Science and Information Conference 2014

August 27-29, 2014 | London, UK

Artificial Intelligence Theory

(Bаsic concepts)

Vitaliy Yashchenko
Artificial intelligence. Institute of Mathematical Machines and
System Problems NANU, IMMSP,
Kiev, Ukraine,
vitaly.yashchenko@gmail.com

Abstract— Taking the bionic approach as a basis, the article
discusses the main concepts of the theory of artificial intelligence
as a field of knowledge, which studies the principles of creation
and functioning of intelligent systems based on multidimensional
neural-like growing networks. The general theory of artificial
intelligence includes the study of neural-like elements and
multidimensional neural-like growing networks, temporary and
long term memory, study of the functional organization of the
“brain” of the artificial intelligent systems, of the sensor system,
modulating system, motor system, conditioned and unconditioned
reflexes, reflexes arc (ring), motivation, purposeful behavior, of
“thinking”, “consciousness”, “subconscious and artificial
personality developed as a result of training and education”.
Keywords—bionic approach; multidimensional neural-like
growing networks; sensory system; modulating system; motor
system; conditioned and unconditioned reflex; reflex arc
I. INTRODUCTION
This work briefly discusses the basic concepts of the
theory of artificial intelligence based on multidimensional
receptor-effector neural-like growing networks.
"Analysis of the problems in the field of artificial
intelligence shows that at present time, on the one hand,
intensive division of its subfields continues, while on the other
hand, one may perceive certain integration of research in an
endeavor to build a general theory. Integration of research is
forced by the necessity to consolidate the whole research
system in the field of artificial intelligence into a single unit,
based on a universal concept or idea, aspiring to its functional
prototype: intelligent and functional human being" [1]. In
artificial intelligence theory such universal concept is
represented by multidimensional receptor-effector neural-like
growing networks, which aspire to their functional prototype -
biological neural networks.
II. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
A. Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence - is а field of knowledge, which
studies the structure and functioning of intelligent systems
based on multidimensional receptor-effector neural-like
growing networks. Artificial intelligence theory includes the
study of neural-like growing elements and multidimensional
neural-like growing networks, temporary and long-term
memory, the study of the functional organization of the
"brain" of the artificial intelligent systems, of sensory system,
modulating system, motor system, conditioned and
unconditioned reflexes, reflexes arc, motivation, purposeful
behavior, of "reasoning", "consciousness", "subconscious and
artificial personality developed as a result of learning and
training".
Axiom 1. Artificial intelligence theory is based on the
analogy with the nervous system of human.
The core of human intelligence is the brain, consisting of
multiple neurons interconnected by synapses. Interacting with
each other through these connections, neurons create complex
electric impulses, which control the functioning of the whole
organism and allow recognition, learning, reasoning,
structuring of information through its analysis, classification,
location of connections, patterns and distinctions in it,
associations with similar information pieces etc. [2].
The functional organization of the brain. In the works of
physiologists P.K. Anohin, A.R. Luriya, E. N. Sokolov [3, 4]
and others the functional organization of the brain includes
different systems and subsystems. The classical interpretation
of the interactive activity of the brain can be represented by
interactions of three basic functional units:
1) information input and processing unit - sensory
systems (analyzers);
2) modulating, nervous system activating unit -
modulating systems (limbic-reticular systems) of the brain;
3) programming, activating and behavioral acts
controlling unit - motor systems (motion analyzer).
Brain sensory systems (analyzers). Sensory (afferent)
system is activated when a certain event in the environment
affects the receptor. Inside each receptor the physical factor
affecting it (light, sound, heat, pressure) is converted into an
action potential, nervous impulse. Analyzer is a hierarchically
structured multidimensional system. Receptor surface serves
as the base of the analyzer, and cortex projection areas as its
node. Each level is a set of cells, whose axons extend to the
next level. Coordination between sequential layers of
analyzers is organized based on divergence/convergence
principle.
Brain modulating systems are an instrument of regulation
of the level of activity, performing also selective modulation,
and stressing urgency of a certain function. The initial source
of activation is intrinsic activity and the needs of the organism.

