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5G

5G is the fifth generation wireless technology for digital cellular


5G
networks that began wide deployment in 2019. As with previous
standards, the covered areas are divided into regions called
"cells", serviced by individual antennas. Virtually every major
telecommunication service provider in the developed world is
deploying antennas or intends to deploy them soon. The
frequency spectrum of 5G is divided into millimeter waves, mid-
band and low-band. Low-band uses a similar frequency range as
the predecessor, 4G.
3GPP's 5G logo
5G millimeter wave is the fastest, with actual speeds often being Introduced Late 2018
1–2 Gb/s down. Frequencies are above 24 GHz reaching up to
72 GHz which is above the extremely high frequency band's lower boundary. The reach is short, so more
cells are required. Millimeter waves have difficulty traversing many walls and windows, so indoor
coverage is limited.

5G mid-band is the most widely deployed, in over 20 networks. Speeds in a 100 MHz wide band are
usually 100–400 Mb/s down. In the lab and occasionally in the field, speeds can go over a gigabit per
second. Frequencies deployed are from 2.4 GHz to 4.2 GHz. Sprint and China Mobile are using 2.5 GHz,
while others are mostly between 3.3 and 4.2 GHz, a range which offers increased reach. Many areas can
be covered simply by upgrading existing towers, which lowers the cost.

5G low-band offers similar capacity to advanced 4G. In the United States, T-Mobile and AT&T launched
low-band services on the first week of December 2019. T-Mobile CTO Neville Ray warns that speeds on
his 600 MHz 5G may be as low as 25 Mbit/s down.[1] AT&T, using 850 MHz, will also usually deliver
less than 100 Mbit/s in 2019. The performance will improve, but cannot be significantly greater than
robust 4G in the same spectrum.

Verizon, AT&T, and almost all 5G providers in 2019 have latencies between 25–35 milliseconds. The
"air latency" (between a phone and a tower) in 2019 equipment is 8–12 ms. The latency to the server,
farther back in the network, raise the average to ~30 ms, 25–40% lower than typical 4G deployed.
Adding "Edge Servers" close to the towers can bring latency down to 10–20 ms. Lower latency, such as
the often touted 1 ms, is years away and does not include the time to the server.

The industry project 3GPP defines any system using "5G NR" (5G New Radio) software as, "5G", a
definition that came into general use by late 2018. Previously, some reserved the term for systems that
deliver frequencies of 20 GHz shared called for by ITU IMT-2020. 3GPP will submit their 5G NR to the
ITU.[2] In addition to traditional mobile operator services, 5G NR also addresses specific requirements
for private mobile networks ranging from industrial IoT to critical communications.

Contents
Overview
Usage scenario
Performance
Speed
Latency
Standards
5G NR
Pre-standard implementations
Internet of Things
Deployment
Spectrum
Unlicensed spectrum
5G devices
Availability
Australia
Argentina
Bulgaria
Canada
China
Finland
Germany
India
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Monaco
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia
San Marino
South Africa
South Korea (Republic of Korea)
Taiwan
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Qatar
In other countries
Technology
New radio frequencies
Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz)
Frequency range 2 (> 24 GHz)
FR2 coverage
Massive MIMO
Edge computing
Small cell
Beamforming
Wifi-cellular convergence
NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access)
SDN/NFV
Channel coding
Operation in unlicensed spectrum
Concerns
Interference issues
Surveillance concerns
Health concerns
Security concerns
Marketing of non-5G services
History
Applications
Automobiles
Public safety
Healthcare
Fixed wireless
Smart Home
References
External links

Overview
5G networks are digital cellular networks, in which the service area covered by providers is divided into
small geographical areas called cells. Analog signals representing sounds and images are digitized in the
telephone, converted by an analog to digital converter and transmitted as a stream of bits. All the 5G
wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a local antenna array and low power
automated transceiver (transmitter and receiver) in the cell, over frequency channels assigned by the
transceiver from a pool of frequencies that are reused in other cells. The local antennas are connected
with the telephone network and the Internet by a high bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul
connection. As in other cell networks, a mobile device crossing from one cell to another is automatically
"handed off" seamlessly to the new cell.

Verizon and a few others are using millimeter waves.[3] Millimeter waves have shorter range than
microwaves, therefore the cells are limited to smaller size. Millimeter waves also have more trouble
passing through building walls.[4] Millimeter wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in
previous cellular networks. They are only a few inches (several centimeters) long. Another technique
used for increasing the data rate is massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output).[4] Each cell will
have multiple antennas communicating with the wireless device, received by multiple antennas in the
device, thus multiple bitstreams of data will be transmitted simultaneously, in parallel. In a technique
called beamforming, the base station computer will continuously calculate the best route for radio waves
to reach each wireless device, and will organize multiple antennas to work together as phased arrays to
create beams of millimeter waves to reach the device.[4][5]

Over 20 networks are deployed using mid-band spectrum, from 2.4 to 4.2 GHz. Mid-band networks have
better reach, bringing the cost close to the cost of 4G.

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a full
revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some GSM sites can be
retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.

T-Mobile USA and AT&T are announcing low-band 5G in December 2019. The performance, reach, and
cost will be similar to 4G in the same band when the 5G systems are fully developed and can access
more carrier frequencies.

The new 5G wireless devices also have 4G LTE capability, as the new networks use 4G for initially
establishing the connection with the cell, as well as in locations where 5G access is not available.[6]

5G can support up to a million devices per square kilometer, while 4G supports only up to 100,000
devices per square kilometer.[7][8]

Usage scenario
The ITU-R has defined three main uses for 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra
Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications
(mMTC).[9] Only eMBB is deployed in 2019; URLLC and mMTC are several years away in most
locations.

Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) uses 5G as a progression from 4G LTE mobile broadband
services, with faster connections, higher throughput, and more capacity

Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) refer to using the network for mission critical
applications that require uninterrupted and robust data exchange.

Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would be used to connect to a large number of low
power, low cost devices, which have high scalability and increased battery lifetime, in a wide area. 5G
technology will connect some of the 50 billion connected IoT devices.[10] Most will use the less
expensive Wi-Fi. Drones will aid in disaster recovery efforts, providing real-time data for emergency
responders.[10] Smart cities will monitor air and water quality through millions of sensors, giving them
insights needed to provide a better quality of life.[10] Most cars will have a 4G or 5G cellular connection
for many services. Autonomous cars do not require 5G, as they have to be able to operate where they do
not have a network connection.[11] While remote surgeries have been performed over 5G, most remote
surgery will be performed in facilities with a fiber connection, usually faster and more reliable than any
wireless connection.

Performance
Speed
5G speeds will range from ~50 Mbit/s to over 2 gigabit at the start, and is expected to grow to even
100Gbps, 100x faster than 4g.[12] The fastest 5g, known as mmWave, delivers speeds of up to and over
2Gbps. As of July 3, 2019, mmWave had a top speed of 1.8Gbps[13] on AT&T's 5g network, much faster
than 4g's top speed of 23.6Mbps[14] on T-Mobile's network. The problem with this though is that it
cannot go through walls trees, etc. because of the high frequency.

Sub-6 GHz 5g (Mid-band 5G), by far the most common, will usually deliver between 100 & 400 Mbps,
but will have a much farther reach than mmWave, not being limited by walls, trees, and other obstacles
which interfere with mmWave transmission.[13]

Low-band spectrum offers the farthest area coverage but is slower than the others, though still faster than
4g.

