Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Comunicaciones Inalámbricas
This model allows the receiver at the same distance 𝑑 to have a different
path loss, which varies with the random shadowing effect 𝑋𝜎
Figure shows path loss that follows the log-normal shadowing model at 𝑓𝑐 = 1.5 GHz
with σ = 3 dB and 𝑛 = 2. It clearly illustrates the random effect of shadowing that is
imposed on the deterministic nature of the log-distance path loss model.
where
𝑃𝐿𝐹 is the path loss of the free space in dB
𝐴𝑀𝑈 𝑓 is the medium attenuation factor at frequency 𝑓
𝐺𝑅𝑥 and 𝐺𝑇𝑥 are the antenna gains of Rx and Tx antennas, respectively,
𝐺𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 is the gain for the propagation environment in the specific area.
Note that the antenna gains, are merely a function of the antenna height,
without other factors taken into account like an antenna pattern.
𝐴𝑀𝑈 𝑓 and 𝐺𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 can be referred to by the graphs that have been obtained
empirically from actual measurements by Okumura
DEBER No. 1
The relative motion between the base station and the mobile
results in random frequency modulation due to different
Doppler shifts on each of the multipath components.
• Doppler shift will be positive or negative depending on whether the
mobile receiver is moving toward or away from the base station.
If the surrounding objects move at a greater rate than the mobile, then
this effect dominates the small-scale fading. Otherwise, motion of
surrounding objects may be ignored, and only the speed of the mobile
need be considered.
26.82
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑑 = 1850 × 106 + = 1850.00016 MHz
0.162
Examples:
GSM, 200 kHz
UMTS, 5 MHz.