Wing Chun
For other uses, see Wing Chun (disambiguation).
Wing Chun (Chinese: 詠 春; pinyin: yǒng chūn;
Jyutping: wing6 ceon1 ; literally: “spring chant”),
also romanised as Ving Tsun or Wing Tsun, (and
sometimes substituted with the characters 永春 "eternal
springtime"* [4]); is a concept-based Chinese martial art
and form of self-defense utilising both striking and grap-
pling while specialising in close-range combat.
The alternative characters 永春“eternal spring”are also
associated with some other southern Chinese martial arts,
including Weng Chun Kung Fu and Yong Chun .* [5]* [6]
1 History
Main article: History of Wing Chun
The earliest known mentions of Wing Chun date to the
period of Red Boat Opera.
The common legend as told by Yip Man* [7] involves the
young woman Yim Wing-chun during the period after
the destruction by the Qing government of the Southern
Shaolin and its associated temples.
Having rebuffed the local warlord's marriage offer, Yim
Wing-Chun said she'd reconsider the proposal if he could
beat her in a fight. She soon crossed paths with a Buddhist
nun named Ng Mui, who was one of the Shaolin Sect sur-
vivors, and asked the nun to teach her to fight. According
to legend Ng Mui taught Yim Wing-Chun a new system
of martial art that had been inspired by the nun's obser- Structure is viewed as important, not only for reasons
vations of a confrontation between a Snake and a Crane.
This then-still nameless style enabled Yim Wing-Chun to
beat the warlord in a one-on-one fight. Yim Wing-Chun
thereafter married Leung Bac-Chou and taught him the
style, which was later named after her.
Since the system was developed during the Shaolin and them.* [10]* [11]
Ming resistance to the Qing Dynasty, many legends, in-
cluding the story of Yim Wing-Chun, were spread regard-
ing the creation of Wing Chun in order to confuse ene- 3.2 Relaxation
mies. This is often given as a reason to explain the diffi-
culty in accurately determining the creator or creators of Softness (via relaxation) and performing techniques in a
Wing Chun.* [8]
2 Philosophy
He who excels as a warrior does not appear formidable.
One who excels in fighting is never aroused in anger. One
who excels in defeating his enemy does not join issues.
One who excels in employing others humbles himself
before them. This is the virtue of non-contention and
matching the sublimity of heaven.* [9]
3 Characteristics
3.1 Balance, structure and stance
Some Wing Chun practitioners believe that the person
with better body structure will win. A correct Wing Chun
stance is like a piece of bamboo, firm but flexible, rooted
but yielding. This structure is used to either deflect ex-
ternal forces or redirect them.
Balance is related to structure because a well-balanced
body recovers more quickly from stalled attacks and
structure is maintained. Wing Chun trains the aware-
ness of one's own body movement derived from mus-
cular, tendon, and articular sources. Performing Wing
Chun's forms such as Chum Kiu or the Wooden Dummy
form greatly improve proprioception. Wing Chun favours
a high, narrow stance with the elbows kept close to the
body. Within the stance, arms are positioned across the
vitals of the centerline. Shifting or turning within a stance
is carried out variantly on the heels, balls, or middle (K1
or Kidney 1 point) of the foot depending on lineage. All
attacks and counter-attacks are initiated from this firm,
stable base. Wing Chun rarely compromises structure for
more powerful attacks because this is believed to create
defensive openings which may be exploited.
of defense, but also for attack. When the practitioner
is effectively “rooted”, or aligned so as to be braced
against the ground, the force of the hit is believed to be far
more devastating. Additionally, the practice of“settling”
one's opponent to brace them more effectively against the
ground aids in delivering as much force as possible to
relaxed manner, is fundamental to Wing Chun.
1
2 3 CHARACTERISTICS

