
=
[ ]
=
Internal energy:
Q – W=du
0 – W = U2 – U1
 [ ]
U1 – U2 =W = .
Enthalpy:
ℎ
=
ℎ= =0

5. Polytropic process:

PVƳ=C
Work done: : =∫ =∫
= ∫
= { }
[ ]
=
[ ]
=
Heat transfer:
=( − )+
( − )
= ( − )+
−1
( − )
= − ( − )
−1
R
but Cv 
 1
( − ) ( − )
= −
−1 −1

−1− +1
= ( − )[ ]
( − 1)( − 1)

−
= ( − )
−1

−
=
−1
 1.5 First law applied to open system or Steady flow energy equation:

δW

dE1 d[E]0 dE2

δQ

Consider an open system as shown in figure. Let the mass flow rate at inlet as m1 and mass flow rate
at exit as m2. Let U1,P1,v1,V1, Z1 are internal energy, pressure, Specific volume, velocity and elevation
of the fluid at inlet and U2,P2,v2,V2, Z2 are internal energy, pressure, Specific volume, velocity and
elevation of the fluid at exit. The total heat transfer is Q kJ/kg and total work transfer is W kJ/kg. The
stored energy is d[E]0
Applying I law of thermodynamics we can write

− + 1 + + + = 2 + + + + [ ]
2 2
SFEE is developed on the basis of the following assumptions.
i) The mass flow rate through the C.V. is constant, i.e., mass entering the C.V. / unit time =
mass leaving the C.V. /unit time. This implies that mass within the C.V. does not change.ie
m1=m2=m
ii) The state and energy of a fluid at the entrance and exit do not vary with time, i.e., there is
no change in energy within the C.V. d[E]0=0
iii) The rates of heat and work transfer into or out of the C.V. do not vary with time. Q  f (t) &
W  f (t)

+ + + + = + 2 + + +
2 2

− ( − )
− = − + − + +
2000 1000
 − ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

Or

− ( − )
− = [ℎ − ℎ + + ]
2000 1000

Displacement work for a flow process (open system):

From SFEE, when changes in kinetic & potential energies are neglected, δq – δW = dh
δW = δq – dh
δW=du+Pdv-d(u+PV)
δW=du+Pdv-du-Pdv-vdP
W = - vdp

Application of SFEE:

i) Nozzle and Diffuser: Nozzle is a duct of varying c/s area in which the velocity increases with a
corresponding drop in pressure, the flow is assumed to be adiabatic and also there is no
work interaction during the process, i.e., Ws = 0, Q = 0, Z1 = Z2

V1 V2

Z1 Z2 = Z1

− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

−
ℎ −ℎ =
2000

= 2000(ℎ − ℎ ) +

2. Turbine : Turbine is a device produces work by expanding high pressure fluid to low pressure
adiabatically. Here Q=0, PE=0

− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

−
0− = ℎ −ℎ + +0
2000
 −
= ℎ −ℎ +
2000
3. Compressor or Pump:
Compressor is a device in which work is done on the fluid to raise its pressure. Here the work is
negative as work is supplied to system. Q=0,PE=0
− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

−
0− = ℎ −ℎ + +0
2000

−
= ℎ −ℎ +
2000

4. Heat exchanger or Evaporator or Condenser or Radiator:

In a heat exchanger heat is transferred between hot and cold fluids, The work transfer is
zero. W=0,PE=0,KE=0
Q=h2-h1
5. Boiler: It is equipment used for the generation of the steam. Thermal energy released by
combustion of fuel is transferred to water which vapourizes to steam at the required pressure and
temperature. Here W=0,PE=0,KE=0
Q=h2-h1

6. Throttling Process: When a fluid steadily through a restricted passages like a partially closed valve,
orifice, porous plug etc., the pressure of the fluid drops substantially and the process is called
throttling. We have W=0,Q=0,PE=0,KE=0
0= ℎ −ℎ
ℎ =ℎ
Unsteady flow process: In a steady flow process we have assumed that the mass and energy within
the system remain constant and do not vary with time. In an unsteady flow process, mass and
energy within the control volume vary continuously. The fluid flow into and out of the system.
Example: Filling or evacuation of a tank, (internal energy as well as mass of the tank changes with
time).

