7 senses

1a
 Smell
Taste
Sight
Hearing
Touch
Vestibular
Proprioception
1b
ablation

2a
removal of a brain area, generally with a
surgical knife

2b
amacrine cells

3a
 get info from bipolar cells and send it
to other bipolar, amacrine or ganglion
cells

3b
Anterior

4a
Toward the front end

4b
anterior commissure

5a
bundle of axons that connects the two
hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

5b
astigmatism

6a
a decreased responsiveness to one kind
of line or another, caused by an
asymmetric curvature of the eyes;
corrected by glasses

6b
autonomic nervous system

7a
part of the PNS that controls the heart,
intestines, and other organs; consisting
of the sympathetic and parasympathetic

7b
basal ganglia

8a
 a group of subcortical forebrain
structures lateral to the thalamus;
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

8b
binding problem

9a
 question of how various brain areas
produce a perception of a single object

9b
binocular

10a
stimulation from both eyes

10b
bipolar cells

11a
type of neuron in the retina that
receives input directly from the
receptors; sends impulse on to
ganglion cells

11b
blindsight

12a
the ability to respond in limited ways to
visual information without perceiving it
consciously; occurs in some people with
damage to V1 (may result from having
enough healthy tissue to support some
visual function but not enough to realize
it; also other parts of brain are involved,
which may help) 12b
blind spot

13a
area at the back of the retina where the
optic nerve exists; it is devoid of
receptors

13b
brain areas involved in facial recognition

14a
parts of occipital cortex, anterior
temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex, &
fusiform gyrus of inf. temporal cortex,
esp. in right hemisphere

14b
brainstem

15a
the medulla, pons, midbrain, and central
structure of the forebrain

15b
central canal

16a
a fluid-filled channel in the center of
the spinal cord

16b
central nervous system (CNS)

17a
the brain and the spinal cord

17b
central sulcus

18a
one of the deepest grooves in the
surface of the cerebral cortex

18b
cerebellum

19a
motor coordination

19b
cerebral cortex

20a
layers of cells on the outer surface of
the cerebral hemisphere of the
forebrain

20b
Cerebral ventricles

21a
Filled with CSF, flowing from lateral ventricles to 3rd and 4th ventricles, surrounding
the brain and spinal cord between pia matter and arachnoid membranes providing
cushioning and acting as a reservoir for hormones and nutrition

21b
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

22a
a clear fluid similar to blood plasma
produced by choroid plexus in the
brain ventricles

22b
characteristic of periphery of retina

23a
fewer cones, more rods; more
receptors converge onto bipolar &
ganglion cells so that brain cannot
detect exact location or shape of a
peripheral light source (able to detect
motion, better sensitivity to dim light)
23b
characteristics of birds' eyes which help
them

24a
1. many have 2 foveas - one pointing
straight ahead, one pointing to the side;
enable perception of detail in
periphery. 2. hawks & other predatory
birds have greater density of receptors
on top half of retina (looking down)
24b
characteristics of prey species which
help them survive

25a
most of visual receptors on bottom half
of retina (looking up) (i.e., rats)

25b
color constancy

26a
the ability to recognize colors despite
changes in lighting

26b
color vision deficiency

27a
inability to perceive color differences
(complete color blindness is rare). most
common is red-green color deficiency
because long- and medium-wavelength
cones have same photopigment instead
of different ones. [caused by gene on
x-chromosome]
27b
column

28a
 collection of cells having similar
properties, arranged perpendicular to
the laminae

28b
complex cells

29a
type of visual cortical cell located in
ares V1 and V2 that responds to a
pattern of light in a particular
orientation anywhere within its large
receptive field; reacts most strongly to
moving stimulus; no fixed excitatory or
inhibitory zones
29b
computerized axial tomography (CT or
CAT scan)

30a
method of visualizing a living brain by
injecting a dye into the blood and
placing a person's head into a CT
scanner; x-rays are recorded by
detectors on the opposite side

