Additive Manufacturing refers to a process by which digital 3D design data is used to build up a

component in layers by depositing material. The term "3D printing" is increasingly used as a
synonym for Additive Manufacturing. However, the latter is more accurate in that it describes a
professional production technique which is clearly distinguished from conventional methods of
material removal. Instead of milling a workpiece from solid block, for example, Additive
Manufacturing builds up components layer by layer using materials which are available in fine
powder form. A range of different metals, plastics and composite materials may be used.

Advantages:

 Customization – A major advantage in 3d printing. With just a raw material, a blueprint and
a 3d printer, one can print any design no matter how complex it might be.

 Constant Prototyping and Increased Productivity – It enables quick production with a high
number of prototypes or a small-scale version of the real object in less time than using
conventional methods. This helps designers to improve their prototypes, for any design
flaws that may affect the quality of the product.

 Affordability – The initial cost for setting up a 3d printing facility is definitely high; however,
it is much cheaper compared to labor costs and manufacturing costs while using the
conventional way. Adding to it, is the fact that the cost of producing or manufacturing
products using 3d printing technology is equal for small-scale and mass manufacturing.

 Storage – Traditional manufacturing produces additional products that you probably know
you will eventually need thus storage problems arise. However, 3d printing technology,
products can be “printed” when needed thus excess products are eliminated and no storage
cost is required.

 Employment Opportunities – The widespread use of 3d printing technology will definitely

increase the demand for engineers who are needed to design and build these printers.
Technicians who are skilled at troubleshooting and maintenance and Designers to design
blueprints for products and more jobs will be created.

 Health Care – With the advancement of technology, a customizable human body parts and
organs can now be manufactured this technology is termed as Bioprinting. Although right
now this is still experimental, the potential is huge. This breakthrough will not only address
the shortage of organ donors, but also organ rejection since the organs that are built will
consist of the patient’s unique characters and DNA.

Disadvantages

 Decrease in Manufacturing Jobs – The decrease in manufacturing jobs will greatly affect the
economy of countries that rely on a large number of low skill jobs.

 Limited Size – The size of objects created with 3d printers is currently limited however, in the
near future; large items such as architectural structures can be created using 3d printing.

 Limited Raw Materials – Traditional manufacturing of products has an enormous range of

raw materials that can be used. Presently 3d printers can work up to approximately 100
different raw materials and creating products that uses more raw materials are still under
development.
  Violation of Copyrights – The biggest disadvantage of 3d printing is Counterfeiting. Anyone
who gets a hold of a blueprint will be able to counterfeit products easily. It will become
more common and tracing the source of the counterfeited items will be nearly impossible.
Many copyright holders will have a hard time protecting their rights and businesses
producing unique products will suffer.

 Production of Dangerous Items – With 3d printers, plastic knives, guns and any other
hazardous objects can be created. It makes easier for terrorists and criminals bring a weapon
without being detected.

With the advantages of 3d Printing, it surely is the technology of the future, however, major flaws of
this technology must be addressed properly to avoid catastrophe.

Augmented reality is the mixture of virtual reality with real life, using layers of computer generation
to enable us an enhanced interaction with reality. This is usually done through apps (such as
Pokemon GO), but can also be used for sporting events, driving, and much more.
Virtual reality, on the other hand, is a completely artificial, computer-generated simulation of a real-
life experience. This typically required the use of a virtual reality headset, such as Oculus Rift or HTC
Vive, in order to fully immerse the user.
Experience the World From Your Living Room:
Climb atop the Eiffel tower in Paris, scuba dive in Belize or experience the world’s craziest theme
parks… all from your living room! Virtual reality allows us to ‘see’ the world, without actually having
to spend time on a flight or standing in line behind thousands of other tourists. You will not even
have to buy the guidebook! With virtual reality, you can travel at your own pace or learn something
at your own leisure, without ever having to leave your home.

PROS:
Training & Planning
Virtual and augmented reality provides new and safer ways to simulate practices for things like
military training, surgeons, or other areas which might normally expose people to hazardous
environments. VR would essentially provide a more cost-effective, risk-free training.