To find out work done on the system, consider a mass in the pipe line (m2 – m1) which is
subjected to a controlled pressure Pp. The flow work due to the flow of mass (m2 – m1) into the
cylinder from the (m2 – m1) vp in the pipe line to a zero volume is
W = Pp [0 – (m2 – m1) vp] = - (m2 – m1) Pp vp
Where vp is the specific volume of the fluid in the pipeline.
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics,

+( − ) = +( − ){ +
2

But hp = up + Ppvp,
+( − ) = +( − ){ + }

= − −( − ){ + }
2
1.6 Problems:

1. A system executes a cyclic process during which there are four heat transfers as follows :
1 Heat transfer of 210 kJ into the system 2 Heat transfer of 20 kJ out of the system 3.heat transfer of
190kJ out of the system 4. 40kJ into the system. The four work transfer out of which three work
transfer are 180000Nm into the system, 200000 Nm out of the system and 300kJ into the system.
Find magnitude and direction of the fourth work.

∑ =∑

+ + + = + + +

= 210 − 20 − 190 + 40 + 180 − 200 + 300

W4=320kJ

Work out of the system

2. An inventor claims to have developed a work producing cycle that receives 1000kJ of heat
and rejects 300kJ of heat produces 700kJ of work. Evaluate his claim.
∑ = 1000 − 300 = 700

∑ = 700

∑ =∑

Claim is valid from first law of thermodynamics view point.

3. A slow chemical reaction takes place in a fluid at a constant pressure of 0.1Mpa. The fluid is
surrounded by a perfect heat insulator during the reaction which begins at state 1 and ends
at state 2. The insulation is then removed and 105kJ of heat flow to the surroundings as the
fluid goes to state 3. The following data are observed for the fluid at states 1, 2 and 3.
State Volume m3 Temperature 0C

1 0.003 20

2 0.3 370

3 0.06 20

Find the energy at state 2 and 3 if at state 1 is zero.

1 2 3
P=C,Q=0 P=C,Q=-105kJ
 = + −

0= ( − )+ −0

0 = 1 1000(0.3 − 0.003) + −0

U2=-29.7kJ

= + −

−105 = ( − )+ + 29.7

U3=-110.7kJ

4. A domestic refrigerator is loaded with food and door is closed. During a certain period of
time the machine consumes 1 kWhr of energy and the energy of the system decreases by
5000kJ. Determine the magnitude and direction of heat transfer for the process.
= −1 3600 = −3600

= + −

= −3600 − 5000 = −8600 [− ℎ ]

5. A mass of 8 kg gas expands with in a flexible container according to law PV1.2=C. The initial
pressure is 1000kPa and initial volume is 1m3. The final pressure is 5kPa. If the specific
internal energy of the gas decreases by 40kJ/kg. Find the magnitude and direction of heat
transfer.

. .
=

. 1000 .
= =1 = 82.7
5

− 1000 1 − 5 82.7
= = = 2932
−1 1.2 − 1

− = −40 8 = −320

= + −

= 2932 − 320 = 2612.5

6. A system receives 180kJ of heat in a constant volume process. Next it undergoes a constant
pressure process in which it rejects 200kJ of heat and receives 50kJ of work a) if the system
is brought back to its original state by an adiabatic process. Determine magnitude and
 direction of work for third process. b) Taking energy at initial state as zero determine energy
at other two state.

+ + = + +

180 − 200 + 0 = 0 − 50 +

W31=30kJ

= + −

180 = 0 + −0

U2=180kJ

= + −

−200 = −50 + − 180

U3=30kJ

7. A vertical cylinder fitted with a friction less piston contains gas at pressure 200000 n/m2. The
upper surface of piston is exposed to atmosphere. The gas executes a cycle by undergoing
the following process in sequence. 1. With the cylinder insulated 1200 Nm stirring work is
done on the gas by a paddle wheel projecting through cylinder wall as a result the gas
temperature rises and piston moves slowly upwards. The increase in volume is 0.0028 m3.2.
with the insulation removed and paddle wheel stationary, heat transfer from gas restores
gas to original state find,Work during process 1, work and heat during process2, increase in
energy of gas during 1 and 2.