30b
cones

31a
type of retinal receptor that contributes
to color perception, mostly in the fovea
and center of retina

31b
Constralateral

32a
On the opposite side of the body

32b
Coronal plane

33a
Plane that shows brain structure as seen
from above

33b
corpus callosum

34a
bundle of axons that connects the two
hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

34b
cranial nerves

35a
nerves that control sensations from the
head, muscle movements in the head,
and mush of the parasympathetic
output to the organs

35b
delayed-response task

36a
 assignment in which an animal must
respond on the basis of a signal that it
remebers but is no longer present

36b
dermatome

37a
area of the body connected to a
particular spinal nerve

37b
dorsal

38a
located toward the back

38b
dorsal root ganglia

39a
clusters of sensory neurons outside the
spinal cord

39b
dorsal stream

40a
"where" pathway from V2 through the
parietal cortex that helps the motor
system locate objects

40b
electroencephalograph (EEG)

41a
a device that records electrical activity
in the brain through electrodes
attached to the scalp

41b
end-stopped (hypercomplex) cell

42a
type of visual cortex cell in V1 and V2
that resembles complex cells; responds
best to stimuli of a precisely limited
type; largest receptive field, with a
strong inhibitory field at one end of its
field
42b
evoked potentials (evoked responses)

43a
electrical recordings on the scalp from
brain activity in response to a stimulus

43b
exceptions to rule that brain does not
have specific locations for seeing
objects

44a
1. one part of hippocampus responds
to pics of places esp
2. part of fusiform gyrus of inf. temporal
cortex responds to faces esp
3. similar location as #2 responds to
bodies esp.
44b
explanations for blindsight

45a
1. may be small islands of healthy tissue, not
large enough to provide conscious perception
but enough to support limited visual
functionings
2. thalamus sends visual input to several other
brain areas besides V1. After V1 damage, the
connections to other areas strengthen enough
to produce some awareness despite lack of
conscious visual perception
45b
feature detectors

46a
neurons in V1 whose responses indicate
the presence of a particular feature
(support for existence: prolonged
exposure diminishes sensitivity. detect
spatial frequencies rather than bars or
edges)
46b
Fissure

47a
A long, deep sulcus

47b
forebrain

48a
most anterior part of the brain; consists
of two cerebral hemispheres

48b
fovea

49a
a tiny area of the specialized for acute,
detailed vision; due to (a) near absence
of blood vessels & ganglion cell axons
(b) each receptor connects to single
bipolar cell which connects to single
ganglion cell, which has axon to brain;
mostly cones
49b
frontal lobe

50a
section of cerebral cortex that extends
from the central sulcus to the anterior
limit of the brain; executive functions
and motor cortex

50b
functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI)

51a
a modified version of MRI that measures
energies based on hemoglobin instead
of water; determines the brain areas
receiving the greatest supply of blood
and using the most oxygen

51b
fusiform gyrus

52a
brain area of the inferior temporal
cortex that recognizes faces

52b
Ganglia

53a
groups of nerve cell bodies in the grey
matter that coordinate incoming and
outgoing nerve signals

53b
ganglion cells

54a
In the retina, the specialized neurons
that connect to the bipolar cells; the
bundled axons of the ganglion cells
form the optic nerve.

54b
gray matter

55a
areas of the nervous system that are
densely packed with cell bodies and
dendrites

55b
Grey matter

56a
consists of unmyelinated cell bodies
and dendrites

56b
Gyrus

57a
a protuberance on the surface of the
brain

57b
hippocampus

58a
 a large structure located toward the
posterior of the forebrain, between the
thalamus and the cerebral cortex

58b
horizontal cells

59a
 type of cell that receives input from
receptors and delivers inhibitory input
to bipolar cells

