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ITU-T G.983.2
TELECOMMUNICATION (07/2005)
STANDARDIZATION SECTOR
OF ITU
Summary
In the B-PON system defined in ITU-T Rec. G.983.1 [3] (called ATM-PON in ITU-T Rec. G.983.1),
the ONTs are located at the customer site. The B-PON element management system will only
manage ONTs as part of the B-PON system through the OLT using the ONT management and
control interface (OMCI).
This Recommendation presents requirements for the OMCI. Firstly, it specifies managed entities of a
protocol-independent Management Information Base (MIB) that models the exchange of information
between the OLT and ONT, then it covers the ONT management and control channel, protocol and
detailed messages. This 2nd revised version of ITU-T Rec. G.983.2 incorporates the material from
G.983.2 Amendment 1 (2003), G.983.2 Amendment 2 (2005), G.983.2 Implementers' Guide (2003),
G.983.6 (2002), G.983.7 (2001), G.983.8 (2003), G.983.9 (2004), G.983.10 (2004) into the base text
of G.983.2 (2002). It also includes minor corrections, clarifications, and augmentation of functions.
Source
ITU-T Recommendation G.983.2 was approved on 14 July 2005 by ITU-T Study Group 15
(2005-2008) under the ITU-T Recommendation A.8 procedure.
NOTE
In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a
telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain
mandatory provisions (to ensure e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the
Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some
other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The
use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
ITU 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the
prior written permission of ITU.
1 Scope
This Recommendation specifies the ONT Management and Control Interface (OMCI) for the
B-PON system defined in ITU-T Rec. G.983.1 [3] (called ATM-PON in ITU-T Rec. G.983.1) to
enable multi-vendor interoperability between the OLT and the ONT.
The OMCI specification addresses the ONT configuration management, fault management and
performance management for B-PON system operation and for several services including:
• ATM adaptation layers 1, 2, and 5;
• Circuit Emulation Service;
• Ethernet services, including MAC Bridged LAN, VLAN tagging and filtering;
• Internet Protocol Routing;
• Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11) service;
• ADSL and VDSL services;
• Voice services, including ISDN;
• Wavelength division multiplexing, including video;
• PON protection switching;
• Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment;
• Enhanced Security.
The focus of this OMCI specification is on FTTH and FTTBusiness ONTs. The Recommendation
defines a protocol necessary to support the capabilities identified for these ONTs. It also allows
optional components and future extensions.
2 References
The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through
reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the
editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision;
users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the
currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within
this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
[1] ITU-T Recommendation G.784 (1999), Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) management.
[2] ITU-T Recommendation G.774 (2001), Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) –
Management information model for the network element view.
[3] ITU-T Recommendation G.983.1 (2005), Broadband optical access systems based on
Passive Optical Networks (PON).
[4] ITU-T Recommendation I.321 (1991), B-ISDN protocol reference model and its
application.
[5] ITU-T Recommendation I.363.1 (1996), B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer specification:
Type 1 AAL.
For protected B-PON systems, three reference logical models are possible. Protected models 1
and 2 correspond to protection architectures described in ITU-T Rec. G.983.5. Protected model 3
describes an additional protection scheme option.
2) Reference model-2
In this model, the OMCI has two distinct termination points: one for the working side and one for
the protection side. The OMCI specifications are the same as those in unprotected systems, as either
OMCI connection is identical to that shown in Figure 1.
2) 1:1 model
Figure 7 shows a 1:1 model ONT. In this model, extra traffic can be supported. The working entity
conveys the traffic in normal operation. If the working entity has failed, or a forced switch/manual
switch to the protection entity operation has been carried out, only the protection entity conveys the
traffic. The TC Adaptor for normal traffic provides the traffic to the working PON-LT when the
working PON-LT is enabled. The TC Adaptor for normal traffic provides the traffic to the
protection entity when the working PON-LT is disabled. The TC Adaptor for extra traffic provides
the extra traffic to the protection entity only when the working entity is enabled.
For cases such as the support of ONUs with xDSL interfaces, it is generally necessary to implement
VC cross-connections. VC cross-connection can be supported by the ONT/ONU, as indicated by
the termination model shown in Figure 12.
For cases when the ONT provides no ATM interfaces, there are non-cross connected modes of
operation that are available, in either the VP or VC level. However, the implementer may choose to
use cross-connect modes even in this case.
There are eight combinations of cross-connection modes for an ONT. These are listed in Table 0.
Related to this, the ONT has two traffic management modes: Priority-based, or Cell Rate-based. An
ONT implementer is free to choose any cross-connect and traffic management mode combination.
NOTE – Physical Path Termination Point refers to any/all actual physical trails (CES, Ethernet, ATM, etc.).
However, the relationship between Physical Path Termination Point and TC AdapterB-PON is only applied for
Physical Path Termination Point ATM UNI.
Figure 15/G.983.2 − Managed entity relation diagram for ATM interfaces with VP level
cross-connections and priority queue-based traffic management
Figure 21/G.983.2 − Managed entity relation diagram for MAC Bridged LAN interfaces
Figure 29/G.983.2 − Managed entity relation diagram for IEEE 802.11 interfaces
7 MIB description
A detailed description of all ONT managed entities is provided in the clauses that follow. The
descriptions include:
a) the purpose of the entity;
b) the relationship(s) that the entity supports with other managed entities;
c) the attributes of the entity;
Table 6a/G.983.2 − AVC list for physical path termination point ATM ANI
Number Attribute value change Description
1 N/A
2 Total Data Grant Number of data grants supported
3 Total DS Grant Number of Divided slot grants supported
4 T-CONT reporting type The type of DBA reports supported
5-16 Reserved
Table 6b/G.983.2 − AVC list for physical path termination point ATM UNI
Number Attribute value change Description
1 N/A
2 SensedType Sensed SLC type (values given in Table 3)
3 N/A
4 N/A
5 N/A
6 OpState Operational state
7-16 Reserved
Actions
Get: Get one or more attributes.
