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Lab # 6

Name Naeem Ahmed

Registration Number FA18-BEE-119

Class 3-C

Instructor’s Name Sir Khurram Ali


Lab # 6
Introduction
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS


Two 2N3904 npn transistor Breadboard
Digital Multi-
Two 2N3906 pnp transistor meter

1N914 (or 1N 4148) diode Resistors (1/4 W)


1 kΩ, 560 kΩ1 MΩ
0-15V dc power supply potentiometer

In-Lab
Procedure NPN Transistor

 Using 2N3904 npn transistor shown in Figure-2, the ohmmeter’s negative lead was
connected to the transistor’s base lead with the ohmmeter’s positive lead connected to
the transistors emitter lead. In this manner, you forward biased the transistor’s base-
emitter diode junction and noted the reading in terms of high” or “low” in Table-1.

 After reversing the meter’s leads the high or low result in Table-1 was recorded.

 Then, we connected the meter’s negative lead to the base and the positive lead to the
transistor’s collector lead and recorded result in Table-1 as either “high” or “low”.

 After reversing the meter’s leads so that negative lead is connected to the collector and
the positive lad is connected to the base, readings were recorded either a high or a low
result in Table-1.
 Then, we connected the meter’s negative lead to the collector and the positive lead to the
transistor’s emitter lead and recorded the values in table-1 before and after reversing the
meter leads.
Result:

Ohmmeter
Step Number + - Result

1 Base Emitter high

2 Emitter Base low

3 Base Collector high

4 Collector Base Low

5 Collector Emitter High

6 Emitter Collector Low

Procedure:
1. The circuit was wired as shown in the schematic diagram of figure 1.

Figure-1. 2N3904 Transistor

 With DMM, the voltage across the base, collector resistors, VB and VCE was measured and,
using Ohm’s law, the corresponding currents were calculated and recorded in Table 2.
 Then, we disconnected the power from the breadboard and replaced the 560-kΩ resistor (RB)
with a 1MΩ potentiometer and applied power to the breadboard with addition of a voltmeter
between the transistor’s collector terminal and ground.

 The resistance of the potentiometer was varied until VCE as read by the voltmeter reached a
minimum value, VCE(sat). Then, we measured the corresponding collector current, Ic(sat) and
recorded both values.

 After that, we varied the resistance of the 1-MΩ potentiometer until VCE reached a maximum
value, VCE(off). Then, we measured the corresponding collector current Ic(off), collector emitter
voltage, VCE (off) and values of both Ic(off) and VCE(off). At saturation, VCE (sat) is ideally zero,
while at cutoff, Ic(off) is zero. Plot the values for Ic and VCE at cutoff and saturation on the
graph constructed.
Table-2

Transistor-1 Transistor-2(2N3904)
(2N3904)

Measured Expected Measured Expected


Parameter
Value Value Value Value

IB

IC

Βdc

VB

VCE

Table-3
Calculated Values Measured Values
IC VCE IC VCE
Condition
Saturation
Cut Off
Active Region

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