5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can be slightly higher than the 4G with a similar amount of spectrum
and antennas,[15][16] although some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some advanced 4G networks,
such as T-Mobile's LTE/LAA network, which achieves 500+ Mbit/s in Manhattan[17] and Chicago.[18]
The 5G specification allows LAA (License Assisted Access) as well, but LAA in 5G has not yet been
demonstrated. Adding LAA to an existing 4G configuration can add hundreds of megabits per second to
the speed, but this is an extension of 4G, not a new part of the 5G standard.[17]

The similarity in terms of throughput between 4G and 5G in the existing bands is because 4G already
approaches the Shannon limit on data communication rates. 5G speeds in the less common millimeter
wave spectrum, with its much more abundant bandwidth and shorter range, and hence greater frequency
reuseability, can be substantially higher.[19]

Latency
In 5G, the "air latency"[20] in equipment shipping in 2019 is 8–12 milliseconds.[21][22] The latency to the
server must be added to the "air latency". Verizon reports the latency on its 5G early deployment is 30
ms.[23] "Edge Servers close to the towers can reduce latency to 10–20 ms. 1–4 ms will be extremely rare
for years outside the lab.

Standards
Initially, the term was associated with the International Telecommunication Union's IMT-2020 standard,
which required a theoretical peak download speed of 20 gigabits per second and 10 gigabits per second
upload speed, along with other requirements.[24] Then, the industry standards group 3GPP chose the 5G
NR (New Radio) standard together with LTE as their proposal for submission to the IMT-2020
standard.[25][26]

The first phase of 3GPP 5G specifications in Release-15 is scheduled to complete in 2019. The second
phase in Release-16 is due to be completed in 2020.[27]

5G NR can include lower frequencies (FR1), below 6 GHz, and higher frequencies (FR2), above
24 GHz. However, the speed and latency in early FR1 deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G
hardware (non-standalone), are only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated at 15 to 50%
better.[28][29][30]
IEEE covers several areas of 5G with a core focus in wireline sections between the Remote Radio Head
(RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU). The 1914.1 standards focus on network architecture and dividing the
connection between the RRU and BBU into two key sections. Radio Unit (RU) to the Distributor Unit
(DU) being the NGFI-I (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) and the DU to the Central Unit (CU) being
the NGFI-II interface allowing a more diverse and cost-effective network. NGFI-I and NGFI-II have
defined performance values which should be compiled to ensure different traffic types defined by the
ITU are capable of being carried. 1914.3 standard is creating a new Ethernet frame format capable of
carrying IQ data in a much more efficient way depending on the functional split utilized. This is based on
the 3GPP definition of functional splits. Multiple network synchronization standards within the IEEE
groups are being updated to ensure network timing accuracy at the RU is maintained to a level required
for the traffic carried over it.

5G NR
5G NR (New Radio) is a new air interface developed for the 5G network.[31] It is supposed to be the
global standard for the air interface of 3GPP 5G networks.[32]

Pre-standard implementations
5GTF: The 5G network implemented by American carrier Verizon for Fixed Wireless Access
in late 2010s uses a pre-standard specification known as 5GTF (Verizon 5G Technical
Forum). The 5G service provided to customers in this standard is incompatible with 5G NR.
There are plans to upgrade 5GTF to 5G NR "Once [it] meets our strict specifications for our
customers," according to Verizon.[33]
5G-SIG: Pre-standard specification of 5G developed by KT Corporation. Deployed at
Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics.[34]

Internet of Things
In the Internet of Things (IoT), 3GPP is going to submit evolution of NB-IoT and eMTC (LTE-M) as 5G
technologies for the LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) use case.[35]

Deployment
Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be
widely used for private networks with applications in industrial
IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications.

Initial 5G NR launches will depend on existing LTE (4G)


infrastructure in non-standalone (NSA) mode (5G NR software
on LTE radio hardware), before maturation of the standalone
(SA) mode (5G NR software on 5G NR radio hardware) with the
5G core network.
5G 3.5 GHz Cell Site of Deutsche
As of April 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association had Telekom in Darmstadt, Germany
identified 224 operators in 88 countries that are actively investing
in 5G (i.e. that have demonstrated, are testing or trialling, or have
been licensed to conduct field trials of 5G technologies, are deploying 5G networks or have announced
service launches).[36] The equivalent numbers in November 2018
were 192 operators in 81 countries.[37] The first country to adopt
5G on a large scale was South Korea, in April 2019. Swedish
telecoms giant Ericsson predicted that superfast 5G internet will
cover up to 65% of the world’s population by the end of 2025.[38]
Also, it plans to invest 1 billion reais ($238.30 million) in Brazil
to add a new assembly line dedicated to 5th generation
technology (5G) for its Latin American operations.[39]
5G 3.5 GHz Cell Site of Vodafone in
Karlsruhe, Germany
When South Korea launched its 5G network, all carriers used
Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia base stations and equipment,
except for LG U Plus, who also used Huawei equipment.[40][41]
Samsung was the largest supplier for 5G base stations in South Korea at launch, having shipped 53,000
base stations at the time, out of 86,000 base stations installed across the country at the time.[42]

The first fairly substantial deployments were in April 2019. In South Korea, SK Telecom claimed 38,000
base stations, KT Corporation 30,000 and LG U Plus 18,000; of which 85% are in six major cities.[43]
They are using 3.5 GHz (sub-6) spectrum in non-standalone (NSA) mode and tested speeds were from
193 to 430 Mbit/s down.[44] 260,000 signed up in the first month and the goal is 10% of phones on 5G by
the end of 2019.[45]

Nine companies sell 5G radio hardware and 5G systems for carriers: Altiostar, Cisco Systems, Datang
Telecom, Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Qualcomm, Samsung, and ZTE.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]

Spectrum
Large quantities of new radio spectrum (5G NR frequency bands) have been allocated to 5G[53] in order
to enable its increased throughput when compared with 4G. For example, in July 2016, the U.S. Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band
spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave
unlicensed spectrum to 14 GHz and created four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the
FCC had licensed to date.[54] In March 2018, European Union lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and
26 GHz bands by 2020.[55]

As of March 2019, there are reportedly 52 countries, territories, special administrative regions, disputed
territories and dependencies that are formally considering introducing certain spectrum bands for
terrestrial 5G services, are holding consultations regarding suitable spectrum allocations for 5G, have
reserved spectrum for 5G, have announced plans to auction frequencies or have already allocated
spectrum for 5G use.[56]

Research has been done into the most suitable candidates for spectrum ranges for 5G.[57] Due to the
demand for spectrum resources and wide frequency range of 5G technology, it is necessary to plan high,
medium and low frequency bands in stages in frequency planning, gradually release frequency resources
and guarantee the frequency requirements of 5G.[58] The frequency spectrum became a focus due to
predictions that the 3G/4G frequency spectrum would not suffice to accommodate the amount of traffic
that 5G will need to handle.[57]

Unlicensed spectrum
MNOs are increasingly using unlicensed spectrum in the 2.4 and 5 Gigahertz (GHz) frequency bands. 5G
networks will need to tap into the vast amount of spectrum available in these unlicensed bands to offload
traffic in heavily congested areas and provide connectivity for billions of IoT devices. Advancements in
Wi-Fi, LTE in Unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U), License Assisted Access (LAA), and MulteFire, among
others, provide better quality and regulated access to unlicensed spectrum.

