Magnetic Design Formula

The inductance of a core and the number of turns can be calculated by using the following formula.

◆ inductance of wound Cores

0.4 πμN2A x 10-2 Where L = induntance ( μH)
L=
ℓ μ = core permeability
N = number of turns
AL x N 2 A = core cross section area (cm2)
LN = ℓ = mean magnetic path length (cm)
10 3
L N = inductance for N turns (μH)
AL = nominal inductance(nH/N2)
L1 L2 desired L(nH) 1/2

N21
=
N2
2
Required N = ( AL(nH / N2)
)

◆ Example) M040066A
0.4π x 125 x 10 2 x 0.100 x 10-2
L= = 6.60(μH)
2.380

N = 10 turns (our standard wound turns for M040-066A)

A = 0.100cm2 (please see the page ‘56’)
ℓ = 2.380cm (please see the page ‘56’)
L N = 66 x 10 2 x 10-3 = 6.60(μH)

◆ The relations of Permeability-Flux Density(B)-Magnetizing Force(H)

0.4πNI Where H = magnetizing force (Oersteds)
H= (Ampere’s Law)
ℓ N = number of turns
I = peak magnetizing current (A)
Ermsx10 2 ℓ = mean magnetic path length (cm)
Bmax = (Faraday’s Law)
4.44fAN Bmax = maximum flux density (Gauss)
Erms = voltage across coil (V)
B A = core cross section area (cm2)
μ= f = frequency (Hz)
H
μ = material permeability

Ampere’s Law : T
 he law is the magnetic equivalent of Gauss’s law. It relates the circulating magnetic field

Dongbu CNI in a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop
Faraday’s Law : The law that defines the relationship of the voltage induced across the winding of a core to
Dongbu CNI the flux density within the core

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10 Dongbu CNI

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◆ Inductance calculation by Permeability vs. DC bias curves Specification

Core : M040066A
Applied current : 3A
1) inductance Calculation at 0A

Technical Information
0.4π x 125 x 102 x 0.100 x 10-2
L= = 6.60(μH)
2.380

N = 10 turns (our standard wound turns for M040-066A)

A = 0.100cm2 (please see the page ‘56’)
ℓ = 2.380cm (please see the page ‘56’)
L N = 66 x 10 2 x 10-3 = 6.60(μH)

2) Magnetizing force (H : Oe) is calculated by Ampere’ law to achieve the roll off

0.4 x π x N x I 0.4 x π x 10 x 3
H= = = 15.8(Oe)
ℓ 2.38

3) When the magnetizing force(H) is 15.8 Oe, yielding 85% of initial permeability.
Therefore, the Inductance at 3A is

L(3A) = 6.6 x 0.85 = 5.6(μH)

◆ Core loss
The total core losses are made up of three main
components : Hysteresis, eddy current and residual losses.

Rac Where Rac = effective resistance (Ohm)

= aBmaxf + cf + ef2
μL a = hysteresis loss coefficient
c = residual loss coefficient
e = eddy current loss coefficient
eddy current loss μ = same as before mentioned
residual loss
L = inductance
hysteresis loss
Bmax = maximum flux density
total loss factor
f = frequency

www.dongbucni.co.kr 11
 ◆ Q Factor
The Q factor is the ratio of reactance to the effective resistance and is often used as measure of performance.
So, the Q factor represents the effect of electrical resistance.

Where Q =
quality factor
ωL Reactance ω = 2πf (Hz)
Q= =
Rdc + Rac + Rd Total Resistance
L = inductance (H)
Rdc = DC winding resistance (Ohm)
Rac = resistance due to core losses (Ohm)
Rd = resistance due to winding dielectric
losses (Ohm)

◆ Physical constant of core

π(OD-ID)
Le =
OD
In
ID
Le = effective mean magnetic path length (cm)
Ae = effective core cross section area (cm2 )
OD-ID
Ae = x HT Ve = effective core volume (cm3)
2
OD = core outer diameter before coating (cm)
ID = core inner diameter before coating (cm)
Ve = Le x Ae
HT = core height before coating (cm)
2

Window Area = π x (ID2 )