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A second source of activation is related to environmental
irritants.
Brain motor (motion) systems. Fusion of excitations of
different intensity with biologically significant signals and
motivational influences are characteristic of motor cortex
areas. It is distinctive of them to accomplish a complete
transformation the afferent influences into a qualitatively new
form of activity, directed toward the fastest output of afferent
excitations to the periphery, i.e. to the instruments of
realization of the final stage of behavior organization.
The core of artificial intelligence is the system "brain",
representing an active, associative, homogeneous structure -
multidimensional receptor-effector neural-like growing
network, composed of a host of neural-like growing elements,
interconnected by synapses. Neural-like elements perceive,
analyze, synthesize and save information, allowing the system
to learn, train, reason, systematize and classify information, to
locate connections, patterns and distinctions in it, and to
produce signals for the control of external facilities.
B. The definitions of Artificial Intelligence
Axiom 2. The basic functional unit of the "nervous system"
of intelligent systems is the artificial neuron (neural-like unit).
Definition 1. The artificial neuron is a simplified model of
the biological neuron, a device (analogous to the cell body)
with many excitatory and inhibitory inputs, modulating input
and one output. The output (analogue of the axon) consists of
a set of conductors and a set of endings. The input is fed the
information (codes, impulse bundles). The device processes
information according to the concepts of the neural-like
growing network, generates the codes (bundles of impulses)
and simultaneously or periodically transmits them down the
axon to the outputs of other neurons. Neuron inputs (synapse
analogue) are receptors, reacting to or ignoring a certain piece
of code fed to them, by this increasing or decreasing the level
of excitation of the neural-like element and the intensity of its
feedback. The range and frequency of the signal are subjects
to adjustment.
Axiom 3. All data-free neural-like elements are novel
neural-like units.
Axiom 4. All neural-like elements, carrying (holding) a
certain piece of information are equivalent neural-like
elements.
Axiom 5. At the lack of information on the receptors of the
novel neural-like elements they continue in the mode of light
arbitrary background excitation.
Axiom 6. Background excitation is a fluctuating arbitrary
excitation value of the neural-like element.
Definition 2. Neural-like elements of emotion are the
elements, whose excitation threshold increases or decreases
depending on the condition of the inner subsystems of the
system, or the result of the function being executed. Neural-
like elements of emotion have connections with action
controlling motor neurons.
Definition 3. Temporary memory. Time required by the
novel neural-like element for information analysis and
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maintenance. On receiving information (unknown to the
system) on the receptors of the sensory area, the nearest novel
neural-like elements (whose excitatory level is not high, but
higher than those of the nearest novel neural-like elements)
and sensory area receptors establish connections, the latter
being assigned weights, while the neural-like elements are
assigned a certain excitatory threshold. At repeated replication
of this information the excitatory threshold increases. On
reaching the maximum excitement the neural-like element
becomes the equivalent neural-like element and is transported
into the long-term memory.
Definition 4. Long-term memory contains all of the equivalent
neural-like elements.
Definition 5. Neural network is a parallel connected network
of simple adaptive units, which interacts with the objects in
the environment similarly to the biological nervous system.
Definition 6. Neural-like growing network is a set of
interconnected neural-like units, set up for reception, analysis
and processing of information during interaction with the
objects of the real world, moreover in the process of reception
and processing of information the network changes its own
structure.
C. Neural-like growing networks
Neural-like growing networks (n-GN) – is a new type of
neural-like networks, which includes the following classes:
multi-connected (receptor) neural-like growing networks (mn-
GN); multi-connected (receptor) multidimensional neural-like
growing networks (mmn-GN); receptor-effector neural-like
growing networks (ren-GN); multidimensional receptor-
effector neural-like growing networks (mren-GN).
N-GN are described as a directed graph, where the neural-
like elements represent the nodes of the graph, and
connections between the elements - its edges.
So, the network is an unparalleled dynamic system with
the topology of a directed graph, which performs information
processing by changing own state and structure in response to
environmental stimuli.
The theory of neural-like growing networks operates the
basic concepts of structure and architecture, which
demonstrate the principles of connection and interaction
between the elements of the network:
the topological (dimensional) structure - is a directed
graph, representing connections between the elements of the
system;
the logical structure sets the rules and principles of
arrangement of
connections and network elements, as well as the logic of its
operation.
the physical structure is a system of connections of the
physical elements of the network (in the event of the
mechanical implementation of a neural-like growing network).
The system's architecture is defined by the set of
connections of the physical elements of the network and the
principles of arrangement of connections and elements, as well
as the logic of its operation.
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The theory of neural-like growing networks uses some
principles of the graph theory.
Directed or oriented graphs are the graphs, where direction
of the edges matters. The arc of a graph can be regarded as an
ordered pair of vertices or as a directed edge, connecting the
vertices.
( )
The vertices of a graph S = A, D are called adjacent, if