Set: Set one or more attributes.
Table 6d/G.983.2 − AVC list for physical path termination point Ethernet UNI
Number Attribute value change Description
1 N/A
2 SensedType Sensed type of Ethernet interface. Valid values are 0x01
(10BaseT), 0x02 (100BaseT) and 0x03 (Gigabit).
3 N/A
4 N/A
5 N/A
6 OpState Operational state
7-10 N/A
11-16 Reserved
Table 6e/G.983.2 − Alarm list for physical path termination point Ethernet UNI
Number Alarm Description
0 LAN-LOS No carrier at the Ethernet UNI
1-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – For loopback3, note that both paths are wrapped independently.
Administrative State: This attribute is used to activate (unlock: value 0x00) and deactivate
(lock: value 0x01) the functions performed by instances of this managed entity. Selection of a
default value for this attribute is outside the scope of this Recommendation as it is normally
handled through supplier-operator negotiations. (R, W) (mandatory) (1 byte)
Operational State: This attribute indicates whether or not this managed entity is capable of
performing its task. The operational state reflects the perceived ability to receive or to generate a
valid signal. Valid values are enabled (0x00) and disabled (0x01). (R) (optional) (1 byte)
DS1Framing: This attribute indicates the framing structure used. Valid values are
"ExtendedSuperFrame" (0x00), "SuperFrame" (0x01), "UnFrame" (0x02), "G.704" (0x03) and
"JT-G.704" (0x04). Upon autonomous instantiation, the value 0x00 is used. (R, W) (1 byte)
(mandatory)
ARC: This attribute is used to control alarm reporting from this managed entity. See I.1.8 for a
complete description. (R, W) (optional) (1 byte)
Table 7a/G.983.2 − AVC list for physical path termination point CES UNI
Number Attribute value change Description
1 N/A
2 SensedType Sensed SLC type (values given in Table 3)
3 CESLoopbackConfig Loopback configuration of physical interface
4 N/A
5 OpState Operational state
6-8 N/A
9-16 Reserved
Actions
Create: Create an instance of this managed entity.
Delete: Delete an instance of this managed entity.
Get: Get one or more attributes.
Notifications
None.
7.3.5 UNIB-PON
This managed entity is used to organize data associated with the ATM User Network Interfaces
(UNIs) supported by the ONT. For non-ATM UNIs, this is used as a logical ATM UNI. One
instance of this managed entity shall exist for each UNI supported by the ONT.
Instances of this managed entity shall be automatically created/deleted by the ONT immediately
following the creation/deletion of a Subscriber Line Card managed entity. After the creation of an
instance of this managed entity, the associated attributes are updated according to the data within
the Subscriber Line Card (if present) or within the ONT for the case of integrated interfaces on the
UNI side.
Note that this managed entity is an aggregation of UNI and UNIinfo managed entities.
Relationships
Zero or more instances of the UNIB-PON managed entity may be contained in an instance of a
Subscriber Line Card managed entity.
Attributes
Managed Entity id: This attribute provides a unique number for each instance of this managed
entity. This 2-byte number is directly associated with the physical position of the UNI. The
assigned number is the same as the id of the Physical Path Termination Point with which this
UNI is associated. (R) (mandatory) (2 bytes)
Local Maximum Number of Supportable VPCs: This attribute identifies the number of VPCs
that can be supported by the ONT at this end of the interface. Default is 0x0100 (256).
(R) (mandatory for ATM interfaces) (2 bytes)
Local Maximum Number of Allocated VPI Bits: This attribute identifies the maximum
number of allocated bits of the VPI sub-field that can be supported by the ONT at this UNI.
Default is 0x08. (R) (mandatory for ATM interfaces) (1 byte)
Actions
Get: Get one or more attributes.
Set: Set one or more attributes.
Notifications
None.
7.3.6 TC AdapterB-PON
An instance of this managed entity represents a point in the ATM subscriber line card where the
adaptation of the ATM layer to the underlying physical infrastructure (e.g., SDH or PDH transport
network) takes place. ITU-T Rec. I.321 [4] identifies this adaptation function as one of many
functions performed at the Transmission Convergence (TC) Sublayer of the B-ISDN protocol stack.
This managed entity is responsible for generating alarms that report the (in)ability of the managed
entity to delineate ATM cells from the payload of a terminated digital transmission path.
An instance of this managed entity shall be automatically created/deleted by the ONT upon the
creation/deletion of an ATM UNI and its Physical Path Termination Point.
Relationships
Zero or more instances of this managed entity shall be contained in the Subscriber Line Card
managed entity. One instance of this managed entity shall exist for each instance of the Physical
Path Termination Point managed entity.
Actions
Create: Create an instance of this managed entity.
Delete: Delete an instance of this managed entity.
Get: Get one or more attributes.
Set: Set one or more attributes.
Notifications
Attribute value change: This notification is used to report autonomous changes of attributes of
this managed entity. The notification shall identify the attribute and its new value. The list of
AVCs for this managed entity is given in Table 11a.
Alarm: This notification is used to notify the management system when a failure has been
detected or cleared. Both ONT and OLT should know the alarm list used by this entity. The
alarm list for this entity is given in Table 11b. See also Appendix III.