Conversion Table

CGS (unit) By To obtain (unit) Factor

Magnetic Flux Density (B) Gauss (G) 10-4 Tesla (T) 1T=104G

Magnetizing Force (H) Oersted (Oe) 79.58 Amperes per Meter (A/m) 1A/m=4 π/103Oe

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12 Dongbu CNI

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◆ Temperature Rising Calculation
The increase in surface temperature of a component in free-standing air due to the total power dissipation (both
copper and core loss). The following formula has been used to approximate temperature rise:

Technical Information
0.833
Temperature Rise(oC) = ( TotalSurface
Power Loss (milliwatts)
Area(cm )2 )
Total Power Loss = Copper Loss + Core Loss
Surface Area means in case of wound core

◆ Nominal DC Resistance
Nominal DC Resistance, in ohm/mH, at any given winding factor can be calculated by using the following equations:

Where Ω /mhwf = Ω mh for chosen winding factor

Ω /mhu = unity value, listed for each core size
Ω/mhu Kwf
Ω/mhwf = x wf = chosen winding factor
wf Ku
Kwf = length/turn for chosen wf*
Ku = length/turn for unity(100%) wf*
* see “winding Turn Length” on core size pages

The value of Rdc for any given winding factor can be computed as follows:

Where Rdcwf = Rdc for chosen winding factor

Kwf
Rdcwf = Rdcu x wfx Rdcu = unity value, listed for each core size(ohms)
Ku
wf = chosen winding factor
Kwf = length/turn for chosen wf*
Ku = length/turn for unity(100%) wf*
* see “winding Turn Length” on core size pages

www.dongbucni.co.kr 13
 Permeability vs. Frequency

◆ MPP
100 14μ
26μ
90 60μ

80
125μ
70
Percent Permeability(%)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10 100 1000 10000
Frequency (kHz)

◆ High Flux
100 14μ

90 26μ
60μ
80

70
Percent Permeability(%)

60

50
125μ
40

30

20

10

0
10 100 1000 10000

Dongbu CNI Frequency (kHz)

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14 Dongbu CNI

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 Permeability vs. Frequency

◆ Sendust

Technical Information
100
14μ
98 26μ

96 35μ
60μ
94 75μ
Percent Permeability(%)

90μ
92 125μ

90

88

86

84

82

80
10 100 1000 10000
Frequency (kHz)

◆ Power Flux
100
60μ
90
90μ
80
Percent Permeability(%)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10 100 1000 10000
Frequency (kHz)

www.dongbucni.co.kr 15
 Normal Magnetizing Curves

◆ MPP
8000

7000

6000 5μ 60
μ μ
12 26
Flux Density (Gauss)

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
1 10 100 1000
Magnetizing Force (Oersteds)

◆ High Flux
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
Flux Density (Gauss)

9000
8000
5μ

μ
μ

26
60
12

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1 10 100 1000

Dongbu CNI Magnetizing Force (Oersteds)

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16 Dongbu CNI

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 Normal Magnetizing Curves

◆ Sendust

Technical Information
11000

10000

9000
5μ μ μ μ μ
12 90 75 60 26
8000
Flux Density (Gauss)

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
1 10 100 1000
Magnetizing Force (Oersteds)

◆ Power Flux
16000

14000

12000
Flux Density (Gauss)

μ μ
90 60
10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
1 10 100 1000
Magnetizing Force (Oersteds)

www.dongbucni.co.kr 17
 Permeability vs. AC Flux Density

◆ MPP
4
Percent Change of Permeability (%)

125μ

1 60μ
26μ

-1
10 100 1000 10000

AC Flux Density (Gauss)

◆ High Flux
30

25

20 125μ
Percent Change of Permeability (%)

15 60μ

10 26μ

-5

-10
10
Dongbu CNI 100 1000 10000

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AC Flux Density (Gauss)
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18 Dongbu CNI

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 Permeability vs. AC Flux Density

◆ Sendust

Technical Information
4
125μ
Percent Change of Permeability (%)

3 90μ

75μ

2
60μ

26μ
1

-1
10 100 1000 10000

AC Flux Density (Gauss)

◆ Power Flux
4

3
percent change of permeability(%)

60μ

-1
10 100 1000 10000

AC Flux Density (Gauss)

www.dongbucni.co.kr 19
 Permeability vs. DC Bias Curves

◆ MPP
100

90

80
Percent Perm eability (%)

70

60

50

40
125μ 60μ 26μ 14μ
30

20

10

0
1 10 100 1000
DC Mangnetizing Force (Oe)