they are connected by an arc. Adjacent arcs are defined as
arcs d im , d jm , which have a common vertex am .
The arc is called outgoing, when it it is directed away from
the node am , i.e. if the node am is the tail, but not the head of
the arc d mi . Incoming arc is the arc d im , directed toward the
node am , i.e., if the node am is the head of the arc d im , and
not its tail d mi .
The topological structure of n-GN is represented by an
oriented connected graph (fig. 1). Using graphs, the mn-GN
theory studies the processes of information flow and storage in
the network.
Fig. 1. Topological structure of mn-GN
Neural-like growing networks are formally defined in the
following way:
S = (R, A, D, M, P, N ) , where R = {ri } , i = 1,n –
is a finite set of receptors; Ar = {ai }, i = 1, k – finite set
{ }
of neural-like elements; D = d i , i = 1,e – finite set of
arcs, connecting receptors with the neural-like elements and
the neural-like elements with each other; N - connection
variables receptor areas; P = {Pi }, i = 1, k where P –
excitation threshold of the node ai , P = f (mi ) > P0 ( P0 –
minimum allowed excitation threshold), provided that the set
of arcs D , associated with the node ai , is correspondent to
the set of weights M = mi , i { } = 1, w , and mi can take
both positive and negative values.
Definition 7. Multiconnected (receptor) neural-like
growing network is an acyclic graph, where the minimal
number of the incoming arcs to the node of the graph ai
equals the variable n , and each arc d i , associated with the
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node ai , is correspondent to a certain weight mi . Each node
ai is assigned a certain excitation threshold. The nodes,
which don't have the incoming arcs, are called the receptors,
the rest are called the neural-like elements.
Rule 1. If on receiving information excitation arises in a
subset of nodes F out of the set of nodes having direct
connection with the node ai , and F ≥ h , then connections
of the node ai with the nodes of the subset F are terminated,
and the network is joined by a new node ai +1 , whose inputs
are connected to the inputs of all the nodes of the subset F ,
and the output of the node ai +1 is connected to one of the
outputs of the node ai , so that the incoming connections of
the node ai +1 are assigned weights m g , correspondent to the
weights of the terminated connections of the node ai , and the
node ai +1 is assigned an excitation threshold Pi , equal to the
sum of the weights of the connections, incoming to the node
( )
ai +1 , or assigned an excitation threshold Pi , equal to f mi ,
(a function of the weights of the connections, incoming to the
node ai +1 ).
The outgoing edge of the node ai +1 is assigned the weight
mi +1 . Receptor outgoing edges are assigned the weight mri .
Rule 2. If on receiving information excitation arises in the
subset of nodes G and G ≥ h , the network is joined by a
new associative node ai +1 , which by incoming arcs is
connected to all the nodes of the subset G . Each of the
incoming arcs are assigned the weight mi , and the new node
ai +1 is assigned an excitatory threshold Pai +1 , equal to the
sum of the weights mi of the incoming arcs, or assigned an
excitatory threshold Pi , equal to f (mi ) (a function of the
weights of the connections, incoming to the node ai +1 ). The
new node ai +1 stays in the excited state.
Fig. 2. Topological structure of mren-GN
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Definition 8. Informational dimension is the area if the
neural-like growing network, which consists of the set of
nodes and arcs, joined into a single informational structure of
one of the reflections.
Definition 9. A set of interconnected acyclic graphs,
representing neural-like growing networks in different
dimensions of information, are called multi-connected
multidimensional neural-like growing networks (mmn-GN).
Rule 3. If on receiving information, offered in different
informational dimensions, excitation arises in the subset Q of
endpoints, then the endpoints are connected with each other by
arcs.
Receptor-effector neural-like growing networks are
formally defined in the following way:
S = (R , A r, D r, P r, N r, E , A e, D e, P e, M e, N e )
R = {ri }, i = 1,n – a finite set of receptors, Ar = {ai },
i = 1,k – a finite set of neural-like elements of the receptor
area, D r = {d i } , i = 1,e – a finite set of arcs of the
receptor area, E = {ei }, i = 1,e – a finite set of effectors,
Ae = {a i }, i = 1,k – a finite set of neural-like elements of
the effector area, D e = {d i }, i = 1,e – a finite set of arcs
of the effector area, Pr = {Pi } , Pe = {Pi } , i = 1,k
where Pi – excitation threshold of the node air , aie
Pi = f (mi ) , provided that the set of arcs D r , D e ,
In formal terms, mren-GN are defined in the following
way:
S = (R , A r, D r, P r, N r, E , A e, D e, P e, M e, N e ) ;
R ⊃ R v, R s, R t ; A r ⊃ A v, A s, A t ;
D r ⊃ D v, D s, D t ; P r ⊃ P v, P s, P t ;
M r ⊃ M v, M s, M t ;N r ⊃ N v, N s, N t ;
E ⊃ E r , E d , E d1 ;A e ⊃ A r, A d1 , A d2 ;
D e ⊃ D r, D d1 , D d2 ; P e ⊃ P r, P d1 , P d2 ;
Me ⊃ Mr, Md1, Md2 ; N e ⊃ N r , N d1 , N d2 ; here R v, R s, R t
– is a finite set of receptors, A v, A s, A t – finite set of neural-
like elements, D v, D s, D t – finite set of arcs, P v, P s, P t –
finite set of excitatory thresholds of the neural-like elements of
the receptor area, belonging, for example, to the informational
visual, acoustic, tactile dimensions, N r – finite set of
connectivity variables of the receptor area, Er, Ed, Ed1 –
, finite set of effectors, A r , A d1 , A d2 – finite set of neural-like
elements, D r , D d1 , D d2 – finite set of arcs of the effector
area, P r , P d1 , P d2 – finite set of excitatory thresholds of the
neural-like elements of the effector area, belonging, for
example, to the informational speech dimension and the action
dimension, N e – finite set of connectivity variables in the
effector area.
III. THE MATHEMATICAL APPARATUS OF THE FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE "BRAIN" OF THE ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
, The theory of neural-like growing networks studies binary
relations, defined by a set of nodes (neural-like elements)
{a , a ,..., a } , where a is a finite-dimensional Boolean
1 2 i i