Real-Time Feedback
AR and VR make training and education easier to provide instant results and analyze outcomes. This
will ultimately improve performance and enable sophisticated feedback to trainees during specific
tasks, ultimately resulting in increased efficiency and greater awareness or judgements of one’s
abilities.

CONS OF AR & VR:

Invades Privacy
Just like other modern technologies on the market, AR & VR can be prone to data hacks as well – and
that’s a scary thing, considering how much data is connected to virtual environments. Many people
also fear the way in which personal data might be used by authorities in order to track or control
individuals.

Hampers Interaction With Real-World

If one can see and experience the world from your living room, would you ever really need to leave
the house? AR and VR may provide new ways for people to communicate, but they could also
possibly take away an important aspect of our social life that involves around human interaction.
What is a 'Blockchain'

A blockchain is a digitized, decentralized, public ledger of all cryptocurrency transactions. Constantly

growing as ‘completed’ blocks (the most recent transactions) are recorded and added to it in
chronological order, it allows market participants to keep track of digital currency transactions
without central recordkeeping. Each node (a computer connected to the network) gets a copy of the
blockchain, which is downloaded automatically.

Originally developed as the accounting method for the virtual currency Bitcoin, blockchains – which
use what's known as distributed ledger technology (DLT) – are appearing in a variety of commercial
applications today. Currently, the technology is primarily used to verify transactions, within digital
currencies though it is possible to digitize, code and insert practically any document into the
blockchain.

The biggest Pros

Dissemination.

The core value of a blockchain is that it enables a database to be directly shared without a central
administrator. Rather than having some centralized application logic, blockchain transactions have
their own proof of validity and authorization to enforce the constraints. Hence, with the blockchain
acting as a consensus mechanism to ensure the nodes stay in sync, transactions can be verified and
processed independently.

But why is disintermediation good for us? Because a database is still a tangible thing even though is
just bits and bytes. If the contents of a database are stored in the memory and disk of a particular
computer system run by a third party even if it is a trusted organization like banks and governments,
anyone who somehow got access to that system can easily corrupt the data within.

Thus the third-party organizations especially those who control important databases need to hire
many people and design many processes to prevent that database being tampered with.
Unavoidably, all this takes a great amount of time and money.

However, with blockchains, we can now replace these third-party organizations with a distributed
database, locked down by clever cryptography. “Like so much that has come before, they leverage
the ever-increasing capacity of computer systems to provide a new way of replacing humans with
code. And once it’s been written and debugged, code tends to be an awful lot cheaper” (Gideon
Greenspan).

Other pro is
Empowered
Users are in control of all their information and transaction.

High quality data

Blockchain data is complete, consistent, timely, accurate and widely available

Durability, reliability and longevity

Due to the decentralized networks, blockchain does not have a central point of failure and is better
able to withstand malocious attacks
Process integrity
Users can trust that transaction will be executed exactly as the protocol commands removing the
need for a trusted third party.

Transparency and immutability

Changes to public blockchain are publicly view-able by all parties creating transparency and all
transaction are immutable, meaning they cannot be altered or deleted.

The biggest con

Performance
Because of the nature of blockchains, it will always be slower than centralized databases. When a
transaction is being processed, a blockchain has to do all the same things just like a regular database
does, but it carries three additional burdens as well:

1. Signature verification. Every blockchain transaction must be digitally signed using a public-private
cryptography scheme such as ECDSA. This is necessary because transactions propagate between
nodes in a peer-to-peer fashion, so their source cannot otherwise be proven. The generation and
verification of these signatures is computationally complex, and constitutes the primary bottleneck
in products like ours. By contrast, in centralized databases, once a connection has been established,
there is no need to individually verify every request that comes over it.

2. Redundancy. This isn’t about the performance of an individual node, but the total amount of
computation that a blockchain requires. Whereas centralized databases process transactions once
(or twice), in a blockchain they must be processed independently by every node in the network. So
lots more work is being done for the same end result.