◆ High Flux
100

90

80
125μ 60μ 26μ 14μ
Percent Perm eability (%)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 10 100 1000

Dongbu CNI DC Mangnetizing Force (Oe)

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20 Dongbu CNI

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 Permeability vs. DC Bias Curves

◆ Sendust

Technical Information
Technical Information
100

90

80
Percent Perm eability (%)

70

60
125μ 90 μ 75μ60μ 35μ 26μ 14μ
50

40

30

20

10

0
1 10 100 1000
DC Mangnetizing Force (Oe)

◆ Power Flux
100

90

80
Percent Perm eability (%)

70

60
90μ 60μ
50

40

30

20

10

0
1 10 100 1000
DC Mangnetizing Force (Oe)

www.dongbucni.co.kr 21
 Factors of Permeability vs. DC Bias Fit Formula

μ 02 + a μ 03 Η + b μ 04 Η 2
μe ff =
1 + cμ0 Η + d μ 02 Η 2

▶MPP
μ0 a b c d

14 -3.5204E-05 -1.8222E-08 -3.5714E-05 5.1020E-08

26 -4.7041E-05 -2.2758E-09 -4.6154E-05 2.9586E-08
60 -8.2917E-05 1.8519E-09 -5.8333E-05 2.7778E-08
125 -7.2890E-05 1.3824E-09 -9.0400E-05 3.2000E-08

▶High Flux
μ0 a b c d

14 -7.6531E-06 -3.2799E-09 1.4286E-06 5.1020E-09

26 -2.4556E-05 -1.7069E-09 1.1538E-05 5.9172E-09
60 -2.8972E-05 -4.6296E-10 -2.5000E-05 8.3333E-09
125 -3.4861E-05 3.0720E-10 -3.5200E-05 6.4000E-09

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22 Dongbu CNI

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Factors of Permeability vs. DC Bias Fit Formula

Technical Information
μ 02 + a μ 03 Η + b μ 04 Η 2
μe ff =
1 + cμ0 Η + d μ 02 Η 2

▶Sendust
μ0 a b c d

14 -3.6735E-05 -7.2886E-09 -2.1429E-05 3.0612E-08

26 -9.1716E-05 2.2758E-09 8.4615E-05 1.4793E-08
35 -1.0522E-04 2.3324E-09 4.8571E-05 1.6327E-08
60 -7.4250E-05 1.8519E-09 1.3333E-05 1.3889E-08
75 -9.1058E-05 2.1333E-09 3.4667E-05 1.0667E-08
90 -8.2457E-05 1.7833E-09 1.0000E-05 2.4691E-08
125 -9.1155E-05 1.9456E-09 -9.6000E-06 2.5600E-08

▶Power Flux
μ0 a b c d

60 -3.5444E-05 -1.8519E-10 6.6667E-07 8.3333E-09

90 -5.4914E-05 8.2305E-10 -4.4444E-06 8.6420E-09

www.dongbucni.co.kr 23
 Factors of Percentage Permeability (x100) calculation

2
1 + kΗ + lΗ
Ratio of Perm . = 2
1 + mΗ + n Η

▶MPP

μ0 k l m n

14 -4.9286E-04 -3.5714E-06 -5.0000E-04 1.0000E-05

26 -1.2231E-03 -1.5385E-06 -1.2000E-03 2.0000E-05
60 -4.9750E-03 6.6667E-06 -3.5000E-03 1.0000E-04
125 -9.1112E-03 2.1600E-05 -1.1300E-02 5.0000E-04

▶High Flux

μ0 k l m n

14 -1.0714E-04 -6.4286E-07 2.0000E-05 1.0000E-06

26 -6.3846E-04 -1.1538E-06 3.0000E-04 4.0000E-06
60 -1.7383E-03 -1.6667E-06 -1.5000E-03 3.0000E-05
125 -4.3576E-03 4.8000E-06 -4.4000E-03 1.0000E-04

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24 Dongbu CNI

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Factors of Percentage Permeability (x100) calculation