• Tension reduces punching speed and power. Mus- as compromising the striker's position. Striking closer to
cles act in pairs in opposition to each other (e.g. bi- the center transmits more force directly into the body.
ceps and triceps). If the arm is tensed, maximum
punching speed cannot be achieved as the biceps
will be opposing the extension of the arm. In Wing 3.4 Punches
Chun, the arm should be relaxed before beginning
the punching motion. Due to the emphasis on the center line, the straight punch
is the most common strike in Wing Chun. However, the
• Unnecessary muscle tension wastes energy and principle of simultaneous attack and defense (Lin Sil Die
causes fatigue. Dar) suggests that all movements in the Siu Nim Tau with
a forward execution flow into a strike if no effective re-
• Tense, stiff arms are less fluid and sensitive during
sistance is met, without need for recomposure. Other
trapping and chi sao.
explicit examples of punches can be found in the Chum
• A tense, stiff limb provides an easy handle for an op- Kiu and Bil Jee forms, although these punches may ap-
ponent to push or pull with, whereas a relaxed limb pear to be superficially different they are simply the result
provides an opponent less to work with. of the punch beginning from a different origin position
while following the same fundamental idea, to punch in
• A relaxed, but focused, limb affords the ability to a straight line following the shortest distance between the
feel“holes”or weaknesses in the opponent's struc- fist and the opponent.
ture (see Sensitivity section). With the correct for-
warding these “holes”grant a path into attacking The punch is the most basic and fundamental in Wing
the opponent. Chun and is usually thrown with the elbow down and in
front of the body. Depending on the lineage, the fist is
• Muscular struggle reduces a fight to who is stronger. held anywhere from vertical to horizontal (palm side up).
Minimum brute strength in all movement becomes The contact points also vary from the top two knuckles,
an equalizer in uneven strength confrontations. This to the middle two knuckles, to the bottom three knuckles.
is very much in the spirit of the tale of Ng Mui. In some lineages of Wing Chun, the fist is swiveled at the
wrist on point of impact so that the bottom three knuckles
are thrust forward adding power to the punch while it is
3.3 Centerline at maximum extension.
While the existence of a “central axis”concept is uni- The punches may be thrown in quick succession in a
fied in Wing Chun, the interpretation of the centerline “straight blast”or “chain punching”. When executed
concept itself is not. Many variations exist, with some correctly, it can be used as a disorienting finisher.
lineages defining anywhere from a single“centerline”to When executing the punch, one must relax and use the
multiple lines of interaction and definition. Traditionally shoulders. The punch comes from the body and not the
the centerline is considered to be the vertical axis from arm. Like most other punches in martial arts, Wing Chun
the top of a human's head to the groin. The human body's punches with the body.
prime striking targets are considered to be on or near this
line, including eyes, nose, throat, solar plexus, stomach, Wing Chun is often criticized for encouraging weaker
pelvis and groin. punches that do not utilize the whole body. However,
as per the formal name of the punch in Chinese (日字
Wing Chun techniques are generally“closed”, with the 衝拳), which is translated as “The Sun-character Rush-
limbs drawn in to protect the central area and also to ing Punch”(or“Hammer”in Cantonese), a practitioner
maintain balance. In most circumstances, the hands do typically would thrust their full body weight towards their
not move beyond the vertical circle that is described by opponent with the fist as the“nail”and their body as the
swinging the arms in front, with the hands crossed at the “hammer”. With each successive punch, the practitioner
wrists. To reach outside this area, footwork is used. A would step in closer and closer to the opponent, driving
large emphasis and time investment in training Chi Sao the fists forward as a hammer drives a nail.
exercise emphasizes positioning to dominate this center-
line. The stance and guard all point at or through the cen- Wing Chun favors the vertical punch for several reasons:
ter to concentrate physical and mental intent of the entire
body to the one target. • Directness. The punch is not“loaded”by pulling the
elbow behind the body. The punch travels straight
Wing Chun practitioners attack within this central area to towards the target from the guard position (hands
transmit force more effectively, since it targets the“core are held in front of the chest).
center”(or “mother line”, another center defined in
some lineages and referring to the vertical axis of the hu- • Protection. The elbow is kept low to cover the front
man body where the center of gravity lies). For example, midsection of the body. It is more difficult for an
striking an opponent's shoulder will twist the body, dis- opponent to execute an elbow lock/break when the
pelling some of the force and weakening the strike, as well elbow occupies this position. This aids in generating
3.6 Uncommitted techniques 3

