RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CHOOSE

 There are four aspects to respiration:

1. Breathing or ventilation: the inspiration and expiration of air.
2. External Respiration: gas exchange at the alveoli.
3. Internal Respiration: gas exchange at the tissues.
4. Cellular Respiration: mitochondria turn O2 and glucose into CO2 and
H2O and ATP energy.

 BRONCHI & BRONCHIOLES

 ALVEOLI:
 Inside the lungs pulmonary capillaries are site of gas exchange.
 O2 leaves the alveoli and moves into the blood to be taken around the
body.

 REGULATION OF BREATHING :
o Our control of the breathing process is only voluntary to a point.
o The medulla oblongata of the brain is sensitive to the concentration of
carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in the blood.

 The Mechanisms of Ventilation-Inspiration:

 Volume of thoracic cavity increases – Action of the diaphragm
 Diaphragm flattens – Action of intercostal muscles
 Contraction raises the ribs – Increases the lung volume – Decreases
internal gas pressure.
 The Mechanisms of Ventilation- Expiration:
 Quiet expiration – chiefly a passive process
 Forced expiration – an active process

 External respiration:
 Happens at the lungs and includes ventitllation and gas exchange
between air & blood.

 Internal respiration :
 Happens at the tissues

 Internal respiration ( con't ) :

 Carbon dioxide can be transported in three ways:
1. Dissolved gas,
2. Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO2 ),
3. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3 -)

 Oxygen transport in blood :

 1.5% dissolved in plasma
 98.5% bound to hemoglobin (Hb)

 Haldane effect :
 Inverse relationship between amount of Hb-O2 and CO2 carrying
capacity of blood.

o Measurement of lungs volume

 Lung volumes and vital capacity :

 Total Lung Volume: (~6000ml).
 Measurement: Spirometer.
 Tidal Volume (~500 ml): Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single
breath.
 Vital Capacity (~4800 ml )
WRITING
 Quiet expiration – chiefly a passive process:
 The Mechanisms of Ventilation- Expiration:

 Inspiratory muscles relax

 Diaphragm moves superiorly
 Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
 Pressure increases

 Dead Space Volume:

 The air that remains in the airways and does not participate in gas
exchange.

Characters Inspiration Expiration

Action of the Diaphragm flattens Diaphragm dome-
diaphragm: Shaped
Action of intercostal Contraction raises the Relaxations lower the
muscles: ribs ribs
Lung volume: Increases the lung Decreases the lungs
volume volume
Internal gas pressure: Decreases Increases