Table 12/G.983.2 − Alarm list for AAL 1 Protocol Monitoring History DataB-PON
Threshold data
Number Event Description
counter # (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 Header errors Header errors threshold crossing 1
1 Sequence Violation Sequence Violation threshold crossing 2
2 Cell loss Cell loss threshold crossing 3
3 Cell misinsertion Cell misinsertion threshold crossing 4
4 Buffer Underflows Buffer Underflows threshold crossing 5
5 Buffer Overflows Buffer Overflows threshold crossing 6
6 SDT Pointer Reframes SDT Pointer Reframes threshold crossing 7
7 SDT Pointer Parity Check SDT Pointer Parity Check Failures 8
Failures threshold crossing
8-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold Data B-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
Table 14/G.983.2 − Alarm list for CES physical interface monitoring history data
Threshold Data
Number Event Description
counter # (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 ES Exceeds threshold 1
1 SES Exceeds threshold 2
2 BES Exceeds threshold 3
3 UAS Exceeds threshold 4
4 CSS Exceeds threshold 5
5-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold Data B-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
Table 15/G.983.2 − Alarm list for TC adapter protocol monitoring history data
Threshold data
Number Event Description
counter # (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 Discarded Cells due to HEC violations Exceeds threshold 1
1 Errored cells due to HEC violations Exceeds threshold 2
2-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold Data B-PON managed entity. Threshold
Data counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
Table 15a/G.983.2 − Alarm list for AAL 2 CPS protocol monitoring history dataB-PON
Threshold data
Number Event Description
counter # (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 Reserved
1 Reserved
2 ParityErrors Exceeds threshold 1
3 SeqNumErrors Exceeds threshold 2
4 CPS_OSFMismatchErrors Exceeds threshold 3
5 CPS_OSFErrors Exceeds threshold 4
6 CPS_HECErrors Exceeds threshold 5
Table 15b/G.983.2 − Alarm list for AAL 2 SSCS protocol monitoring history dataB-PON
Threshold data
Number Event Description
counter # (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 OversizedSSSARSDUErrors Exceeds threshold 1
1 RASTimerExpiryErrors Exceeds threshold 2
2 UndersizedSSTEDPDUErrors Exceeds threshold 3
3 PDULengthMismatchErrors Exceeds threshold 4
4 CRCMismatchErrors Exceeds threshold 5
R2
R1
Transmission Path: This attribute allows for setting the Physical Path Termination Point POTS
UNI to be put in either full-time or part-time on-hook transmission mode. Valid values include
full-time on-hook transmission (value 0x00) and part-time on-hook transmission (value 0x01)
Upon autonomous instantiation, the value 0x00 is used. (R,W) (optional) (1 byte)
Rx Gain: This attribute provides a gain value for the received signal. Valid values are –12 dB to
+6 dB in 0.1 dB increments. (value –120 to +60, 0 = 0 dB gain, –120 = –12.0 dB, etc.) Upon
autonomous instantiation, the value 0x00 is used. (R,W) (optional) (1 byte)
Tx Gain: This attribute provides a gain value for the transmit signal. Valid values are –6 dB to
+12 dB in 0.1 dB increments. (value –60 to +120, 0 = 0 dB gain, 60 = +6.0 dB, etc.). Upon
autonomous instantiation, the value 0x00 is used. (R,W) (optional) (1 byte)
Actions
Get: Get one or more attributes.
Set: Set one or more attributes.
Test: Request that the ONT perform one or more MLT tests or a dial tone make/break test.
See "Test" and "Test result" message layouts in II.2.27 and II.2.45 respectively.
Notifications
Alarm: This notification is used to notify the management system when a failure has been
detected or cleared. Both ONT and OLT should know the alarm list used by this entity. The
alarm list for this entity is given in Table 15d. See also Appendix III.
Table 15d/G.983.2 − Alarm list for physical path termination point POTS UNI
Number Alarm Description
0-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
Actions
Get: Get one or more attributes. Latch a snapshot (i.e., copy) of the current MACFilterTable and
respond with the size of data (4 bytes), which should be obtained using the "Get next" command.
Get next: Get the latched attribute values of the managed entity within the current snapshot.
Set: Generally, this action is used to set one or more entire attribute values. When used on the
"MACFilterTable" attribute, the "Set" action either adds or deletes table entries from
"MACFilterTable". A maximum of 3 table entries can be added/deleted by a single "Set" action.
Notifications
None.
7.3.34 MAC Bridge port bridge table data
This managed entity is used to organize and record data that is associated with a bridge port. Some
of the data is volatile. Instances of this managed entity shall be automatically created/deleted by the
ONT upon the creation/deletion of a MACBridgePortConfigurationData.
Actions
Get: Get one or more attributes. Latch a snapshot (i.e., copy) of the current MACFilterTable and
respond with the size of the data (4 bytes) that should be obtained using the "Get next"
command.
Get next: Get the latched attribute values of the managed entity within the current snapshot.
Notifications
None.
7.3.35 MAC Bridge PM history data
This managed entity contains the past performance monitoring data collected at a MAC bridging
function supporting bridging interfaces on the ONT. Instances of this managed entity are
created/deleted by the OLT after/before an instance of the MACBridgeServiceProfile managed
entity is created/deleted.
Relationships
This managed entity is associated with one instance of a MACBridgeServiceProfile.
Attributes
Managed Entity id: This attribute provides a unique number for each instance of this managed
entity. The assigned number is the same as the id of the MACBridgeServiceProfile with which
this MACBridgePMHistoryData is associated. (R, Set-by-create) (mandatory) (2 bytes)
Interval End Time: This attribute identifies the most recently finished 15-minute interval. It is a
cyclic counter (modulo 0xFF (256)) that is incremented each time a new interval is finished and
Table 15g2/G.983.2 − Alarm list for MAC Bridge port PM history data
Threshold data
Number Event Description
counter # (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 Reserved
1 DelayExceededDiscard DelayExceededDiscard threshold crossing 1
2 MTUExceededDiscard MTUExceededDiscard threshold crossing 2
3 Reserved
4 ReceivedAndDiscarded ReceivedAndDiscarded threshold 3
crossing
5-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold Data B-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
Table 15l/G.983.2 − Alarm list for physical path termination point ISDN UNI
Number Alarm Description
0 AIS Alarm indication signal
1 RDI Remote defect indication
2-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
Figure 37/G.983.2 – Detailed format for Ethernet frame with VLAN tag
2) Operations
Operations specified in the attribute "Forward Operation" are explained. Forward
Operations are specified by a combination of the basic actions mentioned.
a) Basic MAC bridge operation: As shown in Figure 38, if DA (Destination MAC
Address) in the received frame is listed in one or more ports with MAC Bridge Port
Bridge Table Data, this frame is forwarded to the indicated ports. Otherwise, it is
broadcasted to all of the ports excepting for its receiving port.