Technical Information
2
1 + kΗ + lΗ
Ratio of Perm . = 2
1 + mΗ + n Η

▶Sendust
μ0 k l m n

14 -5.1429E+00 -1.4286E-02 -3.0000E-04 6.0000E-06

26 -2.3846E+01 1.5385E-02 2.2000E-03 1.0000E-05
35 -3.6829E+01 2.8571E-02 1.7000E-03 2.0000E-05
60 -4.4550E+01 6.6667E-02 8.0000E-04 5.0000E-05
75 -6.8293E+01 1.2000E-01 2.6000E-03 6.0000E-05
90 -7.4211E+01 1.4444E-01 9.0000E-04 2.0000E-04
125 -1.1394E+02 3.0400E-01 -1.2000E-03 4.0000E-04

▶Power Flux
μ0 k l m n

60 -2.1267E-03 -6.6667E-07 4.0000E-05 3.0000E-05

90 -4.9422E-03 6.6667E-06 -4.0000E-04 7.0000E-05

www.dongbucni.co.kr 25
 Typical Core Loss of MPP

MPP 14μ
10000

1000
Core Loss (mW/cm3)

z
100 z KH
z KH
z H 50 25
0 KH 0K
20 10

10

PL=2.33F1.31B2.19
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
Flux Density (Gauss)

MPP 26μ
10000

1000
Core Loss (mW/cm3)

z z
z KH KH
100
Hz KH 50 25
0
0K 10
20

10

PL=1.39F1.28B1.29
0.1
10 100 1000 10000

Flux Density (Gauss)

Dongbu CNI a b Perm. C a b

P =C X F X B 14 2.33 1.31 2.19
Dongbu CNI
L
(F : kHz - B : kG) 26 1.39 1.28 1.29
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26 Dongbu CNI

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 Typical Core Loss of MPP

MPP 60μ
10000

Technical Information
1000
Core Loss (mW/cm3)

z
100 KH
z 25
Hz KH
z 0K 50
0 KH 10
20
10

PL=0.64F1.41B2.20
0.1
10 100 1000 10000

Flux Density (Gauss)

MPP 125μ
10000

1000
Core Loss (mW/cm3)

z Hz Hz
100 z KH 50K 25K
00K
H 100
2

10

PL=1.02F1.40B2.03
0.1
10 100 1000 10000

Flux Density (Gauss)

a b Perm. C a b
P =C X F X B 60 0.64 1.41 2.20
L
(F : kHz - B : kG) 125 1.02 1.40 2.03

www.dongbucni.co.kr 27
 Typical Core Loss 01 High Flux

Hlgh Flux 14 p.
HIDl

1 이"
(ε

/
흉g '2.~
{。

생~ 옳OiJ'
100
”〈E
〉)〉ωω

'"
。」e。。

Pl =726 fO. 95Bul

0.1

'" 100

Flux Dens ity (Ga‘=)

HlXl 1 미III

H lgh Flux 26μ

• (JlXJ

1αm
(〔

짧 짧
E 으〉〉E)$。」

/ ιl
100 &γ
생용

10
g
。。

PL=1.38F\37B230
0.1
10 100 1(lXJ 1 이lXl

FI, ‘ Oe nsily (Gauss)

a b P o<m c a b
PL=C x F x B 14 0.95 7 1.91

(F:kHz - B:kG) 26 1.38 1.37 2.30

28 훌 Doog며이1
 Typical Core Loss of High Flux

HIgh Flux 60μ

10000

Technical Information
1000
Core Loss (mW/cm3)

z
Hz KH
K 25
100 Hz 50
Hz 0K
0K 10
20

10

PL=3.65F1.15B2.16
0.1
10 100 1000 10000

Flux Density (Gauss)

HIgh Flux 125μ

10000

1000
Core Loss (mW/cm3)

z Hz Hz
z KH 50K 25K
100 H 100
200K

10

PL=1.62F1.32B2.20
0.1
10 100 1000 10000

Flux Density (Gauss)

a b Perm. C a b
P =C X F X B 60 3.65 1.15 2.16
L
(F : kHz - B : kG) 125 1.62 1.32 2.20

www.dongbucni.co.kr 29
 Typical Core Loss of Sendust

sendust 14μ, 26μ

10000

1000
Core Loss (mW/cm3)

100 z Hz
KH
z KH 50K Hz
200 100 25K

10

PL=2.27F1.26B2.08
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
Flux Density (Gauss)

sendust 60,75,90,125μ
10000

1000
Core Loss (mW/cm3)

z
Hz Hz KH
K 50K 25
100
KH
z 100
200

10

PL=2.00F1.31B2.15
0.1
10 100 1000 10000
Flux Density (Gauss)