59b
Horizontal plane

60a
a plane that shows brain structures as
seen from above

60b
how we see color according to
opponent-process theory

61a
short-wavelength cone excited - sends
message to bipolar cell, produces the
experience BLUE. If the cell becomes fatigued,
we remove the short-wavelength light - cell
responds less than its baseline level & produces
an experience YELLOW [=i.e., increase in
response produces perception of one color,
decrease produces a perception of a different
color]
61b
how we see color according to
trichromatic theory

62a
short-wave cones react best - see
blue/purple; medium and long wave peak
about evenly; long-wave see orange-red;
when all three cones are active, see white
or gray. More long and medium wavelength
cones than short. Even distribution of short
wavelength (blue) cones; others have
haphazard distribution.
62b
hypothalamus

63a
small area near the base of the brain,
ventral to the thalamus; including the
pituitary gland

Hormones and homeostasis

63b
inferior colliculus

64a
swelling on each side of the tectum;
important for hearing

64b
inferior temporal cortex

65a
portion of the cortex where neurons
are highly sensitive to complex aspects
of the shape of visual stimuli within a
very large receptive field; cells respond
to identifiable objects

65b
Ipsilateral

66a
On the same side of the body

66b
Kluver-Bucy syndrome

67a
a behavioral disorder caused by
temporal lobe damage

67b
koniocellular neurons

68a
 small ganglion cells that occur
throughout the retina; several functions

68b
laminae

69a
layer of cell bodies that are parallel to
the surface of the cerebral cortex and
separated from each other by layers of
fibers

69b
Lateral

70a
Toward the side, away from the middle

70b
Lateral fissure

71a
the fissure that separates the temporal
lobe from the overlying frontal and
parietal lobes

71b
lateral geniculate nucleus

72a
thalamic nucleus that receives incoming
visual information

72b
lateral inhibition

73a
the reduction of activity in one neuron
by activity in neighboring neurons
(sharpens contrasts to emphasize
borders of objects)

73b
law of specific nerve energies

74a
 statement that whatever excites a
particular nerve always sends the same
kind of information to the brain

74b
lesion

75a
damage to a structure

75b
limbic system

76a
interlinked structures that form a
border around the brainstem; olfactory
bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus,
amygdala, cingulate gyrus

Motivations and emotions

76b
Locus coeruleus

77a
a small structure in the pons that emits
bursts of impulses in response to
meaningful events, especially those that
produce emotional arousal

77b
Longitudinal fissure

78a
Deep groove running from the front to
the back of the brain, separating the
two different hemispheres

78b
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

79a
method of imaging a live brain by using
a magnetic field and a radio frequency
field to make atoms with odd atomic
weights all rotate in the same direction
and then removing those fields and
measuring the energy that the atoms
release
79b
magnetoencephalograph (MEG)

80a
 a device that measures the faint
magnetic fields generated by brain
activity

80b
magnocellular neurons

81a
large ganglion cell bodies with large
receptive fields that are distributed
evenly throughout the retina; react
strongly to movement and large overall
patterns (not color or fine details)

81b
Medial

82a
Toward the middle, away from the side

82b
Median superior temporal cortex or
MST

83a
area of the brain that detects moving
objects in the context of the
background; adjacent to area MT;
receives input mostly from
magnocellular path;

83b
medulla

84a
located just above the spinal cord;
breathing and heart rate

84b
meninges

85a
membrane that surrounds the brain and
spinal cord

85b
message pathway in order

86a
receptors (cones/rods) -> bipolar cells
(-> amacrine cells) -> bipolar cells ->
optic nerve -> lateral geniculate nucleus
(part of thalamus), [some -> superior
colliculus & other places], -> primary
visual cortex/V1 in occipital cortex
86b
Middle temporal cortex or MT (area V5)

87a
area of the brain that detects moving
objects (speed, acceleration,
deceleration); receives input mostly
from magnocellular path; color-
insensitive

87b
midget ganglion cells

88a
ganglion cells in the fovea of humans
and other primates; responsible for 70%
of visual input to brain; each cell
responds to just a single cone, with
direct route to brain that registers exact
location of input
88b
motion blindness