Table 15n/G.983.2 − Alarm list for physical path termination point video UNI
Number Event Description
0 Video-LOS No signal at the video UNI
1-223 Reserved Reserved for vendor-specific alarms
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
Table 15o/G.983.2 − AVC list for physical path termination point video ANI
Number Attribute value change Description
1 N/A
2 OpState Operational state of video ANI
3-16 Reserved Reserved for AVCs of vendor-specific attributes
Table 15p/G.983.2 − Alarm list for physical path termination point video ANI
Number Event Description
0 Video-LOS No signal at the video ANI
1-223 Reserved Reserved for vendor-specific alarms
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
Table 15q/G.983.2 − Alarm list for Ethernet performance monitoring history data 2
Threshold data
Number Event Description
counter # (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 PPPoEFilteredFrameCounter Exceeds threshold 1
1-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold Data B-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
Table 16/G.983.2 − AVC list for physical path termination point 802.11 UNI
(reproduced from Table 2/G.983.9)
Number Attribute value change Description
1 N/A
2 OpState Operational state of Physical Path Termination
Point 802.11 UNI
3-9 N/A
10-16 Reserved
Table 18/G.983.2 − Alarm list for 802.11 counters (reproduced from Table 4/G.983.9)
Threshold data
Number Event Description
counter # (Note)
Threshold crossing alert
0 dot11Failed MSDU transmit failure threshold 1
crossing
1 dot11RTSFailure RTS failure count threshold crossing 2
2 dot11ACKFailure ACK failure count threshold crossing 3
3 dot11FCSError FCS error count threshold crossing 4
4 dot11WEPUndecryptable WEP undecryptable count threshold 5
crossing
5-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold Data managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter that is associated with the Threshold Value 1 attribute of
the Threshold DataB-PON managed entity.
Table 19/G.983.2 – AVC list for physical path termination point ADSL UNI
(reproduced from Table 2/G.983.10)
Number AVC Description
1-2 N/A
3 OpState Operational state
4-10 N/A
11-16 Reserved
Alarm: This notification is used to notify the management system when a failure has been
detected or cleared. Both ONU and OLT should know the alarm list used by this entity. The
alarms for this entity are given in Table 20.
Table 21/G.983.2 – ATU transmission system table (reproduced from Table 4/G.983.10)
Bit Representation
Octet 1
1 ANSI T1.413
2 Annex C of TS 101 388 v1.3.1
3 G.992.1 operation over POTS non-overlapped spectrum (Annex A/G.992.1)
4 G.992.1 operation over POTS overlapped spectrum (Annex A/G.992.1)
5 G.992.1 operation over ISDN non-overlapped spectrum (Annex B/G.992.1)
6 G.992.1 operation over ISDN overlapped spectrum (Annex B/G.992.1)
7 G.992.1 operation in conjunction with TCM-ISDN non-overlapped spectrum
(Annex C/G.992.1)
8 G.992.1 operation in conjunction with TCM-ISDN overlapped spectrum
(Annex C/G.992.1)
Octet 2
9 G.992.2 operation over POTS non-overlapped spectrum (Annex A/G.992.2)
10 G.992.2 operation over POTS overlapped spectrum (Annex B/G.992.2)
11 G.992.2 operation in conjunction with TCM-ISDN non-overlapped spectrum
(Annex C/G.992.2)
12 G.992.2 operation in conjunction with TCM-ISDN overlapped spectrum
(Annex C/G.992.2)
13 Reserved
14 Reserved
15 Reserved
16 Reserved
Octet 3
17 Reserved
18 Reserved
19 G.992.3 operation over POTS non-overlapped spectrum (Annex A/G.992.3)
20 G.992.3 operation over POTS overlapped spectrum (Annex A/G.992.3)
21 G.992.3 operation over ISDN non-overlapped spectrum (Annex B/G.992.3)
22 G.992.3 operation over ISDN overlapped spectrum (Annex B/G.992.3)
23 Reserved
24 Reserved
Selected mask
Upstream PSD Annex J of ITU-T Annex M of ITU-T
mask selection value Rec. G.992.3/5 Rec. G.992.3/5
1 ADLU-32 EU-32
2 ADLU-36 EU-36
3 ADLU-40 EU-40
4 ADLU-44 EU-44
5 ADLU-48 EU-48
6 ADLU-52 EU-52
7 ADLU-56 EU-56
8 ADLU-60 EU-60
9 ADLU-64 EU-64
Table 22/G.983.2 – Alarm list for ADSL performance monitoring history data
(reproduced from Table 5/G.983.10)
Threshold data
Number Event Description
counter number (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 Loss of Frame Seconds Loss of Frame Seconds threshold 1
crossing
1 Loss of Signal Seconds Loss of Signal Seconds threshold 2
crossing
2 Loss of Link Seconds Loss of Link Seconds threshold 3
crossing
3 Loss of Power Seconds Loss of Power seconds threshold 4
crossing
4 Errored Seconds Errored seconds threshold crossing 5
5 Severely Errored Seconds Severely Errored seconds threshold 6
crossing
6 Line Initializations Line Initializations threshold 7
crossing
7 Failed Line Initializations Failed Line Initializations threshold 8
crossing
8 Short Initializations Short Initializations threshold 9
crossing
9 Failed Short Initializations Failed Short Initializations 10
threshold crossing
10 FEC Seconds FEC Seconds threshold crossing 11
11 Unavailable Seconds Unavailable Seconds threshold 12
crossing
12-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold DataB-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
Table 23/G.983.2 – Alarm list for ATU-R performance monitoring history data
(Reproduced from Table 6/G.983.10)
Threshold Data
Number Event Description Counter Number
(Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 Loss of Frame Seconds Loss of Frame Seconds threshold 1