power by use of the entire body structure rather than A roundhouse kick is performed striking with the shin in
only the arm to strike. Also with the elbow down, it a similar manner to the Muay Thai version with most of
offers less opening for the body to be attacked while the power coming from the body pivot. This kick is usu-
the forearm and punch intercept space towards the ally used as a finisher at closer range, targeting anywhere
head and upper body. between the ribs and the back of the knee, this kick can
also become a knee at close range. Other kicks include
• Strength and Impact. Wing Chun practitioners be- a stamping kick (Mook Jong) for very close range and a
lieve that because the elbow is behind the fist dur- sweep performed with the heel in a circular fashion.
ing the strike, it is thereby supported by the strength
Every kick is both an attack and defence, with legs be-
of the entire body rather than just a swinging fist,
ing used to check incoming kicks or to take the initiative
and therefore has more impact. A common anal-
in striking through before a more circular kick can land.
ogy is a baseball bat being swung at someone's head
Kicks are delivered in one movement directly from the
(a round-house punch), as opposed to the butt end
stance without chambering/cocking.
of the bat being thrust forward into the opponent's
face (wing chun punch), which would cause far more
damage than a glancing hit and is not as easy to
evade. Many skilled practitioners pride themselves 3.6 Uncommitted techniques
on being able to generate “short power”or large
amount of power in a short space. A common Wing Chun techniques are uncommitted. This means that
demonstration of this is the "one-inch punch", a if the technique fails to connect, the practitioner's posi-
punch that starts only an inch away from the target tion or balance is less affected. If the attack fails, the
yet delivers an explosive amount of force. practitioner is able to“flow”easily into a follow-up attack.
All Wing Chun techniques permit this. Any punches or
• Alignment & Structure. Because of Wing Chun's kicks can be strung together to form a “chain”of at-
usage of stance, the vertical punch is thus more suit- tacks. According to Wing Chun theory, these attacks, in
able. The limb directly in front of the chest, elbow contrast to one big attack, break down the opponent grad-
down, vertical nature of the punch allows a practi- ually causing internal damage. Chained vertical punches
tioner to absorb the rebound of the punch by direct- are a common Wing Chun identifier.
ing it through the elbows and into the stance. This is
a desirable trait to a Wing Chun practitioner because
it promotes use of the entire body structure to gen- 3.7 Trapping skills and sensitivity
erate power. Whereas, the rebound of a horizontal
punch uses only the arm to strike. In this elbow-out The Wing Chun practitioner develops reflexes within the
position the hinge-structure directs force outwards searching of unsecured defenses through use of sensitiv-
along the limb producing torque in the puncher's ity. Training through Chi Sao with a training partner, one
body. practices the trapping of hands. When an opponent is
“trapped”, he or she becomes immobile.
3.5 Kicks Chinese philosophy:

Kicks can be explicitly found in the Chum Kiu and Mook “Greet what arrives, escort
Jong forms, though some have made interpretations of what leaves and rush upon loss of
small leg movements in the Siu Nim Tau and Bil Jee to contact(來留去送，甩手直衝)"
contain information on kicking as well. Depending on
- Yip Man
lineage, a beginner is often introduced to basic kicking
before learning the appropriate form. Traditionally, kicks
are kept below the waist. This is characteristic of south-
ern Chinese martial arts, in contrast to northern systems 3.8 Close range
which utilize many high kicks.
Wing Chun teaches practitioners to advance quickly and
Kicks in Wing Chun are mostly directed at the lower half strike at close range. While the Wing Chun forward kick
of the body. Wing Chun kicks are designed to knock can be considered a long range technique, many Wing
an opponent off balance, break their leg, or to bring an Chun practitioners practice“entry techniques”—getting
opponent on their knees. past an opponent's kicks and punches to bring them within
Variations on a front kick are performed striking with the range of Wing Chun's close range repertoire. This means
heel. The body may be square and the knee and foot that theoretically, if the correct techniques are applied, a
are vertical on contact (Chum Kiu), or a pivot may be shorter person with a shorter range can defeat a larger
involved with the foot and knee on a plane at an angle person by getting inside their range and attacking them
(Mook Jong). At short distances this can become a knee. close to their body.
4 4 CURRICULUM