89a
 an impaired ability to perceive
movements; may result from damage to
MT or MST

89b
negative color afterimage

90a
result of staring at a colored object for a
prolonged length of time and then
looking at a white surface, the image is
seen as a negative image, with a
replacement of red with gree, green with
red, yellow and blue with each other, and
black and whit ewith each other
90b
neuroanatomy

91a
the anatomy of the nervous system

91b
Nuclei

92a
clusters of cell bodies within the white
matter of the CNS

92b
nucleus basalis

93a
a forebrain structure that lies on the
ventral surface; receives input from the
hypothalamus and basal ganglia; sends
axons to areas in the cerebral cortex

93b
occipital lobe

94a
 posterior section of the cerebral
cortex; visual information, primary visual
cortex

94b
opponenet-process theory

95a
idea that we perceive color in terms of
opposites - green/red, yellow/blue,
black/white

95b
optic chiasm

96a
Point in the brain where the optic nerve
fibers from each eye meet and partly
cross over to the opposite side of the
brain.

96b
optic nerve

97a
 ganglion cell axons that exit through
the back of the eye and continue to the
brain

97b
Parasympathetic nervous system

98a
a set of nerves that helps the body
return to a normal resting state

Homeostasis

98b
parasympathetic nervous system

99a
 system of nerves that facilitate
vegatative, nonemergency responses
by the body's organs

99b
parietal lobe

100a
section of the cerebral cortex betwee
the occipital lobe and the central
sulcus; eye, head, and body position

100b
parvocellular neurons

101a
small ganglion cell bodies with small
receptive fields in or near the fovea;
detect small visual details & also
respond to color

101b
pathway of light

102a
 passes through ganglion cells and
bipolar cells to get to receptor cells
(they are transparent)

102b
Perception

103a
 the organization, identification, and
interpretation of a sensation in order to
form a mental representation

103b
Periaqueductal grey area

104a
area of the brainstem that is rich in
endorphin synapses

104b
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

105a
 nerves outside the brain and spinal
cord; consisting of the somatic nervous
system and the autonomic nervous
system

105b
photopigments

106a
 chemicals contained in the rods and
cones that release energy when struck
by light

106b
phrenology

107a
a process of relating skull anatomy to
behavior

107b
pituitary gland

108a
an endocrine gland attached to the
base of the hypothalamus

108b
pons

109a
Sleep and arousal

109b
positron-emission tomography (PET)

110a
method of mapping activity in a living
brain by recording the emission of
radioactivity from injected chemicals

110b
postcentral gyrus

111a
area just posterior to the central gyrus;
primary receptor site for touch and
other body sensations

111b
Posterior

112a
Toward the rear end

112b
precentral gyrus

113a
posterior portion of the frontal lobe
just anterior to the central sulcus;
specialized for fine motor control

113b
prefrontal cortex

114a
 anterior portion of the frontal lobe,
which responds mostly to the sensory
stimuli that signal the need for
movement

114b
prefrontal lobotomy

115a
surgical disconnection of the prefrontal
cortex from the rest of the brain

115b
primary visual cortex (V1)

116a
area of the cortex responsible for the
first stage of visual processing; also
called striate cortex (striped)

116b
primates

117a
order of mammals that includes
monkeys, apes, and humans

117b
Proprioception

118a
 body position in space
our sense of body position

118b
prosopagnosia

119a
the inability to recognize faces due to
damage to several brain areas (can
include occipital cortex or parts of
temporal cortex including fusiform
gyrus)

119b
pupil

120a
an opening in the center of the iris
where light enters

120b
raphe system

121a
brain areas that send axons to much of
the forebrain, modifying the brain's
readiness to respond to stimuli

121b
receptive field

122a
the area in visual space that excites or
inhibits any neuron. a rod or cone has a
tiny receptive field to which it is
sensitive; receptive field of a bipolar
cell is equal to sim of the cells
connected to it; ganglion cell has a still
larger receptive field
122b
receptive field of a ganglion cell