Other disadvantages are:

Nascent technology
Resolving challenges such as transaction speed, the verification process and data limit will be crucial
in making blockchain widely applicable.

Uncertain regulatory status

Because modern currencies have always been created and regulated by national governments,
blockchain and Bitcoin face a hurdle in widespread adoption by pre-existing financial instittions of its
government regulatiion status remains unsettled.

Large energy consumption

The Bitcoin blockchain network’s miners are attempting 450 thousand trillion solution persecond in
efforts to validate transaction, using substantial amounts of computer power.

Control, security and privacy

While solution exists, including private or permissioned blockchains and strong encryption, there are
still cyber sexurity concerns that need to be addressed before the general public will entrust their
personal data to a blockchain solution.
Cost
Blockchain offers tremendous savings in transaction costs and time but the high initial capital costos
could be a deterrent.

Industrial automation can be defined as the use of set technologies and automatic control devices
that results the automatic operation and control of industrial processes without significant human
intervention and achieving superior performance than manual control. These automation devices
include PLCs, PCs, PACs, etc. and technologies include various industrial communication systems.

Advantages of Industrial Automation

Lower operating cost: Industrial automation eliminates healthcare costs and paid leave and holidays
associated with a human operator. Further, industrial automation does not require other employee
benefits such as bonuses, pension coverage etc. Above all, although it is associated with a high initial
cost it saves the monthly wages of the workers which leads to substantial cost savings for the
company. The maintenance cost associated with machinery used for industrial automation is less
because it does not often fail. If it fails, only computer and maintenance engineers are required to
repair it.

High productivity

Although many companies hire hundreds of production workers for a up to three shifts to run the
plant for the maximum number of hours, the plant still needs to be closed for maintenance and
holidays. Industrial automation fulfills the aim of the company by allowing the company to run a
manufacturing plant for 24 hours in a day 7 days in a week and 365 days a year. This leads to a
significant improvement in the productivity of the company.

High Quality

Automation alleviates the error associated with a human being. Further, unlike human beings,
robots do not involve any fatigue, which results in products with uniform quality manufactured at
different times.

High flexibility

Adding a new task in the assembly line requires training with a human operator, however, robots
can be programmed to do any task. This makes the manufacturing process more flexible.

High Information Accuracy

Adding automated data collection, can allow you to collect key production information, improve
data accuracy, and reduce your data collection costs. This provides you with the facts to make the
right decisions when it comes to reducing waste and improving your processes.

High safety

Industrial automation can make the production line safe for the employees by deploying robots to
handle hazardous conditions.

Disadvantages of Industrial Automation

High Initial cost

The initial investment associated with the making the switch from a human production line to an
automatic production line is very high. Also, substantial costs are involved in training employees to
handle this new sophisticated equipment.

Conclusion

Industrial automation has recently found more and more acceptance from various industries
because of its huge benefits, such as, increased productivity, quality and safety at low costs.

Robotic process automation (RPA) is the application of technology that allows employees in a
company to configure computer software or a “robot” to capture and interpret existing applications
for processing a transaction, manipulating data, triggering responses and communicating with other
digital systems.

Pros

Improved Efficiency – The beauty of RPA is that it is designed to alleviate human workers of their
mundane, repetitive daily tasks. When technology handles these tasks and workflows, the process
runs much quicker and subsequently more efficiently.

Greater Productivity – When technology does the heavy lifting, as is the case with RPA, output can
be significantly increased. Furthermore, knowledge workers will be freed up to apply their skills and
experience to more important projects that drive innovation and growth.

Elimination of Human Error – Even the most careful human worker can make an occasional mistake.
Unfortunately, sometimes these errors can prove to be incredibly costly. With robotic process
automation technology, this risk is eliminated, resulting in greater accuracy.

Cost Savings – While implementing robotic process automation does require an upfront investment,
the overall increase in efficiency and productivity as well as reduction in human errors more than
justify the expense.