crossing
1 Loss of Signal Seconds Loss of Signal Seconds threshold 2
crossing
2 Loss of Power Seconds Loss of Power seconds threshold 3
crossing
3 Errored Seconds Errored seconds threshold crossing 4
4 Severely Errored Seconds Severely Errored seconds threshold 5
crossing
5 FEC Seconds FEC Seconds threshold crossing 6
6 Unavailable Seconds Unavailable Seconds threshold crossing 7
7-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold DataB-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
Table 25/G.983.2 – Alarm list for ATU-R channel performance monitoring history data
(reproduced from Table 8/G.983.10)
Threshold Data
Number Event Description
Counter Number (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 Corrected Blocks Corrected Blocks threshold crossing 1
1 Uncorrected Blocks Uncorrected Blocks threshold 2
crossing
2 Code Violations Code Violation threshold crossing 3
3 Forward Error Corrections FEC threshold crossing 4
4-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold DataB-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
Table 26/G.983.2 – Alarm list for TC adaptor performance monitoring history data ADSL
(reproduced from Table 9/G.983.10)
Threshold data
Number Event Description counter number
(Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 Near-end HEC violation Near-end HEC violation count 1
threshold crossing
1 Near-end Idle Cell Bit Error Near-end Idle Cell Bit Error Count 2
Count threshold crossing
2 Far-end HEC violation count Far-end HEC violation count 3
threshold crossing
3 Far-end Idle Cell Bit Error Far-end Idle Cell Bit Error Count 4
Count threshold crossing
4-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold DataB-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
Table 27/G.983.2 – AVC list for physical path termination point VDSL UNI
(reproduced from Table 10/G.983.10)
Number Attribute value change Description
1-2 N/A
3 OpState Operational state
4-11 N/A
12-16 Reserved
Alarm: This notification is used to notify the management system when a failure has been
detected or cleared. Both ONU and OLT should know the alarm list used by this entity. The
alarms for this entity are given in Table 28.
Table 28/G.983.2 – Alarm list for physical path termination point VDSL UNI
(reproduced from Table 11/G.983.10)
Number Alarm Description
0 NE_LOF Near End (VTU-O) Loss of Framing
1 NE_LOS Near End (VTU-O) Loss of Signal
2 NE_LOP Near End (VTU-O) Loss of Power
3 NE_LOSQ Near End (VTU-O) Loss of Signal Quality
4 NE_LOL Near End (VTU-O) Loss of Link
5 FE_LOF Far End (VTU-R) Loss of Framing
Table 29/G.983.2 – Alarm list for VDSL VTU-O physical interface monitoring history data
(reproduced from Table 12/G.983.10)
Threshold data counter
Number Event Description
number (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 LOFS Exceeds threshold 1
1 LOSS Exceeds threshold 2
2 LOLS Exceeds threshold 3
3 LOPS Exceeds threshold 4
4 ES Exceeds threshold 5
5 LI Exceeds threshold 6
6 SES Exceeds threshold 7
7 UAS Exceeds threshold 8
8-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold DataB-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
Table 30/G.983.2 – Alarm list for VDSL VTU-R physical interface monitoring history data
(reproduced from Table 13/G.983.10)
Threshold data counter
Number Event Description
number (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 LOFS Exceeds threshold 1
1 LOSS Exceeds threshold 2
2 LOLS Exceeds threshold 3
3 LOPS Exceeds threshold 4
4 ES Exceeds threshold 5
5 SES Exceeds threshold 6
6 UAS Exceeds threshold 7
7-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold Data B-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
The attribute value units used in the Traffic Descriptors in the following clauses are identical to the
ones defined in ITU-T Rec. I.751 [9]. See also References [12] and [7] for a full discussion of
traffic attributes.
Note carefully that all the traffic descriptor managed entities in an ONT must have a unique
number, regardless of type.
7.5.2.1 DBR/CBR traffic descriptor
This managed entity specifies traffic and QoS parameters for upstream DBR/CBR virtual path
connections.
Instances of this managed entity are created and deleted by the OLT.
Relationships
Zero or more instances of this managed entity may be contained in an instance of an ONTB-PON
managed entity.
Each instance of this entity may be related to zero or more instances of VP Network CTPB-PON
entities through their pointer attribute: Traffic Descriptor Profile Pointer.
Attributes
Managed Entity id: This attribute provides a number for each instance of this managed entity
that is unique over all the traffic descriptors regardless of type. (R, Set-by-create) (mandatory)
(2 bytes)
Service Category/ATC: Value 0x00 is used for DBR/CBR. (R, Set-by-create) (mandatory)
(1 byte)
Peak Cell Rate: Peak Cell Rate for the CLP = 0 + 1 traffic flow. Unit is an integer number of
cells/second. (R, Set-by-create) (mandatory) (4 bytes)
Cell Delay Variation Tolerance in relation to the PCR: Cell Delay Variation Tolerance in
relation to the PCR for the CLP = 0 + 1 traffic flow. Unit is in microseconds. (R, Set-by-Create)
(mandatory) (2 bytes)
CLR: Maximum permissible Cell Loss Ratio for the CLP = 0 + 1 traffic flow. (R, Set-by-create)
(mandatory) (2 bytes)
Actions
Create: Create an instance of this managed entity.