5G devices
In March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association released
the industry's first database tracking worldwide 5G device
launches.[60] In it, the GSA identified 23 vendors who have
confirmed the availability of forthcoming 5G devices with 33
different devices including regional variants. There were seven
announced 5G device form factors: (telephones (×12 devices),
hotspots (×4), indoor and outdoor customer-premises equipment
(×8), modules (×5), Snap-on dongles and adapters (×2), and USB
terminals (×1)).[61] By October 2019, the number of announced 5G
devices had risen to 129, across 15 form factors, from 56
vendors.[62]

In the 5G IoT chipset arena, as of April 2019 there were four


commercial 5G modem chipsets and one commercial
processor/platform, with more launches expected in the near
future.[63]

Availability
Availability by Country or region.

Australia Samsung Galaxy S10 5G, the first


smartphone able to connect to 5G
Telstra began its 5G service in areas of Sydney and Melbourne in
networks[59]
May 2019 with plans to roll out the service to other cities in the
coming years.[64] Optus has also switched on 5G in limited areas,
and are currently expanding their 5G network across Australia. Vodafone's 5G network is likely to go live
in 2020.

Argentina
Argentina expects deployment of 5G around the end of 2019 or the beginning of 2020 according to some
reports[65] or in 2021 or 2022 according to a different estimate.[66] In late 2017, a lab test of a 5G system
achieved a download speed of 20 Gbit/s.[67] A single terminal in a shopping center in Buenos Aires was
experimentally equipped with 5G in early 2019. Its download speeds were as high as 700 Mbit/s.

Bulgaria
Initial showcase of 5G network was demonstrated to reach 2.2Gbps in February 2018 by the local
telecommunication provider A1. The operator received license for a 5G frequency in 2019 and test
implementation with 5G equipment by Nokia was first demonstrated. Availability for the end users is
expected in 2020 [2] (http://bulgariabusinessinsider.com/a1-bulgaria-installs-first-5g-internet-station-in-b
ulgaria)

Canada
The government of Canada announced a planned roll out of 5G in 2019. An auction for the 5G spectrum
is expected in 2020, a decision on a higher frequency spectrum in 2021, and a new frequency proposal by
2022. The government has committed to an investment of $199 million over the course of five years in
order to modernize spectrum equipment; wireless operators are expected to invest $26 billion, and have
already invested $17.6 billion.[68][69] The roll out will be location based, with initial availability
decisions being based on the type of community — city, urban, or rural. Among other benefits, the 5G
network is expected to help connect Canada's under-served rural communities.[70] It is currently
undecided as to whether or not Canada will use Huawei products as part of their infrastructure. Both Bell
and Telus have deployment plans involving the company, whereas Rogers does not.[69]

Carrier Availabity
Bell 2020
Rogers 2020
Telus 2020
Fido Late 2020
Koodo Late 2020
Virgin Late 2020
Freedom 2021
SaskTel 2021+
Videotron 2021+

Discount prepaid carriers such as Public Mobile and Chatr aren't expected to upgrade to 5G for a number
of years.[71]

China
China has launched its 5G national network and started commercial operation on 1 November 2019. At
launch, Chinese state media called it the world's largest 5G network.[72][73]

Finland
Finland held an auction for 5G spectrum in 2018. In this the three telecom operators Elisa, DNA and
Telia all won a license to use the 3.5 GHz spectrum for 5G networks. As of September 2019, only Elisa is
operating a public 5G network in the country. The others are running test networks, but are expected to
open networks in the last quarter of 2019. In early October 5G networks are available in the following
cities in Finland: Helsinki, Espoo, Jyväskylä, Tampere, Turku and Vantaa.

Germany
Germany held an auction for 5G spectrum in June 2019. The winning companies are committed to
providing 5G coverage to 98% of households by 2022.[74]
Carrier Deutsche Telekom Vodafone Telefónica 1&1 Drillisch
City
Berlin Partial Partial — —
Frankfurt am Main — Partial — —
Cologne / Bonn Partial Partial — —
Darmstadt Partial — — —
Hamburg Planned Partial — —
Munich Partial — — —
Karlsruhe — Partial — —
Nuremberg — — — —
Wolfsburg — Partial — —

Sources:[75][76]

Spectrum n78 Spectrum n1 Spectrum n28


Operator Infrastructures
(3,6 GHz TDD) (2,1 GHz FDD) (700 MHz FDD)
Deutsche Telekom Ericsson and 90 MHz (10 MHz with
20 MHz 10 MHz
(Build-Out) Huawei limitations)
Vodafone (Build- Ericsson and 90 MHz (20 MHz with
20 MHz 10 MHz
Out) Huawei limitations)
Nokia and 2021: 20 MHz /
Telefónica (Planned) 70 MHz 10 MHz
Huawei 2025: 10 MHz
1&1 Drillisch 2021: 0 MHz /
N/A 50 MHz 0 MHz
(Planned) 2025: 10 MHz

India
On 23 February 2018, Bharti Airtel and Chinese multinational telecom gear Huawei have successfully
conducted India's first 5G network trial under a test setup at the former's network experience centre in
Manesar, Gurugram.[77] However, the Indian government is looking to ban Huawei from future 5G
spectrum auctions due to security reasons. In response, Airtel made a statement stating that it may look
for alternatives for 5G as it no longer wishes to continue with Huawei infrastructures.[78][79]
Nevertheless, Huawei urged the Department of Telecom to make an independent decision on 5G
rollout.[80][81] Huawei, further said that it won't invest more if government denies permission for 5G
auctions. The Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Ravesh Kumar, said that the Indian government
will take a call on this issue. A Telecom Committee is all-set to look up on this matter, from various
ministries and departments. Whatever fits in economic and security interest, the committee will decide on
this.[82]

In August 2019, the Chinese government increased its pressure on India not to ban Huawei, indicating it
could retaliate against Indian companies doing business in China.[83] While Australia and the United
Kingdom have expressed their concerns over cyber security of India.[84] Australian national security and
cyber officials have also warned India over security threats of Huawei.[85][86] In Indian Economic
Summit 2019, Wilbur Ross said that the U.S. hopes that India “does not inadvertently subject itself to
untoward security risk” by using 5G equipment from the Chinese tech giant and mentioned that India
should take its own decision on Huawei.[87] The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has
issued, white paper press statement stating that 5G is set to transform communication networks and will
bring massive growth in Indian economy by 2021.[88][89] TRAI has also ordered telecom companies to
identify specific use causes for 5G launch.[90]

Operator Infrastructures
Airtel (Planned) Huawei and Nokia
BSNL (Planned) Nokia and Coriant
Jio (Planned) Samsung
Vodafone Idea (Planned) Ericsson

Sources:[91][92][93][94][95]

Ireland

Carrier Eir Three Vodafone


City
Athlone Live — —
Bray Live — —
Carlow Live — —
Castlebar Live — —
Cork Live — Live
Drogheda Live — —
Dublin Live — Live
Dundalk Live — —
Ennis Live — —
Galway Live — Live
Kilkenny Live — —
Killarney Was Planned — —
Letterkenny Live — —
Limerick Live — Live
Navan Live — —
Sligo Live — —
Tralee Live — —
Trim Live — —
Waterford Live — Live
Wexford Live — —

Sources:[96]

In August 2019, Vodafone Ireland switched on 5G connectivity in Cork, Dublin, Galway, Limerick and
Waterford cities initially, with a view to expanding its network over time.[97]
Eir switched on 100 sites across 10 cities during October 2019 and plans to add another 100 cities by the
end of the year. Telecom Imagine offers fixed 5G broadband in mostly rural areas of the country which
do not have fibre broadband.[98]

Italy

Carrier Iliad TIM Vodafone Wind Tre


City
Bari — Planned — —
Brescia — Partial — —
Bologna — Planned Partial —
Florence — Planned — —
Matera — Planned — —
Milan — Planned Partial —
Naples — Partial Partial —
Rome — Partial Partial —
Turin — Partial Partial —
Verona — Planned — —

Sources:[99][100][101]

Operator Infrastructures
Iliad Cisco Systems, CommScope and Nokia
TIM Ericsson
Vodafone Huawei
Wind Tre Ericsson and ZTE

Sources:[102][103][104][105]

Japan
Service availability before July 2020 (2020 Summer Olympics).