Lower Turnover – When your human employees are no longer bogged down by boring, repetitive
and mundane tasks, satisfaction levels will naturally rise. Furthermore, workers will appreciate the
ability to participate in more high-level projects, also lending to greater employee satisfaction and
retention.

Cons

Monetary Expense – Budgetary restrictions are among the biggest reasons why businesses opt not to
implement RPA.

Lack of Technical Ability – Many people believe that in order to leverage robotic process automation,
the end user must possess significant technical know-how. This misconception often holds them
back from reaping the many benefits that are available to them.

Major Change – Adopting a new technology requires change, but with the right tool, the impact of
that change is much less noticeable and disruptive than many realize.
Redundancy – Another common concern of those resistant to RPA is the fear that robots will replace
human workers, when its main purpose is to actually support humans in the workplace.

The internet of things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes the idea of everyday physical
objects being connected to the internet and being able to identify themselves to other devices. The
term is closely identified with RFID as the method of communication, although it also may include
other sensor technologies, wireless technologies or QR codes.

PROS
Automation of daily tasks leads to better monitoring of devices
The IoT allows you to automate and control the tasks that are done on a daily basis, avoiding human
intervention. Machine-to-machine communication helps to maintain transparency in the processes.
It also leads to uniformity in the tasks. It can also maintain the quality of service. We can also take
necessary action in case of emergencies.

Efficient and Saves Time

The machine-to-machine interaction provides better efficiency, hence; accurate results can be
obtained fast. This results in saving valuable time. Instead of repeating the same tasks every day, it
enables people to do other creative jobs.

Saves Money
Optimum utilization of energy and resources can be achieved by adopting this technology and
keeping the devices under surveillance. We can be alerted in case of possible bottlenecks,
breakdowns, and damages to the system. Hence, we can save money by using this technology.

Better Quality of Life

All the applications of this technology culminate in increased comfort, convenience, and better
management, thereby improving the quality of life.
CONS
Loss of privacy and security
As all the household appliances, industrial machinery, public sector services like water supply and
transport, and many other devices all are connected to the Internet, a lot of information is available
on it. This information is prone to attack by hackers. It would be very disastrous if private and
confidential information is accessed by unauthorized intruders.

Compatibility
As devices from different manufacturers will be interconnected, the issue of compatibility in tagging
and monitoring crops up. Although this disadvantage may drop off if all the manufacturers agree to a
common standard, even after that, technical issues will persist. Today, we have Bluetooth-enabled
devices and compatibility problems exist even in this technology! Compatibility issues may result in
people buying appliances from a certain manufacturer, leading to its monopoly in the market.

Complexity
The IoT is a diverse and complex network. Any failure or bugs in the software or hardware will have
serious consequences. Even power failure can cause a lot of inconvenience.

Lesser Employment of Menial Staff

The unskilled workers and helpers may end up losing their jobs in the effect of automation of daily
activities. This can lead to unemployment issues in the society. This is a problem with the advent of
any technology and can be overcome with education.
Technology Takes Control of Life
Our lives will be increasingly controlled by technology, and will be dependent on it. The younger
generation is already addicted to technology for every little thing. We have to decide how much of
our daily lives are we willing to mechanize and be controlled by technology.

Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially

computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for
using the information), reasoning (using the rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions), and
self-correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine
vision.
Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability to
automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine
learning focuses on the development of computer programs that can access data and use it learn for
themselves.