= ( − ) = 200000 0.0028 = 560

= + = −1200 + 560 = −640

= ( − ) = 200000(−0.0028) = −560

= + = 0 − 560 = −560

+ = +

0+ = −640 − 560 = −1200

= + −

0 = −640 + −

U2- U1=640kJ
8.The properties of a certain fluid are related as follows U=196+0.718T and PV=0.287(T+273), U is
specific internal energy in kJ/kg, P is pressure in kN/m2,V is specific volume m3/kg. A closed system
consisting of 2 kg of this fluid expands in an irreversible adiabatic process related by PV1.2=C. The
initial conditions are 1Mpa and 2000C and final pressure is 100kPa. Determine the work transfer and
change in internal energy for the process. Evaluate also the value of ∫PdV and comment on result.

= 0.287( + 273)

1000 = 0.287(200 + 273)

V1=0.1357m3/kg
. .
=

. 1000 .
= = 0.1357 = 0.9245 /
100

= 0.287( + 273)

100 0.9245 = 0.287( + 273)

T2=490C

− = 0.718( − )

− = 0.718(200 − 49) = 108.4 /

−
= + − , = ( 2 − 1)
−1
108.4
= = 2 108.4 = 216.8

9.A verticle cylinder of cross sectional area 0.1m2 fitted with a leak proof friction less freely floating
piston contains some air at a pressure of 1.2 bar. The air is agitated by a paddle wheel for 10
minutes. The shaft of the paddle wheel running at 2500 rpm with a torque of 0.5Nm is driven by an
external prime mover. During the same period an electrical resistor housed in the cylinder and
connected to an external 24 volts battery draws a current of 0.45 amps to heat the air. In the said
period find the distance in cm, through which the piston rises, given that heat transfer from the air is
5kJ and that the internal energy of air increases by 2kJ.

= + +

= = 0.45 24 600 = 6480 = 6.48

 2 2 250 0.5
= = 600 = 7.85
60000 60000

−7 = 6.48 − 7.85 +

Wd=7.33kJ

= = ( − )=

7.33 = 1.2 100000 0.1

1000

L=0.61m.

10.A system contains 0.15m3 of air at a pressure 3.8 bar , 1500C. It is then expanded adiabatically till
the pressure falls to 1 bar. The gas is then heated at constant pressure till its enthalpy increases by
70kJ. Determine the total work done.

. 3.8 .
= = 0.15 = 0.389
1

− 3.8 0.15 100 − 1 100 0.389

= = = 45.25
−1 1.4 − 1

= ( − )= ( − )
.
0.15
= = 423 = 289
0.389

= ℎ= ( − )

3.8 100000 0.15

= = = 0.47
287 423

70 = 0.47 1.005( − 289)

T3=437K

= 0.47 0.278(437 − 289) = 19.34

Net work=W12+W23=45.25+19.34=64.59kJ

11.The properties of a system during reversible constant pressure non flow process changed from
200C to 2600C the specific heat of the system is given by = 1.5 + kJ/kgK, where T is in
degree Celsius. Determine the heat added and the work transfer if the increase in internal energy of
the system is 435kJ/kg.

+ 30
= ℎ= = 1.5( − ) + 80
+ 30

290
= 1.5 240 + 80 = 500.62 /
50

− =

= 500.62 − 435 = 65.62 /

12. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions receiving steam at the following state
P=1.2Mpa, T=1880C,h=2785kJ/kg,V=34m/s,Z=3m. Steam leaves at P=20Mpa,
h=2512kJ/kg,V=100m/s,Z=0m. The heat lost to surroundings is 0.29kJ/s. If the steam flow is 0.42 kg/s
find the power output.