SoftBank: Offering test services for the Japanese national basketball team's reinforced match held at
Saitama Super Arena on August 22.

KDDI(au): Developed a mechanism to be used for security at venues linked to drones (small unmanned
aerial vehicles) and robot cameras. A test service is scheduled to start after autumn.

NTT DoCoMo: Provides sports watching services using 5G at Rugby World Cup 2019.

Rakuten: The new telecom joins with 5G.


Operator Infrastructures
NTT DoCoMo (Planned)
KDDI(au) (Planned)
SoftBank (Planned)
Rakuten (Planned)

Monaco
On 9 July 2019, Monaco Telecom launched its 5G network covering the entire city area in conjunction
with the presentation of the commercial offer, using only Huawei equipment.[106][107][108]

Netherlands
Because the Dutch government must move a ground satellite system that would interfere with 5G to a
new location, an auction of the 3.5Ghz range (commonly associated with 5G) is being postponed—
expected in early 2022.[109]

New Zealand
After early 5G trials in August 2019, Vodafone NZ launched its 5G service in Auckland, Wellington,
Christchurch and Queenstown on December 10, 2019, with plans to roll out the service to other cities in
2020.[110] Vodafone has partnered with Nokia to provide 5G.

Norway
In Norway, the first 5G-test was done in 2017.[111] Telenor launched 5G in Elverum in September
2019,[112] planning to launch in Trondheim soon after.[113][114] Competitor Ice claimed to be ready for
5G in Oslo and Akershus, Drammen, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Sarpsborg, Stavanger og Sandnes, Trondheim,
Skien, Porsgrunn and Kristiansand in November 2019.[115] Telia plan to start their 5G network in 2020,
with full national coverage by 2023.[116]

Pakistan
On 22 August 2019, Zong bacame the first network to test 5G in Pakistan. This made Pakistan the first
country in South Asia to test 5G. The tests were conducted by Pakistani telecom company Zong along
with Chinese telecom gear company Huawei at Zong's Headquarters in Islamabad.[117][118][119] On 6
January 2020, Zong claimed that it had successfully completed South Asia’s first official 5G video
call.[120]

Telenor Pakistan is also working on implementing 5G in Pakistan.[121]

Jazz, Pakistan's largest network in terms of registered users, has also successfully conducted 5G tests
using huawei equipment on 4 January 2020 in Islamabad.[122] According to officials, Pakistan
Telecommunication Authority allotted Jazz with a trial spectrum of 100 MHz from 2600 MHz band for
its 5G network for 6 months which is extendable. As a result, the company successfully integrated a 5G
site to its network, where the live testing of the 5G equipment was showcased to the media. Currently,
Jazz is authorized to conduct public trials of its 5G network at five locations in Islamabad, These being
the F8, G7, E7, and some areas of Blue Area.[123]
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority hopes 5G will be available in Pakistan by 2021.[124] The
commercial launch of 5G in Pakistan is currently dependent on Pakistan Telecommunication Authority
agreeing a regulatory and policy framework, which has yet to be finalized. But trials conducted by Jazz,
and Zong indicate that operators have done their part.[125] However, due to recent economic recession,
4G services haven't been able to scale at a reasonable rate by operators who feel financially squeezed.
This could delay the commercial launch of 5G in Pakistan. Currently, PTA has granted permission to
PMCL (Jazz) and CMPak (Zong) for six months to conduct test and trial of 5G technology under limited
environment.[126]

Operator Infrastructures
Zong (Planned) Huawei
Jazz (Planned) Huawei
Telenor Pakistan (Planned) Ericsson, Nokia

Sources:[127][128][122][121][129]

Philippines
5G in the Philippines started in 2016 when Smart Communications tested 5G and recorded a speed of 2.5
Gbps and 14.97 Gbps in its Technolab test in 2018, laying the groundwork for 5G infrastructure in the
country.[130]

Globe Telecom started offering 5G services in the Philippines since July 2019, making Philippines the
first country to roll out 5G network in Southeast Asia,[131][132] and third in Asia after South Korea and
Japan.[131] Huawei being Globe Telecom's long time partner ensures that the Philippines will be ahead of
other countries in developing its 5G spectrum.

The country's largest telecom PLDT is also planning to roll out its 5G services in the 4th quarter of 2019
tapping Nokia and Finland's Erricson as their technology provider but was delayed. Recently, PLDT
CEO Manuel V. Pangilinan announced he is tapping Huawei to provide 5G network in the first quarter of
2020.[133] The telco titan forged a partnership with the Araneta Group to launch 5G technology in
Araneta City, which will be transformed into the country’s first Smart 5G Lifestyle Hub.[134] Local
telecoms are also ramping up their 5G infrastructure investment through the help of other 5G technology
providers.

Operator Infrastructures
Globe Telecom (Planned) Huawei
Smart Communications (Planned) Ericsson
Dito Telecommunity (Planned)
Now Telecom (Planned)

Poland
State-owned Exatel was the first company to conduct the test of 5G connectivity in Poland in 2017.[135]
In December 2018, T-Mobile launched first 5G tests in Warsaw with hardware from Huawei, and
Katowice and Orange Polska in Gliwice.[136] In March 2019, Orange Polska together with Ericsson
launched test in Zakopane, followed by Warsaw in September and together with Nokia in Lublin in
October of the same year. In July 2019, Play launched another tests in Toruń and Grójec, using hardware
from Huawei. In October, 2019, T-Mobile launched an experimental 5G installation in Kraków. The
network created together with Nokia was activated in the headquarters of hub:raum innovation center. Its
signal was available only inside the building for the T-Mobile business partners and startups cooperating
with the innovation centre.[137]

Play will be the first carrier to offer commercial 5G network in Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot from January,
2020.[138]

On January 3, 2020, Cyfrowy Polsat, owner of Plus, began 5G roll-out in 7 cities.[139]

In 2020 the auction will be held by The Office of Electronic Communications to allocate further
frequencies for 5G.[140]

Carrier Orange T-Mobile Play Plus


City
Bytom Test — — —
Chorzów Test — — —
Gdańsk — — January 2020 Q1 2020
Gdynia — — January 2020 —
Gliwice Test — — —
Grójec — — Test —
Katowice Test Test — Q1 2020
Kołobrzeg Test — — —
Koszalin Test — — —
Kraków — Test — —
Lublin Test — — —
Łódź — — — Q1 2020
Piekary Śląskie Test — — —
Poznań — — — Q1 2020
Sopot — — January 2020 —
Szczecin — — — Q1 2020
Toruń — — Test —
Warszawa Test Test Test Q1 2020
Wrocław — — — Q1 2020
Zakopane Test — — —

Sources:[135][136][140][141]

Romania
Starting May 2019, Vodafone Romania offer 5G connectivity in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca and
Mamaia.[142]
Russia
In June 2019, "Huawei signed a deal with Russia's largest telecoms operator MTS to develop 5G
technologies and launch a fifth-generation network in Russia within the next year."[143]

In July 2019, Moscow announced the opening of 5G demo centres for testing new technologies and city
services. The demo centres provide access to 5G networks for Russian and foreign companies via 5G
laboratories operating on the principle of vendor neutrality, which means openness to business,
information security and respect for patent law.