4 Curriculum 4.1.4 Weapons

4.1 Forms and san sik Once correct force generation in the open-handed forms
is achieved, the student is ready to progress to weapons.
Forms are meditative, solitary exercises which develop With the open hand forms delivering force to the end of
self-awareness, balance, relaxation and sensitivity. Forms the finger tips, the idea is to be able to extend that force
also train the practitioner in the fundamental movement further to the end of a weapon as an extension of the body,
and the correct force generation of Wing Chun. using the same principles. Also, these weapons forms
can be used as an exercise to strengthen the forearms and
San Sik (translated as Separate Forms) are compact in wrists even further.
structure. They can be loosely grouped into three broad
categories: 1) focus on building body structure through The Yuen Kay Shan / Sum Nung branch also historically
basic punching, standing, turning, and stepping drills; 2) trained throwing darts (Biu). According to Sum Nung,
fundamental arm cycles and changes, firmly ingraining his skill with them was not comparable enough to Yuen
the cardinal tools for interception and adaptation; and 3) Kay Shan's for him to include them in the current cur-
sensitivity training and combination techniques. riculum.
It is from the forms and san sik that all Wing Chun tech-
niques are derived. Depending on lineage, the focus, con-
tent and intent of each form can have distinct differences
which can therefore have far reaching implications. This
also means that there are a few different ideas concerning
what constitutes progression in the curriculum from form 4.2 Chi Sao
to form, so only a general description of overlap between
different schools of thought is possible here.
Chi Sao (Chinese 黐手, Cantonese chi1 sau², Mandarin
What's commonly seen are six Wing Chun forms:* [12]
chǐshǒu) or“sticking hands”is a term for the principle and
three empty hand forms, one “wooden dummy”form,
drills used for the development of automatic reflexes upon
and two weapons forms.
contact and the idea of “sticking”to the opponent (also
known as“sensitivity training”). In reality, the intention
is not to “stick”to your opponent at all costs, but rather
to protect your centerline while simultaneously attacking
4.1.1 Empty hand your opponent's centerline.* [20] In Wing Chun, this is
practiced by two practitioners maintaining contact with
4.1.2 Wooden dummy each other's forearms while executing techniques, thereby
training each other to sense changes in body mechanics,
4.1.3 Forms pressure, momentum and “feel”. The increased sensi-
tivity gained from this drill helps a practitioner attack and
Both the Way Yan (Weng Chun) and Nguyễn Tế-Công counter an opponent's movements precisely, quickly, and
with appropriate techniques.
branches use different curricula of empty hand forms.
The Tam Yeung and Fung Sang lineages both trace their Chi Sao additionally refers to methods of rolling hands
origins to Leung Jan's retirement to his native village of drills (Luk Sao). Luk Sao participants push and “roll”
Gu Lao, where he taught a curriculum of San Sik. their forearms against each other in a single circle while
The Siu Lien Tao (Little First Training) of Cho Ga Wing trying to remain in relaxed form. The aim is to feel force,
Chun is one long form that includes movements that are test resistance, and find defensive gaps. Other branches
comparative to a combination of Siu Nim Tao, Chum have a version of this practice where each arm rolls in
Kiu, and Biu Jee of other families. The other major forms small, separate circles. Luk Sao is most notably taught
of the style are Sui Da (“Random Striking”), Chui Da within the Pan Nam branch of Wing Chun where both
(“Chase Striking”), Fa Kuen (“Variegated Fist”), Jin the larger rolling drills as well as the smaller, separate-
Jeung (“Arrow Palm”), Jin Kuen (“Arrow Fist”), hand circle drills are taught.
Joy Kuen (“Drunken Fist”), Sup Saam Sao (“Thir- In some lineages (such as the Yip Man and Jiu Wan
teen Hands”), and Chi Sao Lung (“Sticking Hands Set” branches), Chi Sao drills begin with one-armed sets
). Also, a few family styles of Wing-Chun (especially called Dan Chi Sao which help the novice student to get
those coming from the“Hong Sun Hay Ban Tong”(Red the feel of the exercise; each practitioner uses one hand
Boat/Junk Opera Society) have a combination advanced from the same side as they face each other. Chi Sao is a
form called;“Saam Baai Fut”(3 Bows to Buddha) which sensitivity drill to train and obtain specific responses and
includes many flow/leak techniques from all of the first should not be confused with actual sparring or fighting
'standard' 6 forms. though it can be practiced or expressed in a combat form.