Dongbu CNI a b Perm. C a b

P =C X F X B 14, 26 2.27 1.26 2.08
Dongbu CNI
L
(F : kHz - B : kG) 60,75,90,125 2.00 1.31 2.15
Dongbu CNI

30 Dongbu CNI

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 Typical Core Loss of Power Flux

Power Flux 60, 90μ

10000

Technical Information
1000
Core Loss (mW/cm3)

Hz
Hz 25K
100 z K Hz 50K
KH 100
200

10

PL=4.51F1.25B2.21
0.1
10 100 1000 10000

Flux Density (Gauss)

a b Perm. C a b
P =C X F X B
L
(F : kHz - B : kG) 60, 90 4.51 2.21

www.dongbucni.co.kr 31
 Temperature Stability

◆ MPP
3.0

2.0
125μ
Percent Permeability (%)

60μ

1.0
26μ

14μ

0.0

-1.0

-2.0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
o
Temperature ( C)

◆ High Flux
5.0

4.0

3.0
125μ
2.0
Percent Permeability (%)

60μ
26μ
1.0 14μ

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Dongbu CNI Temperature (oC)

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32 Dongbu CNI

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 Temperature Stability

◆ Sendust

Technical Information
2.0

1.0
Percent Permeability (%)

0.0

-1.0 14,26μ
60μ
-2.0
75μ
90μ
-3.0

-4.0

-5.0 125μ

-6.0

-7.0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
o
Temperature ( C)

◆ Power Flux
5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0
90μ
Percent Permeability (%)

1.0
60μ

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Temperature (oC)

www.dongbucni.co.kr 33
 Symbol and Units

Symbol Discription Unit

Ae effective cross section area of a core cm2

AL apparent inductance nH/N2

B magnetic flux density T

Br remanence flux density T

Bmax maximum flux density T

Erms sinusoidal rms voltage across winding V

H magnetizing force A/m

Hc coercive force A/m

Hmax maximum magnetizing force A/m

ℓe effective magnetic path length cm

L inductance H

N number of turns -

PL core loss of a core mW/cm3

Q quality factor -

V volume of a core cm3

Rdc DC winding resistance Ω

μ absolute permeability -

μe effective permeability -

μi initial permeability -

μr relative permeability -
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34 Dongbu CNI