Agreements on launching a 5G network have been signed with Russia's main telecom operators. The
operators will deploy segments of permanently operating 5G zones, test new functionalities of the 5th
generation network, and interact with each other.

Each of the 4 operators will have its own pilot zone: at the Exhibition of Achievements of National
Economy, Skolkovo, Sparrow Hills and Tverskaya Street. At the same time, the operators will work with
the regulator independently on frequency bids and permits.

In 2018, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin and Sergei Soldatenkov, CEO of MegaFon, Russia's second
largest mobile phone operator, have signed a cooperation agreement aimed at developing communication
services and information and telecommunications technologies in Moscow.

Beeline has also signed a five-year renewable agreement with the Moscow authorities under which it will
deploy a pilot 5G network in the capital next year alongside NB-IoT, Smart City and virtual/augmented
reality (VR/AR) solutions.

Ericsson has been selected by Tele2 Russia to upgrade its network with the 5G-ready Ericsson Radio
System including software, as part of a five-year network modernisation deal to enable higher speeds and
capacity and prepare for the 5G launch.

Tele2 Russia has also entered into a partnership agreement with Huawei, involving strategic cooperation
in the development of a 5G-oriented transport and core network, including testing of ultra-wideband
communication networks.

At the Mobile World Congress, Ericsson signed a 5G “roadmap agreement” with MTS. The agreement
outlines the rollout of 5G networks for the operator in the 2019–2022 timeframe.

The commercial launch of 5G is one of Moscow's priority projects. The first pilot zones will be small
areas in key locations across Moscow. These areas fall into two main categories: crowded places (parks
and central streets), where more consumer tech 5G tests and demonstrations will be held; and innovation
centres and technoparks, where technology companies will be able to test industrial 5G. The project is
being implemented in cooperation with Huawei, Nokia, Ericsson, Qualcomm and IBM.

During the 2018 World Cup, MegaFon used Nokia 5G equipment to demonstrate VR Broadcast
technology for indoor coverage at a venue for media representatives and football fans. Fifty people used
VR glasses to watch the VR broadcast, with 20 VR glasses being used simultaneously at speeds of up to
35 Mbit/s per device.

San Marino
San Marino is covered by the 5G network of TIM San Marino using telecommunications infrastructures
produced by Nokia; however no commercial offer is available yet (July 2019).[144]

South Africa
Launched September 2019.[145]

South Korea (Republic of Korea)


By the middle of June 2019, South Korea had over one million 5G subscribers.[146]

Taiwan
Taiwan is aiming for service availability by January 2020, according to Vice Premier Chen Chi-mai.[147]
In June 2019, the American tech company Qualcomm started construction on a 5G center in Taipei.[148]

United Kingdom
Carrier EE O2 Three Vodafone
City
Belfast Live Live — —
Birkenhead — — — Live
Birmingham Live Planned Planned Live
Blackpool — — — Planned
Bolton — — Planned —
Bournemouth — — — Planned
Bradford — — Planned —
Brighton — — Planned —
Bristol Live Planned Planned Live
Cardiff Live Live Planned Live
Coventry Live — Planned —
Derby — — Planned —
Edinburgh Live Live Planned —
Guildford — — — Planned
Glasgow Planned — Planned Live
Hull Planned — Planned —
Leeds Planned Live Planned Live
Leicester Planned — Planned —
Liverpool Planned — Planned Live
London Live Live Live Live
Manchester Live Planned Planned Live
Middlesbrough — — Planned —
Milton Keynes — — Planned —
Newbury — — — Planned
Newcastle Planned — — —
Nottingham Planned — Planned —
Portsmouth — — — Planned
Plymouth — — — Planned
Reading — — Planned Planned
Rotherham — — Planned —
Sheffield Planned — Planned —
Slough — Planned Planned —
Stoke-on-Trent — — — Planned
Sunderland — — Planned —
Walsall Live — Planned Planned
Wolverhampton Live — Planned Live

Sources:[149][150][151][152]
United States
The four major US carriers have announced plans to deploy 5G in
2019, beginning with major metropolitan areas. On July 31, Atlanta
became the first city to have it available from all four carriers.[153]

T-Mobile has launched nationwide 5G on December 2, 2019.[154]

Play media
Video produced by the FCC
about 5G in the United States
Carrier AT&T Sprint T-Mobile Verizon
City
Atlanta Live Live Live Live
Austin Live — Live —
Birmingham Live — Live —
Boise — — Live Live
Boston Live — Live Live
Bridgeport Live — Live —
Buffalo Live — Live —
Charlotte Live — Live Live
Chicago — Live Live Live
Cincinnati — — Live Planned
Cleveland — — Live Live
Columbus — — Live Live
Dallas–Fort Worth Live Live Live Live
Denver — — Live Live
Des Moines — — Live Live
Detroit — — Live Live
Fort Myers — — Live —
Houston Live Live Live Live
Indianapolis Live — Live Live
Jacksonville Live — Live —
Kansas City — Live Live Planned
Las Vegas Live — Live —
Little Rock — — Live Planned
Los Angeles Live Live Live Live
Louisville Live — Live —
Memphis — — Live Live
Minneapolis–Saint Paul — — Live Live
Miami — — Live Live
Milwaukee Live — Live —
Nashville Live — Live —
New Orleans Live — Live —
New York Live Live Live Live
Oklahoma City Live — Live —
Omaha — — Live Live
Orlando Live — — —
Panama City — — Live Live
Philadelphia — — Live —
Phoenix — Live Live Live
Pittsburgh Live — Live —
Providence Live — Live Live
Raleigh Live — Live —
Rochester, New York Live — Live –
Salt Lake City — — Live Live
San Antonio Live — Live —
San Diego Live — Live Planned
San Francisco Live — — —
San Jose Live — — —
Sioux Falls — — Live Live
Tampa Live — — —
Waco Live — Live —
Washington, D.C. — Live Live Live

Sources:[155][156]

Operator Infrastructures
AT&T Nokia, Ericsson, and Samsung
Sprint Nokia, Ericsson, and Samsung
T-Mobile Nokia, Ericsson, and Samsung
Verizon Nokia, Ericsson, and Samsung

In August 2018, Senators John Thune and Brian Schatz introduced the Streamlining the Rapid Evolution
and Modernization of Leading-edge Infrastructure Necessary to Enhance (STREAMLINE)[157] Small
Cell Deployment Act (S. 3157), also known as the Streamline Small Cell Deployment Act. The proposed
legislation limits local government involvement in the location of 5G equipment.[158]

Uruguay
Uruguay state-owned operator Antel with vendor Nokia launched the first 5G commercial network in
Latin America in April 2019.[159]

Vietnam
Vietnam is aiming for service availability by January 2020 – ahead of Singapore and Malaysia, being the
second ASEAN-state to roll-out 5G in the Southeast Asia Region--, according to The Diplomat.[160] As
previously reported by CommsUpdate, market leader Viettel was handed the country's first licence to trial
5G in January 2019 and tests were launched in Hanoi in cooperation with Swedish vendor Ericsson in
May. The test permit is valid for one year until 21 January 2020 and allows the firm to trial the
technology in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The military-owned company, which plans to launch
commercial 5G services in 2020, announced that data connection speeds ranged from 1.5Gbit/s to
1.7Gbit/s. A third cellco, MobiFone, is expected to test 5G in Hanoi, Hai Phong and Da Nang.[161] On 17
September 2019, Viettel started installation of 5G testing infrastructure, which was eventually released
on 20 September.
Qatar
Ooredoo has announced that the company is the first operator in the world to launch a live 5G network on
the 3.5 GHz spectrum band. The breakthrough announcement was made in an event attended by Ooredoo
senior management at the Ooredoo Tower in West Bay, Qatar. Now it's one of the first and only countries
in the world where all major cities are covered by 5G network and a great number of mobile phones are
available in the Qatar market for commercial use. Vodafone Qatar is also working immensely on 5G
revolution in the state of Qatar, and has covered its network in many parts of the country.