123a
doughnut-shaped - excitatory center
and inhibitory surround

123b
reticular formation

124a
a structure that extends from the
medulla into the forebrain; controls
motor areas of the spinal cord and
selectively increases arousal and
attention in various forebrain areas

124b
retina

125a
the rear surface of the eye, which is
lined with visual receptors (rods &
cones)

125b
retinal disparity

126a
the discrepancy between what the left
and right eyes see

126b
retinex theory

127a
concept that the cortex compares
information from various parts of the
retina to determine the brightness and
color for each area (=explains color
constancy)

127b
rods

128a
a type of retinal receptor that detects
brightness of light, mostly in the retinal
periphery

128b
saccade

129a
voluntary eye movements

129b
Sagittal plane

130a
Plane that shows brain structures as seen from the
side
130b
secondary visual cortex (V2)

131a
 area of the brain that processes
information from the primary visual
cortex and transmits it to additional
areas

131b
sensitive period

132a
 time early in development when
experiences have a particularly strong
and enduring influence

132b
simple cell

133a
type of visual cortex cell that has a
small receptive field with fixed
excitatory and inhibitory zones; bar- or
edge-shaped fields, more horizontal or
vertical than diagonal

133b
somatic nervous system

134a
part of the PNS that consists of axons
conveying messages from the sense
organs to the CNS and from the CNS to
the muscles

134b
spinal cord

135a
 part of the CNS; it communicates with
all the sense organs an muscles except
those of the head

135b
stereotaxic instrument

136a
a device for the precise placement of
electrodes in the brain

136b
strabismus

137a
"lazy eye", a condition in which the eyes
do not point in the same direction;
generally use only one eye for vision;
corrected by patching the "good" eye

137b
substantia nigra

138a
a midbrain structure that gives rise to a
pathway releasing dopamine

138b
Sulcus

139a
a fold or groove that separates gyri

139b
superior colliculus

140a
swelling on either side of the tectum;
important to visual processing

140b
Sympathetic nervous system

141a
 a set of nerves that prepares the body
for action in challenging or threatening
situations

Fight of flight

141b
sympathetic nervous system

142a
a network of nerves that prepare the
organs for vigorous activity

142b
tectum

143a
roof of the midbrain

143b
tegmentum

144a
intermediate level of the midbrain

144b
temporal lobe

145a
the lateral portion of each hemisphere,
near the temples; auditory information

145b
thalamus

146a
a pair of structures in the center of the
forebrain; relay center and basic
processing

146b
transcranial magnetic stimulation

147a
the application of an intense magnetic
field to a portion of the scalp,
temporary inactivating neurons below
the magnet

147b
Transduction (Cones)

148a
Photons are absorbed by one of three
different cone opsins (red, blue, green)
-->absorption of photon changes shape
of opsin --> causes release of G protein

148b
Transduction (Rods)

149a
Photons are absorbed by rhodopsin -->
rhodopsin changes shape --> causes
activation of a G protein --> changes NT
release from rod

149b
trichromatic theory (young-helmholtz
theory)

150a
theory that color is perceived through
the relative rates of response by three
kinds of cones, each one maximally
sensitive to a different set of
wavelengths (short, medium and long)

150b
types of cells in visual cortex

151a
simple cell, complex cells and end-
stopped or hypercomplex cells

151b
ventral

152a
toward the stomach

152b
ventral stream

153a
"what" pathway from V2 through the
temporal cortex for identifying and
recognizing objects; the "what" path

153b
Vestibular Sense

154a
perception of balance determined by
receptors in the inner ear

154b
visual agnosia

155a
inability to recognize objects despite
otherwise satisfactory vision; usually a
result of damage in temporal cortex

155b
visual field

156a
area of the world that an individual can
see at any time

156b
white matter

157a
area of the nervous system consisting
mostly of myelinated axons

157b