Delete: Delete an instance of this managed entity.
Table 45/G.983.2 − Alarm list for UPC disagreement monitoring history data B-PON
Threshold data
Number Alarm Description
counter # (Note)
Threshold Crossing Alert
0 Discarded Cells due to UPC Exceeds threshold 1
1 Discarded CLP = 0 Cells due to UPC Exceeds threshold 2
2-223 Reserved
224-239 Vendor-specific alarms Not to be standardized
NOTE – This numbering is used with the associated Threshold Data B-PON managed entity. Threshold Data
counter 1 indicates the 1st thresholded counter, etc.
8 7 6 5 1
DB AR AK MT
The most significant bit, bit 8, is reserved for the destination bit (DB). In the OMCI this bit is
always 0.
Bit 7, Acknowledge Request (AR), is used to indicate whether or not the message requires an
acknowledgement. If an acknowledgement is expected, this bit is set to "1". If no acknowledgement
is expected, the coding of this bit is "0". Note that "acknowledge" means a response to an action
request, not an acknowledgement at the link layer.
Bit 6, Acknowledgement (AK), is used to indicate whether or not this message is an
acknowledgement to an action request. If a message is an acknowledgement, this bit is set to "1". If
the message is not a response, this bit is set to "0".
Bit 5 to bit 1, Message Type (MT), are used to indicate the message type. Codes 0 to 3 are reserved
for future use. Codes 4 to 31 are used by this Recommendation. Table 46 lists the message types
that are defined.
It is important that the OLT and ONT implementations take these limits into account. For example,
it is very easy to form a 'get' command that asks the ONT to return more attributes than there is
space in the Response message. Specifically, there is a known issue where the OLT and ONT may
disagree on the maximum size limitation of the 'Get' response.
For the sake of maintaining backwards-compatibility, the behaviour when either the ONT or OLT
utilizes a 30-byte message contents field is described:
Case 1. The OLT implements a maximum attribute space of 26 bytes, while the ONT implements a
maximum attribute space of 30 bytes.
The OLT should not ask for attributes that exceed 26 bytes, so the ONT will just leave the
extra space blank. Even in the case where the OLT asks for too many attributes, it will get
an attribute mask that clarifies what is being sent and will ignore the attributes that extend
beyond the 26 bytes.
Case 2. The OLT uses a maximum attribute space of 30 bytes, while the ONT uses a maximum
attribute space of 26 bytes.
The OLT may ask for too many attributes, and the ONT can respond with however many
attributes fit in its 26-byte attribute space. The OLT will get the appropriate attribute-
present mask and will parse the attributes that were sent correctly. It will ask again later for
those attributes that did not fit.
While this is the preferred behaviour, an alternate interpretation may be that the ONT would return
a "parameter error" code when it receives a Get that does not fit in the Get Response. For the sake
of interoperability, the expected behaviour between and OLT and ONT with different
interpretations is provided below:
Case 1. The ONT reports a parameter error, and the OLT expects a partial list. If this happens, the
OLT should react by simplifying its Get request. The ONT will then respond without an
error.
Case 2. The ONT provides a partial list, while the OLT expects to get an error. The OLT will
receive a normal message and will process it normally. The OLT should ask again for any
attributes it did not get.
In many cases, however, interactive video services are needed. In this case, the customer's video
termination equipment (commonly referred to as a Set Top Box, or STB) needs connectivity back to
the video control equipment in the central office. In the case of the B-PON system, this connectivity
must be provided by the ONU and OLT. This scenario is depicted in Figure A.2. The connection
begins in the STB, which transmits its information up the coaxial cables that connect it to the ONT.
The ONT must receive this information, and adapt it to be carried on the B-PON in the form of an
ATM connection. The OLT transports this connection through the network. At some point, the
connection then terminates on the video control equipment.
Figure A.3/G.983.2 – The transformation of a 55-1 formatted burst into ATM datagrams
The level indication field is formatted as: a1bb bbbb 0000 0000, where:
The bit 'a' is a detection indicator to be used if FEC is implemented in the ONT (if not, bit 'a' should
be set to zero always), where:
a = 0 means burst was detected without errors;
a = 1 means a burst was detected with errors, but was corrected.
The '1' is a reserved bit.
The bits 'bbbbbb' are a power indication, containing the 2's complement representation of the
measured power of this burst, in units of decibels relative to the nominal receive power of the
equipment. For example, if the nominal receive power of the ONU is 10 dBmV, and a burst arrives
with 17 dBmV, then bbbbbb=000111. If the same ONU receives a 7 dBmV burst, then
bbbbbb=111101.
The "0000 0000" are all reserved bits.
The ATM VC that carries the video return path data can be configured to support the operator
chosen QoS.
This method provides efficient bandwidth usage upstream since it maps the ATM payload from the
STB onto the PON directly on a PON allocated VC.
To summarize, the ONU-Network interface is 53 byte cells, carrying AAL 5 encapsulated data,
using a PON allocated ATM VC.
This appendix describes the common mechanisms of the OMCI, e.g., the MIB resynchronization,
and the OMCI services, e.g., the equipment management or connection management.
Figure I.1/G.983.2 − Increment of MIB data sync at ONT and OLT under OLT command
The OLT must issue as many GetAllAlarmsNext requests as the number of instances given in the
GetAllAlarms start response. The maximum time between two GetAllAlarmsNext requests is
Figure I.5-a/G.983.2 − Get an attribute that is larger than the OMCI message field
Figure I.6/G.983.2 − Start-up of a "new" ONT with Cardholders on both sides (continued)
Not shown in the scenario diagram given above are the notifications of the ONT due to incorrectly
inserted subscriber line cards. Figure 32 is given for this purpose.