Ooredoo Qatar and Vodafone Qatar has also launched various cellular plans readily available for
customers for purchase and use in the price of 4G.

Users can also readily participate in various free trials of the network.

In other countries
Mexico could begin 5G service in 2021, according to José Otero, director for Latin America
and the Caribbean of 5G Américas.[162][163][164]
Sweden plans to begin rolling 5G services out sometime in 2020.[165]
Panama plans to begin rolling out 5G in 2020–2021 using Huawei equipment for all
infrastructure.[166][167]

Technology

New radio frequencies


The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as New Radio (NR), and the specification is
subdivided into two frequency bands, FR1 (below 6 GHz) and FR2 (mmWave),[168] each with different
capabilities.

Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz)


The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100 MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous
spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band most widely being used for 5G in this range is
around 3.5 GHz. The Korean carriers are using 3.5 GHz although some millimeter wave spectrum has
also been allocated.

Frequency range 2 (> 24 GHz)


The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 50 MHz and the maximum is 400 MHz, with two-
channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. In the U.S., Verizon is using 28 GHz and AT&T is
using 39 GHz. 5G can use frequencies of up to 300 GHz.[169] The higher the frequency, the greater the
ability to support high data transfer speeds without interfering with other wireless signals or becoming
overly cluttered. Due to this, 5G can support approximately 1,000 more devices per meter than 4G.[170]

FR2 coverage
5G in the 24 GHz range or above use higher frequencies than 4G, and as a result, some 5G signals are not
capable of traveling large distances (over a few hundred meters), unlike 4G or lower frequency 5G
signals (sub 6 GHz). This requires placing 5G base stations every few hundred meters in order to use
higher frequency bands. Also, these higher frequency 5G signals cannot penetrate solid objects easily,
such as cars, trees, and walls, because of the nature of these higher frequency electromagnetic waves.[171]

Max. number Output power Max. distance from


Cell types Deployment environment
of users (mW) base station
Home: 4–8 indoors: 10–100
cell
Homes, businesses Businesses: outdoors: 200– 10s of meters
types
16–32 1000
Public areas like shopping indoors: 100–
Pico malls, 250
5G NR 64 to 128 10s of meters
cell airports, train stations, outdoors: 1000–
FR2 skyscrapers 5000
Micro Urban areas to fill coverage outdoors:
128 to 256 few hundreds of meters
cell gaps 5000−10000
Metro Urban areas to provide outdoors:
more than 250 hundreds of meters
cell additional capacity 10000−20000
indoors: 20–100
Wi-Fi
Homes, businesses less than 50 outdoors: 200– few 10s of meters
(for comparison)
1000

Massive MIMO
Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) antennas increases sector throughput and capacity
density using large numbers of antennas and Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Each antenna is
individually-controlled and may embed radio transceiver components. Nokia claimed a five-fold increase
in the capacity increase for a 64-Tx/64-Rx antenna system. The term "massive MIMO" was coined by
Nokia Bell Labs researcher Dr. Thomas L. Marzetta in 2010, and has been launched in 4G networks,
such as Softbank in Japan.[172]

Of more than 562 separate 5G demonstrations, tests or trials globally of 5G technologies, at least 94 of
them have involved testing Massive MIMO in the context of 5G.[173]

Edge computing
Edge computing is delivered by computing servers closer to the ultimate user. It reduces latency and data
traffic congestion.[174][175]

Small cell
Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum
that have a range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells are critical to 5G networks, as 5G's radio
waves can't travel long distances, because of 5G's higher frequencies.

Beamforming
Beamforming, as the name suggests, is used to direct radio waves to a target. This is achieved by
combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience
constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. This improves signal quality
and data transfer speeds. 5G uses beamforming due to the improved signal quality it provides.
Beamforming can be accomplished using Phased array antennas.

Wifi-cellular convergence
One expected benefit of the transition to 5G is the convergence of multiple networking functions to
achieve cost, power, and complexity reductions. LTE has targeted convergence with Wi-Fi
band/technology via various efforts, such as License Assisted Access (LAA; 5G signal in unlicensed
frequency bands that are also used by Wi-Fi) and LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA; convergence with Wi-
Fi Radio), but the differing capabilities of cellular and Wi-Fi have limited the scope of convergence.
However, significant improvement in cellular performance specifications in 5G, combined with
migration from Distributed Radio Access Network (D-RAN) to Cloud- or Centralized-RAN (C-RAN)
and rollout of cellular small cells can potentially narrow the gap between Wi-Fi and cellular networks in
dense and indoor deployments. Radio convergence could result in sharing ranging from the aggregation
of cellular and Wi-Fi channels to the use of a single silicon device for multiple radio access technologies.

NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access)


NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) is a proposed multiple-access technique for future cellular
systems via allocation of power.

SDN/NFV
Initially, cellular mobile communications technologies were designed in the context of providing voice
services and Internet access. Today a new era of innovative tools and technologies is inclined towards
developing a new pool of applications. This pool of applications consists of different domains such as the
Internet of Things (IoT), web of connected autonomous vehicles, remotely controlled robots, and
heterogeneous sensors connected to serve versatile applications.[176] In this context, network slicing has
emerged as a key technology to efficiently embrace this new market model.[177]

Channel coding
The channel coding techniques for 5G NR have changed from Turbo codes in 4G to polar codes for the
control channels and LDPC (low-density parity check codes) for the data channels.[178][179]

Operation in unlicensed spectrum


Like LTE in unlicensed spectrum, 5G NR will also support operation in unlicensed spectrum (NR-
U).[180] In addition to License Assisted Access (LAA) from LTE that enable carriers to use those
unlicensed spectrum to boost their operational performance for users, in 5G NR it will support standalone
NR-U unlicensed operation that will allow new 5G NR networks to be established in different
environments without acquiring operational license in licensed spectrum, for instance for localized
private network or lower the entry barrier for providing 5G internet services to the public.[180]
Concerns

Interference issues
The spectrum used by various 5G proposals will be near that of passive remote sensing such as by
weather and Earth observation satellites, particularly for water vapor monitoring. Interference will occur
and will potentially be significant without effective controls. An increase in interference already occurred
with some other prior proximate band usages.[181][182] Interference to satellite operations impairs
numerical weather prediction performance with substantially deleterious economic and public safety
impacts in areas such as commercial aviation.[183][184]

The concerns prompted U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross and NASA Administrator Jim
Bridenstine in February 2019 to urge the FCC to delay some spectrum auction proposals, which was
rejected.[185] The chairs of the House Appropriations Committee and House Science Committee wrote
separate letters to FCC chair Ajit Pai asking for further review and consultation with NOAA, NASA, and
DoD, and warning of harmful impacts to national security.[186] Acting NOAA director Neil Jacobs
testified before the House Committee in May 2019 that 5G out-of-band emissions could produce a 30%
reduction in weather forecast accuracy and that the resulting degradation in ECMWF model performance
would have resulted in failure to predict the track and thus the impact of Superstorm Sandy in 2012. The
United States Navy in March 2019 wrote a memorandum warning of deterioration and made technical
suggestions to control band bleed-over limits, for testing and fielding, and for coordination of the
wireless industry and regulators with weather forecasting organizations.[187]