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 Glossary of terms
AC flux density
Number of flux lines per unit of cross-sectional area
generated by an alternating magnetic field; Gauss
Air Gap
A non-magnetic discontinuity in a ferro-magnetic
circuit. For example, the space between the poles of
a magnet, although filled with brass of wood and
other non-magnetic material, is nevertheless called
an air gap.
Breakdown Voltage
(1)The voltage at which an insulator or dielectric
ruptures, or at which ionization and conduction take
place in a gas or vapor. (2) The reverse voltage at
which avalanche breakdown occurs in a
semiconductor. (3) Maximum AC or DC voltage that
can be applied from the input to output (or chassis) of
a converter without causing damage.
Choke
An inductor which is intended to filter, or 'choke', out
unwanted signals.
Copper Loss
The power loss by current flowing through the
winding. The power loss is equal to the square of the
current multiplied by the resistance of the wire (i2 x
R). This power loss is transferred into heat.
Core Losses
Technical Information
Core losses are caused by an altering magnetic field
in the core material. The losses are a function of the
operating frequency and the total magnetic flux
swing. The total core losses are made up of three
main components: Hysteresis, eddy current and
residual losses. These losses vary considerably from
one magnetic material to another. Applications such
as higher power and higher frequency switching
regulators require careful core selection to yield the
highest inductor performance by keeping the core
losses to a minimum.
Core Saturation
The DC bias current flowing through an inductor
which causes the inductance to drop by a specified
amount from the initial zero DC bias inductance
value. Common specified inductance drop
percentages include 10% for ferrite cores and 20%
for iron powder cores in energy storage applications.
Also referred to as saturation current.
Curie Temperature
The temperature at which a magnetic material loses
its magnetic properties. The core's permeability
typically increases dramatically as the core
temperature approaches the curie temperature,
which causes the inductance to increase. The
permeability drops to near unity at the curie
temperature, which causes the inductance to drop
dramatically. The curie point is the temperature at
which the initial permeability (µi) has dropped to 10%
of its value at room temperature.
www.dongbucni.co.kr 35
 Glossary of terms
DC Bias
Direct current (DC) applied to the winding of a core in
addition to any time-varying current. Inductance with
DC bias is a common specification for powder cores.
The inductance will 'roll off' gradually and predictably
with increasing DC bias.
DCR
Direct Current Resistance - The resistance of the
inductor winding measured with no alternating
current. The DCR is most often minimized in the
design of an inductor. The unit of measure is ohms
and it is usually specified as a maximum rating.
Distributed Capacitance
(1) In the construction of an inductor, each turn of
wire or conductor acts as a capacitor plate. The
combined effects of each turn can be presented as a
single capacitance known as the distributed
capacitance. The capacitance is in parallel with the
inductor. This parallel combination will resonate at
some frequency, which is called the self-resonant
frequency (SRF). Lower distributed capacitance for a
given inductance will result in a higher SRF and vice
versa. (2) Capacitance that is not concentrated within
a lumped capacitor, but spread over a circuit or group
of components.
Eddy Current Losses
Core losses associated with the electrical resistivity
of the magnetic material and induced voltages within
the material. Eddy currents are inversely proportional
to material resistivity and proportional to the rate of
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36 Dongbu CNI
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change of flux density. Eddy current losses are
present in both the magnetic core and windings of an
inductor. Eddy currents in the winding, or conductor,
contribute to two main types of losses: losses due to
proximity effects and skin effects. As for the core
losses, an electric field around the flux lines in the
magnetic field is generated by alternating magnetic
flux. This will result in eddy currents if the magnetic
core material has electrical conductivity. Losses
result from this phenomenon since the eddy currents
flow in a plane that is perpendicular to the magnetic
flux lines. Eddy current and hysteresis losses are the
two major core loss factors. Eddy current loss
becomes dominant in powder cores as the frequency
increases.
Effective Permeability
For a magnetic circuit constructed with an air gap, or
gaps, the permeability of a hypothetical
homogeneous material that would provide the same
reluctance, or net permeability.
EMC
Electromagnetic compatibility. The ability of an
electronic device to operate in its intended
environment without its performance being affected
by EMI and without generating EMI that will affect
other equipment.
EMI
Electro-Magnetic Interference - An unwanted
electrical energy in any form. EMI is often used
interchangeably with 'noise' and 'interference'.
 Glossary of terms

Flux Density (B) corresponding values of flux density for the ordinate

The corresponding parameter for the induced
magnetic field in an area perpendicular to the flux
path. Flux density is determined by the field strength
and permeability of the medium in which it is
measured.
Technical Information
and magnetizing force for the abscissa when the
material is passing through a complete cycle
between definite limits of either magnetizing force or
flux density. If the material is not driven into
saturation it is said to be on a minor loop.

Flux Density
Maximum
Maximum Flux Density
Full Winding Permeability

A winding for toroidal cores that will result in 45% of

Intial
the core's inside diameter remaining. Permeability
Remanence

Harmonics
Coercive
Energy at integral multiples of the frequency of the Force Magnetizing Force
fundamental signal. Normally expressed as THD
(Total Harmonic Distortion) but can be specified for
harmonics of interest in either a percentage of or
decibels below the power level of the fundamental
frequency signal.

Hysteresis Loss

Hysteresis means to lag behind. This is the tendency

of a magnetic material to retain its magnetization.
Hysteresis causes the graph of magnetic flux density
versus magnetizing force (B-H curve) to form a loop
rather than a line. The area of the loop represents the
difference between energy stored and energy
released per unit of volume of material per cycle.
This difference is called the hysteresis loss.
High Q filters

A filter circuit (inductor and/or capacitor) that exhibits

high Q. It is very frequency-sensitive and filters out or
Hysteresis Loop
allows to pass, only those frequencies within a
A closed curve obtained for a material by plotting narrow band.