4.3 Chi Gerk
Chi Gerk or“Sticking-legs,”is the lower-body equivalent
of the upper body's Chi Sao training, aimed on developing
awareness in the lower body and obtaining relaxation of
the legs.
4.4 Mook Wan
“Wooden Ring”, is another, somewhat rare training-tool
in some families of Wing Chun. An approximately 10
inch to 14 inch ring made of bamboo or rattan (some
schools use a metal ring), the Mook Wan is used for train-
ing the wrists and forearms, and to instruct the student in
“flow”from technique to technique. Some schools set up
a form for this technique, while other schools train tech-
niques and strategies without a formulated pattern.
5 Southern martial art
Main article: Southern Chinese martial art
Wing Chun, together with Hung Gar and Choi Lei Fut, is
named as one of “The Three Great Martial Art Schools
of the South”, which originated and became popular in
Southern China.
6 Global spread
Wing Chun is practiced globally in over 64 coun-
tries.* [21] It is the world's most popular form of Southern
Kung Fu.* [22]
6.1 In popular culture
Donnie Yen has caused impact in the martial arts world
through his various films. Donnie Yen played the role of
Wing Chun Grandmaster Ip Man in the 2008 movie Ip
Man, which was a box office success; and its sequels Ip
Man 2 and Ip Man 3.* [23]
7 Famous practitioners
• Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍) learned from Sifu Yip
Man & Wong Shun Leung * [24]* [25]* [26]* [27]
• Brandon Lee (American) trained in Wing Chun as
well as Jeet Kune Do, Muay Thai, & Shaolin Kung-
Fu.
• Sammo Hung (Chinese: 洪金寶)
• Michelle Yeoh (Chinese: 楊紫琼)
5
• Donnie Yen (Chinese: 甄子丹) learned from Sifu
Ip Chun
• Jackie Chan (Chinese: 成 龍) learned from Sifu
Leung Ting * [28]
• Stephen Chow (Chinese: 周星馳) learned from Sifu
Wong Shun Leung * [29]* [30]
• Nicholas Tse (Chinese: 謝 霆 鋒) learned from
Phillip Ng * [31]
• Ti Lung (Chinese: 狄龍)
• Yuen Biao (Chinese: 元彪)
• Robert Downey Jr. learned from Sifu Eric Oram
*
[32]
• Christian Bale learned from Sifu Eric Oram * [33]
8 Branches
Main article: Branches of Wing Chun
Direct Lineage of Wing Chun as passed down from ip
man to the UK - Grand Master Ip Man, Grand Master Ip
Chun, Grand Master Michael Tse, Master Darryl Moy,
Sifu Sean Mann
9 See also
• Chinese martial arts
• List of movies featuring Wing Chun
• Wing Chun terms
10 References
[1] Complete Wing Chun: The Definitive Guide to Wing
Chun's History and Traditions – Robert Chu, René
Ritchie, Y. Wu – Google Books. Books.google.com
(1998-06-15). Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
[2] Complete Wing Chun: The Definitive Guide to Wing
Chun's History and Traditions – Robert Chu, René
Ritchie, Y. Wu – Google Books. Books.google.com
(1998-06-15). Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
[3] Wing Chun Kung Fu: Traditional Chinese King Fu for
Self-Defense and Health – Ip Chun, Michael Tse – Google
Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
[4] 永春 in usage : Leung Ting, Roots and Branches of Wing
Tsun and Robert Chu, Rene Ritchie, Y. Wu, Complete
Wing Chun: The Definitive Guide to Wing Chun's History
and Traditions and Ritchie, Rene, “What's in a name?"
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[30] " 重温《功夫》看星爷打咏春拳".
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[32] “ERIC ORAM – THE SIFU BEHIND ROBERT
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[14] Jim Fung (2009-02-23). “Wing Chun Stance”.
Wingchun.com.au. Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[15] Tsui Sheung Tin. “The Hidden Power of Siu Nim Tau”
. Tstvingtsun.bc.ca. Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[16] martialarts2 Archived February 3, 2010 at the Wayback

Machine

[17] “The Forms of Wing Chun Kuen Kung Fu | Reading

Academy Wing Chun & Kali”. Teamwingchun.co.uk.
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[18] “Ving Tsun Martial Arts Studio – Training”. Tstvingt-

sun.bc.ca. Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[19] City Wing Chun – Training Notes Archived April 15,

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[20] “Chi Sau: What's Behind Sticky Hand Training”.

Wingchunlife.com. Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[21] “Orange County Wing Chun FAQ's”. Ocwingchun.com.

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[22] “Kung Fu Magazine's Description of Wing Chun”.

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[23] “2008 Chinese Box Office records”. Boxofficemojo.com.

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[24] “BRUCE LEE AND HIS FRIENDSHIP WITH WONG

SHUN LEUNG”.

[25] “Who Taught Bruce Lee?".

[26] “Wong meet Bruce Lee”.

[27] “Wong Shun Leung – The Logic Behind Wing Chun”.

[28] “Jackie Chan Wing Chun Practitioner”.

[29] “Sifu Li Heng Chang Official Website (Chinese: 李恆

昌)".
 7

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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