I.2.6 Plug-and-play subscriber line card deprovisioning
When a subscriber line card is removed from a subscriber line cardholder, a notification will be
send to the OLT. The OLT will deprovision the subscriber line cardholder upon receiving the
notification (see Figure I.13).
Figure I.31/G.983.2 − Connection tear-down for Voice over AAL 1 service connection
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 Attribute 1 Attribute 2 Attribute 3 Attribute 4 Attribute 5 Attribute 6 Attribute 7 Attribute 8
2 Attribute 9 Attribute 10 Attribute 11 Attribute 12 Attribute 13 Attribute 14 Attribute 15 Attribute 16
The attribute numbers correspond to the ordering of the attributes in clause 7. Note that the
Managed Entity identifier, which is an attribute of each managed entity, has no corresponding bit in
the attribute mask. Thus, the attributes are counted starting from the first attribute after the Managed
Entity identifier.
II.1.5 Alarm notifications
The ONT will send this notification each time an alarm has changed status for the entity indicated
in the message identifier. The message shows the status of all alarms of this entity. It is up to the
OLT to determine which alarms changed status.
The maximum number of alarms that is supported by the OMCI is 240; thus, the alarm bitmap uses
30 bytes. The bitmap is composed as follows (see Table II.2):
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 Alarm 0 Alarm 1 Alarm 2 Alarm 3 Alarm 4 Alarm 5 Alarm 6 Alarm 7
2 Alarm 8 Alarm 9 Alarm 10 Alarm 11 Alarm 12 Alarm 13 Alarm 14 Alarm 15
…
30 Alarm 232 Alarm 233 Alarm 234 Alarm 235 Alarm 236 Alarm 237 Alarm 238 Alarm 239
II.2.5 Delete
II.2.11 Get
The bitmap that is used in the Get All Alarms Next response for a given managed entity class is
identical to the bitmap that is used in the alarm notifications for that managed entity class.
In the case the ONT has received an Get All Alarms Next request message in which the command
sequence number is out of range, the ONT shall respond with a message in which bytes 13 to 45 are
all set to 0x00. This corresponds to a response with entity class 0x00, entity instance 0x0000, and
bitmap all 0x00s.
If the ONT receives a MIB Upload Next request message in which the command sequence number
is out of range, it shall respond with a message in which bytes 13 to 45 are all set to 0x00. This
corresponds to a response with entity class 0x00, entity instance 0x0000, attribute mask 0x0000,
and padding from byte 18 to byte 45.
Note that, if all attributes of a managed entity do not fit within one MIB Upload Next response
message, the attributes will be split over several messages. The OLT can use the information in the
attribute mask to determine which attribute values are reported in which MIB upload Next response
message.
II.2.23 MIB reset
II.2.25 Alarm
II.2.27 Test
The format of the test message is specific to the target entity class. At present, two formats are
defined. Future test extensions for a given entity class can be supported by adding additional
encodings to presently unused bits or bytes. Future specification of tests for other entity classes may
use an existing format or may define new formats for the test message. These extension
mechanisms allow future tests to be supported without changing the principle of operation.
Format for ONTb-pon, ONUb-pon, subscriber line card, PON line card entity classes
Format for POTS UNI and PPTP ISDN UNI entity classes
Note that a single message can be used to initiate multiple tests on a given ME if desired.
The Test response message is an indication to the OLT that the test request is received and is being
processed.
II.2.29 Start software download
II.2.41 Reboot
If the ONT receives a "Get next request" message in which the command sequence number is out of
range, the ONT shall respond with a message in which bytes 13 to 45 are all set to 0x00. This
corresponds to a response with entity class 0x00, entity instance 0x0000, attribute mask 0x0000,
and padding from byte 16 to byte 45.
II.2.45 Test result
The test result message is used to report the result of a test. The transaction identifier of the test
result message is identical to the transaction identifier of the test message that initiated the
corresponding test.
Two formats are currently defined, one of which reports the result of a self test (any ME that
supports self test), the other of which reports the results of a dial tone draw-break test (PPTP POTS
UNI) or an MLT test (PPTP POTS UNI or PPTP ISDN UNI). If a new test for the
presently-supported entities is defined in the future, the corresponding test results can be reported
by extending the test result message layout. If a new test for other managed entity classes is defined
in the future, a new test result message layout may be defined.
Format for POTS UNI and PPTP ISDN UNI entity classes
Byte 13 reports a summary MLT test result. The result for each test category is limited to the two
values "test passed or was not executed" or "test failed." Bytes 15 and 16 report the results of a dial
tone test.
Byte 14 reports the result of a self test. At present, self test is not supported for the POTS UNI and
PPTP ISDN UNI entity classes, and this byte should be set to 0.
There are four possible outcomes for a given test – it can pass, fail, not be run, or not be recognized
by the ONT. If an ONT does not support or recognize a given test, it is expected to deny the test
request message. To avoid physical damage, an ONT may cease testing if a test fails, and thus some
subsequent test will not be run. In addition, the ONT may support some but not all tests of a given
suite, such as power measurements in the dial tone test sequence. The category summary in byte 13
includes two values. The value 1 indicates either that all tests in a category passed or that nothing in
the category was tested, while 0 indicates that at least one test in the category failed. Further
information appears in flags specific to each test results attribute to indicate whether each detailed
test was run or not, whether it passed or failed and whether a measured result is reported or not.
Appendix III
Depending on the trade-off between the complexity and the number of supported features, the ONT
can have various traffic management options. Examples of traffic management implementation in
the ONT are described in the following clauses. This appendix also indicates how the MIB defined
in clause 7 is used for each implementation.
It should be pointed out that the ONT traffic management is not limited to these examples. ONT
traffic management is likely a place where every vendor searches for a proprietary feature to give it
a competitive advantage. However, every proprietary feature requires some kind of management
that impacts the OMCI. In fact, it is difficult for the specification given in this Recommendation to
keep up with the technological and feature innovations. It is envisioned that vendor-specific
managed entities will be needed to manage the traffic management related functions in the ONT.