At the 2019 quadrennial World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), atmospheric scientists


advocated for a strong buffer of −55 decibel watts (dBW), European regulators agreed on a
recommendation of −42 dBW, and US regulators (the FCC) recommended a restriction of −20 dBW,
which is 150 times weaker than the European proposal. The ITU decided on an intermediate −33 dBW
until 1 September 2027 and after that a standard of −39 dBW.[188] This is closer to the European
recommendation but even the delayed higher standard is much weaker than that pleaded for by
atmospheric scientists, triggering warnings from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) that the
ITU standard, at 10 times less stringent than its recommendation, brings the "potential to significantly
degrade the accuracy of data collected".[189] A representative of the American Meteorological Society
(AMS) also warned of interference,[190] and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
(ECMWF), sternly warned, saying that society risks "history repeat[ing] itself" by ignoring atmospheric
scientists' warnings (referencing global warming, monitoring of which could be imperiled).[191] In
December 2019, a bipartisan request was sent from the US House Science Committee to the Government
Accountability Office (GAO) to investigate why there is such a discrepancy between recommendations
of US civilian and military science agencies and the regulator, the FCC.[192]

Surveillance concerns
Due to fears of potential espionage of foreign users by Chinese equipment vendors, several countries
(including Australia and the United Kingdom as of early 2019)[193] have taken actions to restrict or
eliminate the use of Chinese equipment in their respective 5G networks. Chinese vendors and the
Chinese government have denied these claims.
In 2019, the United States via its FBI, the British GCHQ, other intelligence agencies, and several
criminal prosecuting organizations, are heavily involved in adjusting surveillance standards. The 5G
security architecture is being adjusted to allow as much metadata as possible to be collected for mass
surveillance purposes. This happens via the 3SALI meetings of the 3GPP standardization
organization.[194]

A report published by the European Commission and European Agency for Cybersecurity details the
security issues surrounding 5G while notoriously trying to avoid mentioning Huawei. The report warns
against using a single supplier for a carrier's 5G infrastructure, specially those based outside the
European Union. (Nokia and Ericsson are the only European manufacturers of 5G equipment.)[195]

Health concerns
The development of the technology has elicited a range of responses regarding concerns that 5G radiation
could have adverse health effects.[196] An opinion piece published on Scientific American's online blog
section asserts that complete scientific research regarding its effects has not been conducted and that
there could be health risks.[197] Another article in the same publication offers outlooks from both sides of
the debate, and ends in a call for more and higher quality studies on the issue.[198] Wired characterized
fears that the technology could cause cancer, infertility, autism, Alzheimer's, and mysterious bird deaths
as "conspiracy theory".[199] The US FCC and nearly all other regulators claim 5G radiation will have no
significant health effects.

In April 2019, the city of Brussels in Belgium blocked a 5G trial because of radiation laws.[200] In
Geneva, Switzerland, a planned upgrade to 5G was stopped for the same reason.[201] The Swiss
Telecommunications Association (ASUT) has said that studies have been unable to show that 5G
frequencies have any health impact.[202] Several Swiss cantons adopted moratoriums on 5G technology
on health grounds, though the Federal offices in charge of environment and telecommunications say that
the cantons have no jurisdiction to do so.[203]

Dr. Paul Ben-Ishai, a member of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Physics department, recently
detailed how human sweat ducts act like an array of helical antennas when exposed to 5G
wavelengths.[204] When this occurs, EM waves interact in complex forms, resulting in potential health
effects.[205]

Health concerns related to radiation from cell telephone towers and cell telephones are not new. Although
electromagnetic hypersensitivity is not scientifically recognized, diffuse symptoms such as headache and
tiredness have been claimed to result from exposure to electromagnetic fields such as those that carry 5G
and Wi-Fi.[206] However, 5G technology presents a couple of new issues that depart from 4G technology,
namely, higher microwave frequencies from 2.6 GHz to 28 GHz, compared to 700–2500 MHz typically
used by 4G. Because the higher millimeter wave used in 5G does not penetrate objects easily, this
requires the installation of antennas every few hundred meters, which has sparked concern among the
public.[196]

An international appeal to the European Union made on September 13, 2017 garnered over 180
signatures from scientists representing 35 unique countries.[207] They cite concerns over the 10 to 20
billion connections to the 5G network and the subsequent increase in RF-EMF exposure affecting the
global populace constantly. The appeal also references the International Agency for Research on Cancer's
(IARC) conclusion in 2011 that frequencies 30 kHz – 300 GHz are likely carcinogenic in humans.[208]
This research was seemingly confirmed by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) who studied
prolonged exposure to RF radiation on rats and noticed significant increases in cancer formation.[209]

Critics of 5G say that these millimeter wavelengths have not been tested extensively on the general
public. Most experts believe that more scientific research is needed,[210] as, even though millimeter wave
technology has been used in technology such as radar for many decades,[211][212][213] there is
considerable research regarding the association of cancer to the use of radar devices by police
officers.[214]

United States Senator Richard Blumenthal in 2018 said "I know of no reliable studies — classified or
otherwise that have been done about 5G technology. There may have been studies by the military but, so
far as I know, they failed to meet the specifications that are required in terms of the numbers of animals
or other ways of measuring that would be required."[215]

In 2018, Dr. Martin Pall, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences at Washington
State University believes "Putting in tens of millions of 5G antennae without a single biological test of
safety has got to be about the stupidest idea anyone has had in the history of the world."[216] He cites the
increased number of Phased arrays, the high energy pulses which can easily penetrate the human body,
and the bulk of antennae required to operate the network as potential causes for concern.

Writing in the New York Times in 2019, William Broad reported that RT America began airing
programming linking 5G to harmful health effects, such as "brain cancer, infertility, autism, heart tumors,
and Alzheimer’s disease". Broad asserts that the claims, which he states have increased in 2019, have
spread to hundreds of blogs and websites but they "lack scientific support".[217]

In January 2019, more than 180 scientists and doctors from 36 countries sent a letter to officials of the
European Union demanding a moratorium on 5G coverage in Europe until potential hazards for human
health have been fully investigated.[218] According to the "Statement on emerging health and
environmental issues (2018)" edited by European Commission's Scientific Committee on Health,
Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER), "5G networks will soon be rolled out for mobile phone
and smart device users. How exposure to electromagnetic fields could affect humans remains a
controversial area, and studies have not yielded clear evidence of the impact on mammals, birds or
insects. The lack of clear evidence to inform the development of exposure guidelines to 5G technology
leaves open the possibility of unintended biological consequences."[219]

According to the CNET,[220] "Members of Parliament in the Netherlands are also calling on the
government to take a closer look at 5G. Switzerland is taking steps to monitor 5G's impact on people.
Several leaders in Congress have written to the Federal Communications Commission expressing
concern about potential health risks. In Mill Valley, California, the city council blocked the deployment
of new 5G wireless cells."[220][221][222][223][224] Similar concerns were raised in Vermont[225] and New
Hampshire.[220]

In February 2019, Senator Blumenthal questioned 5G industry representatives about health risks and
related studies, finding that the industry has not done studies, nor were any ongoing.[226]

In July 2019, the New York Times wrote an article detailing how an influential study from the year
2000,[227] which determined that wireless technology carried a high chance of causing negative health
effects in humans, made a scientific error by failing to study the protective benefits of human skin.[228]
The article claimed that many of the alleged health concerns around 5G and other wireless technologies
in humans have not been scientifically proven.[228]