0.29
= = = 0.69 /
0.42

− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

100 − 34 9.81(0 − 3)
−0.69 − = 2512 − 2785 + +
2000 1000

W=269.29kJ/kg

= 269.29 0.42 = 113.1

13.A nozzle is device used for increasing velocity of a steadily flowing fluid. At inlet enthalpy is
3000kJ/kg, velocity 60m/s, at exit enthalpy is 2762kJ/kg. Nozzle is horizontal and flow is adiabatic.
Find the velocity at exit, mass flow rate if area at inlet is 0.1m2 and specific volume is 0.187 m3/kg,
exit area if specific volume is 0.498 m3/kg at exit.
 = √2000(ℎ − ℎ ) +

= 2000(3000 − 2762) + 60 = 692.54 /

0.1 60
= = = 32.1 /
0.187

32.1 0.498
= = 0.023
692.5

14. A gas flows through compressor. The gas enters at 100kPa,160C,392kJ/kg and leaves at 0.6Mpa,
2450C,535kJ/kg. There is no heat transfer. Find 1.work supplied neglecting Kinetic energy and
potential energy, 2. Work supplied if the velocities at inlet and exit are 80 and 60 m/s.

1.
− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

0− = 535 − 392 + 0 + 0

W=-143kJ/kg

2.
− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

60 − 80
0− = 535 − 392 + +0
2000

W=-141.6kJ/kg

15.Stream of air and petrol in the ratio 14:1 by mass enters a petrol engine at 300C and leaves the
engine as products of combustion at 7900C. The engine has a specific fuel consumption of 0.3
kg/kWhr. The net heat transfer from engine to surrounding is 35kW. Shaft power output is 26kW.
Find the increase in specific enthalpy of fuel air mixture as it flows through engine.

= 14
 0.3
= = 26 = 0.00217 /
3600

= 0.00217 14 = 0.0304 /

−35
= = = 1074.61 /
+ 0.0304 + 0.00217

26
= = = 798.28 /
+ 0.0304 + 0.00217

− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

− = ℎ −ℎ +0+0

ℎ − ℎ = −1074.61 − 798.28 = 1872.9 /

16.Air flows at the rate of 0.4 kg/s through a compressor enters at V= 6 m/s, P=1 bar,v=0.85m3/kg
and leaves at V= 4.5 m/s, P=6.9bar,v=0.16m3/kg. The internal energy of air leaving is 88 kJ/kg greater
than that of air entering. The heat absorbed by jacket cooling water is 59 W. Find power and inlet
exit areas of the compressor.

− ( − )
− = − + − + +
2000 1000
59
1000
= = = 0.1475 /
0.4

4.5 − 6
−0.1475 − = 88 + 6.9 100 0.16 − 1 100 0.85 + +0
2000

W=-113.35kJ/kg

w=0.4x-113.35= - 45.34kJ/s or kW

= =
 0.4 0.85
= = 0.0567
6
0.4 0.16
= = 0.0142
4.5

17. The working fluid in a steady flow system flows at a rate of 220 kg/min. The fluid rejects 100 kJ/s
of heat passing through the system. The condition of the fluid at inlet and outlet are given as
velocity=220m/pressure=6 bar, internal energy=2000kJ/kg, specific volume=0.36m3/kg and at exit
velocity=140m/pressure=1.2 bar, internal energy=1400kJ/kg, specific volume=1.3m3/kg. Determine
the power output of the system in MW.

100
= = = 27.27 /
220
60

− ( − )
− = − + − + +
2000 1000

140 − 220
−27.27 − = 1400 − 2000 + 1.2 100 1.3 − 6 100 0.36 + +0
2000

W=674.1kJ/kg or w=3.667x674.1=2471.8kW

18. 12 kg of air per minute is delivered by a centrifugal compressor. Pressure, specific volume and
velocity of air inlet are 1 bar, 0.5m3/kg, 10 m/s and at outlet are 9 bar, 0.14 m3/kg and 90 m/s. while
passing through the compressor enthalpy of air increases by 150 kJ/kg and heat lost to surrounding
is 12kW. Find motor power required to drive, ratio of inlet to exit pipe diameter.

12
= = = 60 /
12
60

− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

90 − 10
−60 − = 150 + +0
2000

W=-214 kJ/kg or w=-214 x 0.2= -42.8kW

 = =

90 0.5
= = = = 5.669
10 0.14

19. Air enters a compressor at 200C, 101kPa, exits at 2000C, 600kPa. Assuming adiabatic flow find

1. Work done for unit mass of air if velocity is neglected 2. Work done if velocities are 50m/s and
110m/s at inlet and exit.

− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

0− = ( − )+0+0

0− = 1.005(200 − 20) + 0 + 0

W=-180.9 kJ/kg

−
0− = ( − )+ +0
2000

110 − 50
0− = 1.005(200 − 20) + +0
2000

W=-185.7 kJ/kg

20. A Nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At inlet to a certain
nozzle the enthalpy of the fluid is 3000kJ/kg and velocity is 60m/s. At the discharge end the enthalpy
is 2762kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it. 1. Find the velocity at
exit 2. If the inlet area is 0.1m2 and specific volume at inlet is 0.187m3/kg find the mass flow rate.

3. If the specific volume at the exit of the nozzle 0.498m3/kg. Find the diameter at the exit section of
the nozzle.

= √2000(ℎ − ℎ ) +

= 2000(3000 − 2762) + 60 = 692.54 /

0.1 60
= = = 32.1 /
0.187
 =

32.1 0.498
= = 0.023
692.5

4 0.023
= = 0.171

21. A small turbine runs an aircraft refrigeration system. Air enters the turbine at 4 bar and 400C with
a velocity of 40m/s. At the exit the air is at 1 bar, 2.50C and having velocity 200m/s. If the work
output of the turbine is 52kJ/kg, calculate the heat transferred per kg of air.

− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

200 − 40
− 52 = 1.005(2.5 − 40) + +0
2000

Q=33.5kJ/kg

22. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 4000C, 50m/s, inlet area 240cm2. The temperature of air at exit
is 800C. Given that the specific volume of air at inlet and exit are 0.2 and 1.02m3/kg. Find the area of
cross section at exit. Assume that enthalpy of air as a function of temperature only.

= √2000(ℎ − ℎ ) +

= √2000 ( − )+

= 2000 1.005(400 − 80) + 50 = 803.5 /

0.024 50
= = =6 /
0.2

6 1.02
= = 0.007616
803.5

23. Air at a temperature of 150C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30m/s where its
temperature is raised to 8000C. It then enters a turbine with same velocity of 30m/s and expands
until the temperature falls to 6500C. On leaving the turbine air is taken at a velocity of 60m/s to a
nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to 5000C. if air flow rate is 2kg/s find

1.Rate of heat transfer to the air 2. The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss

3. velocity at exit from nozzle assuming no heat loss.

1.Heat exchanger:

− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

= ( − )+0+0

= 1.005(800 − 15) = 788.93 /

= 788.93 2 = 1577.85

2.Turbine:

− ( − )
− = ℎ −ℎ + +
2000 1000

− ( − )
− = ( − )+ +
2000 1000

60 − 30
0− = 1.005(650 − 800) + +0
2000

W=149.4kJ/kg or w=149.4x2=298.8kW

3. Nozzle:

= √2000(ℎ − ℎ ) +

= √2000 ( − )+

= 2000 1.005(650 − 500) + 60 = 552.36 /

24. In a cooling tower air enters at a height of 1m above ground and leaves at 7m. The inlet and exit
velocities are 20 and 30m/s. Water enters at 8m above and leaves at 0.8m. Water velocities and
temperatures are 3m/s and 1m/s, 800C and 500C at inlet and exit. Air temperature at inlet and exit
are 300C and 700C. Tower is insulated and a fan drives air has capacity of 2.25kW. Find mass of air if
the mass flow rate of water is 1kg/s. Assume specific heat for air as 1.005kJ/kgK and for water as
4.187kJ/kgK.

− ( − )
− + ( − )+ +
2000 1000
− ( − )
= ( − )+ +
2000 1000

20 − 30 9.81(1 − 7)
+ 2.25 + 1.005(30 − 70) + +
2000 1000
1 −3 9.81(0.8 − 8)
= 1 4.187(50 − 80) + +
2000 1000

ma=3.16 kg/s

1.7 Summary: This chapter discusses the first law applied to closed system and open system and
problems on first law of thermodynamics are solved from Previous university question papers.