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 Glossary of terms
Impedance
The total opposition offered by a component or circuit
to the flow of alternating or varying current at a
particular frequency, including both the AC and DC
component.. Impedance is expressed in ohms and is
similar to the actual resistance in a direct current
circuit. In computations, impedance is handled as a
complex ratio of voltage to current. The ohm is the
unit of impedance. Impedance is typically
abbreviated as "z" or "Z". The frequency-invariant,
real component of impedance is resistance. The
frequency-variant, imaginary component of
impedance is reactance. The reciprocal of
impedance is admittance.
Inductance Factor (AL)
The inductance rating of a core in nanoHenries per
turn squared (nH/N2) based on a peak flux density of
10 gauss (1 mT) at a frequency of 10 kHz. An AL
value of 40 would produce 400µH of inductance for
100 turns and 40mH for 1000 turns.
Initial Permeability
That value of permeability at a peak AC flux density
of 10 gauss (1 mT).
Magnetic Energy
The product of the flux density (B) and the (de)
magnetizing force (H) in a magnetic circuit required
to reach that flux density.
Magnetostriction
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The expansion
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material with changing magnetic flux density. The
saturation magnetostriction coefficient has the
symbols. It is change of length divided by original
length (a dimensionless number) and is measured at
the saturation flux density. Magnetostriction causes
audible noise if the magnetostriction is sufficiently
large and the applied field is AC and in the audible
frequency range, e.g. 50 or 60 Hz.
Mean Length Turn
The average length of a single turn in the winding of
the device.
Oersted
The unit of magnetizing force in cgs units. One
Oersted equals a magneto-motive force of one
Gilbert per centimeter of path length. 1 Oersted =
79.58 A/m= 0.7958 A/cm
Percent Permeability (%)
Represents the percent change in permeability from
the initial value.
Q factor
The Q factor or quality factor is a measure of the
"quality" of a resonant system. Resonant systems
respond to frequencies close to their natural
frequency much more strongly than they respond to
other frequencies. The Q factor indicates the amount
of resistance to resonance in a system. Systems with
a high Q factor resonate with a greater amplitude (at
the resonant frequency) than systems with a low Q
factor. Damping decreases the Q factor.
 Glossary of terms
Search Coil
A coil inductor, usually of known area and number of
turns, that is used with a fluxmeter to measure the
change of flux linkage with the coil.
Single-Layer Winding
A winding for a toroidal core which will result in the
full utilization of the inside circumference of the core
without the overlapping of turns. The thickness of
insulation and tightness of winding will affect results.
Surface Area
The effective surface area of a typical wound core
available to dissipate heat.
Skin Effect
Skin effect is the tendency for alternating current to
flow near the surface of the conductor in lieu of
flowing in a manner as to utilize the entire cross-
sectional area of tile conductor. The phenomenon
causes the resistance of the conductor to increase.
The magnetic field associated with the current in the
conductor causes eddy currents near the center of
the conductor which opposes the flow of the main
current flow near the center of the conductor. The
main current flow is forced further to the surface as
the frequency of the alternating current increasing
Stored Energy
The amount of energy stored, in microjoules (10 -6
joules), is the product of one-half the inductance (L)
in microhenries (10 -6 Henries), times the current (I)
squared in amperes.
Technical Information
E stored = 12 LI
2
Swing
A term used to describe how inductance responds to
changes in current. Example: A 2:1 swing
corresponds to an inductor which exhibits 2 times
more inductance at very low current than it does at its
maximum rated current. This would also correspond
to the core operating at 50% of initial permeability
(also 50% saturation) at maximum current.
Switch Mode Power Supply
A power conversion technique that involves breaking
the input power into pulses at a high frequency by
switching it on and off and re-combining these pulses
at the output stage. Using this technique, an
unregulated input voltage can be converted to one or
more regulated output voltages at relatively high
efficiencies.
Switching Frequency
The rate at which the DC input to a switching
regulator is switched on and off.
Temperature rise
Change in temperature of a terminal from a no-load
condition to full-current load. Also called T rise. (2)
The increase in surface temperature of a component
in air due to the power dissipation in the component.
The power dissipation for an inductor includes both
copper and core losses.
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 Glossary of terms

Temperature Coefficient

A factor which describes the reversible change in a

magnetic property with a change in temperature. The
magnetic property spontaneously returns when the
temperature is cycled to its original point. It usually is
expressed as the percentage change per unit of
temperature.

Temperature Stabilization

After manufacture, many types of soft and hard

magnetic materials can be thermally cycled to make
them less sensitive to subsequent temperature
extremes.

Winding Factor

The ratio of the total area of copper wire inside the

center hole of a toroid to the window area of the
toroid.

Window Area

The area in and around a magnetic core which can

be used for the placement of windings.

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