There are two operations using the above model, such as delay prioritized and guaranteed
prioritized policies. These configurations can be shown in Figures IV.4 and IV.5.
Appendix V
Table V.1/G.983.2 – MAC address and Ether type for various protocols
# Protocol MAC address Ether type Standard
1 IPv4 Multicast 0x01005E000000 ~ – RFC 1700 [B-15]
0x01005E7FFFFF
2 IPv6 Multicast 0x333300000000 ~ – RFC 2464 [B-16]
0x3333FFFFFFFF
3 IPv4 Broadcast 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF 0x0800 RFC 1700 [B-15]
4 RARP 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF 0x8035 RFC 1700 [B-15]
0xFFFFFFFFFFFF 0x8137
5 IPX 0x09001BFFFFFF, – RFC 1700 [B-15]
0x09004E000002
6 NetBEUI 0x030000000001 –
0xFFFFFFFFFFFF 0x809B, RFC 1700 [B-15]
0x80F3
7 AppleTalk 0x090007000000 ~ –
0x0900070000FC,
0x090007FFFFFF
8 Bridge Management 0x0180C2000000 ~ – IEEE 802.1D [13]
Information 0x0180C20000FF
9 ARP 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF 0x0806 RFC 1700 [B-15]
10 PPPoE Broadcast 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF 0x8863 RFC 2516 [B-17]
Figure VI.1/G.983.2 – A B-PON with ONT transparent support of interactive video services
In this type of configuration, the STB is Ethernet capable and can perform the TCP/IP protocols to
configure itself and exchange information between the STB and the video control system.
The ONT transparently bridges the STB data to a BRAS which terminates the ATM layer and
forwards the extracted Ethernet packets to the video control system.
This configuration requires no new B-PON Standardization
Configuration 2:
Figure VI.2/G.983.2 – A B-PON interactive video services with external VRP adaptation
In this configuration, the STB is compliant with SCTE 55-1/-2 and interfaces to an external
VRP device that terminates the RF and performs the adaptation function from RF to Ethernet.
The interface between the ONT and the VRP device is Ethernet.
The ONT transparently bridges the STB data to a BRAS which terminates the ATM layer and
forwards the extracted Ethernet packets to the video control system.
This configuration does not require new B-PON standardization.
Figure VI.3/G.983.2 – A B-PON interactive video services with internal VRP adaptation
In this configuration, the STB is compliant with SCTE 55-1/-2 and interfaces to an internal
VRP device that terminates the RF and performs the adaptation function from RF to Ethernet for
input to the 802.1 D bridge in the ONT.
The ONT transparently bridges the STB data to a BRAS which terminates the ATM layer and
forwards the extracted Ethernet packets to the video control system.
This configuration does not require new B-PON standardization.
[B-1] ATM Forum AF-NM-0020.001 (1998), M4 Interface Requirements and Logical MIB: ATM
Network Element View.
[B-2] ATM Forum AF-PHY-0016.000 (1994), DS1 Physical Layer Specification.
[B-3] ATM Forum AF-PHY-0064.000 (1996), E1 Physical Interface Specification.
[B-4] ATM Forum AF-PHY-0029.000 (1995), 6312 kbit/s UNI Specification, Version 1.0.
[B-5] ATM Forum AF-PHY-0040.000 (1995), Physical Interface Specification for 25.6 Mb/s
over Twisted Pair Cable.
[B-6] ATM Forum AF-PHY-0034.000 (1995), E3 Public UNI.
[B-7] ATM Forum AF-PHY-0054.000 (1996), DS3 Physical Layer Interface Specification.
[B-8] ATM Forum AF-UNI-0010.002 (1994), ATM User-Network Interface Specification,
Version 3.1.
[B-9] ATM Forum AF-TM-0056.000 (1996), Traffic Management Specification, Version 4.0.
[B-10] ATM Forum AF-VTOA-0113.000 (1999), ATM Trunking using AAL 2 for Narrowband
Services.
[B-11] ATM Forum AF-VMOA-0145.000 (2000), Voice and Multimedia Over ATM-Loop
Emulation Service Using AAL 2.
[B-12] ETSI TS 101 270-1 (1999-10), Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Access transmission
systems on metallic access cables; Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL);
Part 1: Functional requirements.
[B-13] IETF RFC 815 (1982), IP Datagram Reassembly Algorithms.
[B-14] IETF RFC 1213 (1991), Management Information Base for Network Management of
TCP/IP-based internets: MIB-II.
[B-15] IETF RFC 1700 (1994), Assigned Numbers.
[B-16] IETF RFC 2464 (1998), Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks.
[B-17] IETF RFC 2516 (1999), A Method for Transmitting PPP Over Ethernet (PPPoE).
[B-18] IETF RFC 2662 (1999), Definitions of Managed Objects for ADSL Lines.
[B-19] IETF RFC 3440 (2002), Definitions of Extension Managed Objects for Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Lines.
[B-20] ITU-T Recommendation G.992.1 (1999), Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)
transceivers.
[B-21] ITU-T Recommendation G.992.2 (1999), Splitterless asymmetric digital subscriber line
(ADSL) transceivers.
[B-22] ITU-T Recommendation G.992.3 (2005), Asymmetric digital subscriber line
transceivers 2 (ADSL2).
[B-23] ITU-T Recommendation G.992.4 (2002), Splitterless asymmetric digital subscriber line
transceivers 2 (splitterless ADSL2).
[B-24] ITU-T Recommendation G.992.5 (2005), Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)
transceivers – Extended bandwidth ADSL2 (ADSL2+).
Series E Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors
Series J Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals
Series L Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant
Series Y Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects and next-generation networks
Printed in Switzerland
Geneva, 2006