Advantages of AI
Let us start with benefits of Artificial intelligence to society:
a. Error Reduction
We use artificial intelligence in most of the cases. As this helps us in reducing the risk. Also, increases
the chance of reaching accuracy with the greater degree of precision.
b. Difficult Exploration
In mining, we use artificial intelligence and science of robotics. Also, other fuel exploration
processes. Moreover, we use complex machines for exploring the ocean. Hence, overcoming the
ocean limitation.
c. Daily Application
As we know that computed methods and learning have become commonplace in daily life.
Financial institutions and banking institutions are widely using AI. That is to organize and manage
data. Also, AI is used in the detection of fraud users in a smart card based system.
d. Digital Assistants
“Avatars” are used by highly advanced organizations. That are digital assistants. Also, they can
interact with the users. Hence. They are saving human needs of resources.
As we can say that the emotions are associated with mood. That they can cloud judgment and affect
human efficiency. Moreover, completely ruled out for machine intelligence.
e. No breaks
Machines do not require frequent breaks and refreshments for humans. As machines are
programmed for long hours. Also, they can continuously perform without getting bored.
f. Increase Work Efficiency
For a particular repetitive task, AI-powered machines are great with amazing efficiency. Best is they
remove human errors from their tasks to achieve accurate results.
g. Reduce cost of training and operation
Deep Learning and neural networks algorithms used in AI to learn new things like humans do. Also,
this way they eliminate the need to write new code every time.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

High Costs: The hardware and software need to get updated with time to meet the latest
requirements. Machines need repairing and maintenance which need plenty of cost.
Unemployment: The increasing number of machines leading to unemployment and job security
issues. As machines are replacing human resources, the rate of people losing their jobs will increase.
Because machines can work 24*7 with no break, which is more beneficial of industries instead of
working with people who needs break and refreshment. Machines do their work as they
programmed to do without any error while error can be occurred from humans.
Can’t think out of box: Robots can only do the work that they are programmed to do. They cannot
act any different outside of whatever algorithm or programming is stored in their internal circuits.
And when it comes to a creative mind, nothing can beat a human mind. A computer can’t think
differently while making or drawing something. The thoughts comes from the emotions and
experience which machine’s cannot. So machine can’t think out of box whereas thousands of new
thoughts and ideas comes into a human mind.
Can’t feel Compassion and Sympathy: There is no doubt that machines are much better when it
comes to working efficiently but they cannot replace the human connection that makes the team.
Machines cannot develop a bond with humans.
Highly dependent on machines: In todays generation, most of the people are highly dependent on
Applications like Siri. With so much assistance from machine, if humans do not need their thinking
abilities, these abilities will be gradually decrease. In future with the heavy use of application of
artificial intelligence, human may become fully dependent on machines, losing their mental
capacities.

Cybersecurity is the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks,
computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access. In a computing
context, security includes both cybersecurity and physical security.

Ensuring cybersecurity requires coordinated efforts throughout an information system. Elements of

cybersecurity include:

 Application security
 Information security
 Network security
 Disaster recovery / business continuity planning
 Operational security
 End-user education
Advantages of Cyber Security:

 Improved security of cyberspace.

 Increase in cyber defense.
 Increase in cyber speed.
 Protecting company data and information.
 Protects systems and computers against virus, worms, Malware and Spyware etc.
 Protects individual private information.
 Protects networks and resources.

 Fight against computer hackers and identity theft .

 Disadvantages of Cyber Security:

 It will be costly for average users.

 Firewalls can be difficult to configure correctly
 Need to keep updating the new software in order to keep security up to date.
 Make system slower than before.

A digital platform consists of many services, representing a unique collection of software or

hardware services of a company used to deliver its digital strategy. Organizations look for the
services that provide businesses with the best performance to cost ratio, but some services are
almost always required for all applications or solutions. Digital platforms have gained importance in
business due to this ‘performance to cost ratio’ advantage.
Cognitive Computing is a term that IBM had coined for machines that can interact and think like
humans.
Cognitive Computing systems may include the following components:

Natural Language Processing – understand meaning and context in a language, allowing deeper,
more intuitive level of discovery and even interaction with information.

 Machine Learning with Neural Networks – algorithms that help train the system to recognize
images and understand speech
 Algorithms that learn and adapt with Artificial Intelligence
 Deep Learning – to recognize patterns
 Image recognition – like humans but more faster
 Reasoning and decision automation – based on limitless data
 Emotional Intelligence

Advantages Of Cognitive Computing

1 – Better data analysis

2 – Efficient processes

3 – Better level of customer interactions

Disadvantages of Cognitive Computing:

1.Limited analysis of risk

2. Meticulous training process

3. More intelligence augmentation rather than artificial intelligence