In August 2019, a court in the USA decided that 5G technology will not be deployed without
environmental impact and historic preservation reviews.[229]

In the third quarter of 2019, after campaigning by activist groups, a series of small localities in the UK,
including Totnes, Brighton and Hove, Glastonbury, and Frome passed resolutions against the
implementation of further 5G infrastructure.[230][231] For example, the Totnes Town Council passed a
symbolic moratorium on the building of additional 5G masts pending additional research on the health
effects of 5G.[232]

Security concerns
On 18 October 2018, a team of researchers from ETH Zurich, the University of Lorraine and the
University of Dundee released a paper entitled, “A Formal Analysis of 5G Authentication”.[233][234] It
alerted that 5G technology could open ground for a new era of security threats. The paper described the
technology as “immature and insufficiently tested,” the one that “enables the movement and access of
vastly higher quantities of data, and thus broadens attack surfaces”. Simultaneously, network security
companies such as Fortinet,[235] Arbor Networks,[236] A10 Networks,[237] and Voxility[238] advised on
personalized and mixed security deployments against massive DDoS attacks foreseen after 5G
deployment.

IoT Analytics estimated an increase in the number of IoT devices, enabled by 5G technology, from 7
billion in 2018 to 21.5 billion by 2025.[239] This can raise the attack surface for these devices to a
substantial scale, and the capacity for DDoS attacks, cryptojacking, and other cyberattacks could boost
proportionally.[234]

Marketing of non-5G services


In various parts of the world, carriers have launched numerous differently branded technologies, such as
"5G Evolution", which advertise improving existing networks with the use of "5G technology".[240]
However, these pre-5G networks are an improvement on specifications of existing LTE networks that are
not exclusive to 5G. While the technology promises to deliver faster speeds, and is described by AT&T
as a "foundation for our evolution to 5G while the 5G standards are being finalized," it cannot be
considered to be true 5G. When AT&T announced 5G Evolution, 4x4 MIMO, the technology that AT&T
is using to deliver the faster speeds, had already been put in place by T-Mobile without being branded
with the 5G moniker. It is claimed that such branding is a marketing move that will cause confusion with
consumers, as it is not made clear that such improvements are not true 5G.[241]

History
In April 2008, NASA partnered with Geoff Brown and Machine-to-Machine Intelligence
(M2Mi) Corp to develop 5G communications technology.[242]
In 2008, the South Korean IT R&D program of "5G mobile communication systems based
on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation" was formed.
In August 2012, New York University founded NYU WIRELESS, a multi-disciplinary
academic research centre that has conducted pioneering work in 5G wireless
communications.[243][244][245]
On 8 October 2012, the UK's University of Surrey secured £35M for a new 5G research
centre, jointly funded by the British government's UK Research Partnership Investment
Fund (UKRPIF) and a consortium of key international mobile operators and infrastructure
providers, including Huawei, Samsung, Telefonica Europe, Fujitsu Laboratories Europe,
Rohde & Schwarz, and Aircom International. It will offer testing facilities to mobile operators
keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less energy and less radio spectrum, while
delivering speeds faster than current 4G with aspirations for the new technology to be ready
within a decade.[246][247][248][249]
On 1 November 2012, the EU project "Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the
Twenty-twenty Information Society" (METIS) starts its activity toward the definition of 5G.
METIS achieved an early global consensus on these systems. In this sense, METIS played
an important role of building consensus among other external major stakeholders prior to
global standardization activities. This was done by initiating and addressing work in relevant
global fora (e.g. ITU-R), as well as in national and regional regulatory bodies.[250]
Also in November 2012, the iJOIN EU project was launched, focusing on "small cell"
technology, which is of key importance for taking advantage of limited and strategic
resources, such as the radio wave spectrum. According to Günther Oettinger, the European
Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society (2014–2019), "an innovative utilization of
spectrum" is one of the key factors at the heart of 5G success. Oettinger further described it
as "the essential resource for the wireless connectivity of which 5G will be the main
driver".[251] iJOIN was selected by the European Commission as one of the pioneering 5G
research projects to showcase early results on this technology at the Mobile World
Congress 2015 (Barcelona, Spain).
In February 2013, ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP 5D) started two study items: (1) Study on
IMT Vision for 2020 and beyond, and; (2) Study on future technology trends for terrestrial
IMT systems. Both aiming at having a better understanding of future technical aspects of
mobile communications toward the definition of the next generation mobile.[252]
On 12 May 2013, Samsung Electronics stated that they had developed a "5G" system. The
core technology has a maximum speed of tens of Gbit/s (gigabits per second). In testing,
the transfer speeds for the "5G" network sent data at 1.056 Gbit/s to a distance of up to
2 kilometers with the use of an 8*8 MIMO.[253][254]
In July 2013, India and Israel agreed to work jointly on development of fifth generation (5G)
telecom technologies.[255]
On 1 October 2013, NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone), the same company to launch
world's first 5G network in Japan, wins Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications
Award at CEATEC for 5G R&D efforts.[256]
On 6 November 2013, Huawei announced plans to invest a minimum of $600 million into
R&D for next generation 5G networks capable of speeds 100 times faster than modern LTE
networks.[257]
On 3 April 2019, South Korea became the first country to adopt 5G.[258] Just hours later,
Verizon launched its 5G services in the United States, and disputed South Korea's claim of
becoming the world's first country with a 5G network, because allegedly, South Korea's 5G
service was launched initially for just six South Korean celebrities so that South Korea could
claim the title of having the world's first 5G network.[259] In fact, the three main South
Korean telecommunication companies (SK Telecom, KT, and LG Uplus) added more than
40,000 users to their 5G network on the launch day.[260]
In June 2019, Philippines became the first in Southeast Asia to roll out 5G network after
Globe Telecom commercially launched its 5G data plans to customers.[261]
AT&T bring 5G service to consumers and businesses in December 2019 ahead of plans to
offer nationwide 5G in the first half of 2020[262][263]
Applications

Automobiles
5G Automotive Association have been promoting the C-V2X communication technology that will first
be deployed in 4G. It provides for communication between vehicles and communication between
vehicles and infrastructures, leading to increase in autonomous (self-driving) cars and IOT (Internet of
Things).[264]

Auto industry experts believe that the incorporation of 5G technology in upcoming self-driving cars will
be vital in helping autonomous cars realize their full potential (Llanasas, 2019). The speed of this
technology will enhance the capabilities of autonomous vehicles whiles making them effective at the
same time (Llanasas, 2019). For instance, the current 4G network doesn't possess the required speed
needed to provide self-driving vehicles that could prevent catastrophic accidents (Llanasas, 2019).[265]

Public safety
Mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) and mission-critical video and data are expected to be furthered
in 5G.[266]

Healthcare
The Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) aspect of 5G could improve telehealth,
remote patient monitoring and remote surgery for patients or medical facilities with less access to
existing high-speed networks.[267]

Fixed wireless
Fixed wireless connections intended to replace fixed line broadband (ADSL, VDSL, Fiber optic, and
DOCSIS connections) with 5G connections.[268][269][270]

Smart Home
5G is leveraged by the smart home concept, which is an automated home equipped with lighting, heating,
or other electronic devices that can be controlled remotely by smartphone or computer. Compared to
existing wireless technologies such as WLAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, Zigbee, Z-Wave, and other such
technologies, 5G will contribute to the success of smart homes by providing reliable and user-friendly
connections to devices with various performance requirements.[271]

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External links
Media related to 5G at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by Mobile telephony


Succeeded by
4th Generation (4G) generations

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