vector, {a , a } - a set of pairs of these elements. The pair

i k
associated with the node air , aie , is correspondent to the set
a i , a k is related to the subset R if and only if the vector a i
of weights M r = {mi } , M e = { m i } , i = 1, w , and
is related R to the element a k .
mi can take both positive and negative values. N r , N e –
connectivity variables of the receptor and effector areas. Basic properties of the vector pairs, based on the
conjunction operation, applied to the vector components, i.e.
Definition 10. Receptor-effector neural-like growing
network is a symmetric acyclic graph, where the minimum a i × a k = ( a(1) & b(1) , a(2) & b(2), ... , a(n) & b(n) ), here & –
number of the incoming arcs to the newly formed nodes of the conjunction, × – conjunction "vector" operation.
graph are equal to the variable n , each arc, associated with the
nodes of the receptor area, is accorded a certain weight, and G These
G basic conjunction properties of the vector pairs
each node - a certain excitatory threshold; each arc, associated a , c are as follows:
with the nodes of the effector area, is accorded a certain 1. aG ×
G G
c = a . 2. aG ×
G G
c ≠ a .
weight, and each node - an excitatory threshold. The nodes,
which don't have incoming arcs, are called receptors, the 3. aG ×
G G
c = с . 4. aG ×
G G
c ≠ с .
nodes without outgoing arcs, are called effectors, the rest of 5. aG ×
G
c = 0 . 6. aG ×
G
c ≠ 0 .
the nodes being neural-like elements [5-8].
Combinations of three from the basic properties of the
Definition 8. A set of interconnected symmetric acyclic vector pairs give us eight mutually negating relations:
graphs, representing the state of an object and actions G G G G G G G G G G
produced by it in different informational dimensions, are 1. a R1c ≡ ( a × c = a )∩ ( a × c = с )∩ ( a × c ≠ 0 ).
G G G G G G G G G G
called multidimensional receptor-effector neural-like growing 2. a R2c ≡ ( a × c ≠ a )∩( a × c ≠ с )∩( a × c = 0 ).
networks. G G G G G G G G G G
3. a R 3c ≡ ( a × c ≠ a )∩( a × c ≠ с )∩ ( a × c ≠ 0 ).
The topological structure of the multidimensional receptor- G G G G G G G G G G
effector neural-like growing network (mren-GN) is 4 a R4c ≡ ( a × c ≠ a )∩ ( a × c = с )∩ ( a × c ≠ 0 ).
represented by a graph (fig. 2).

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 Science and Information Conference 2014
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G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
5. a R 5 c ≡ ( a × c = a )∩ ( a × c ≠ с )∩ ( a × c ≠ 0 ). (a1ri ,arik),(ari2 ,arik),(ari3 ,arik),...,(arik−1,arik) and simultaneously, by
G G G G G G G G G G
6. a R 6c ≡ ( a × c = a )∩( a × c ≠ с )∩ ( a × c = 0 ). which ofGtheG relations Re1, Re2, Re3, Re4, Re5 the pair of
G G G G G G G G G G vectors a , a ' of the set of pairs of the effector area
7 a R 7 c ≡ ( a ×c ≠a )∩( a × c = с )∩ ( a × c = 0 ).
G G G G G G G G G G G1 G k G2 G k G3 G k
( a еi ,a еi ),( a еi ,a еi ),( a еi ,a еi ),...,( a еi ,a еi ) are related,
G k −1 G k
8 a R 8c ≡ ( a × c = a )∩( a × c = с )∩ ( a × c = 0 ).
Here ∩ - logical AND. here k runs from 2 to k + g , where g is a number of the
Obviously, relations R6, R7, R8 are trivial, as one or both new vectors
vectors in them are equal to null. Basing on the analysis of
G G
basic conjunctive properties of the vector pairs, let's introduce Receptor area. If the pair of vectors ( a 1ri , a ri k
) are
the following affirmations:
related by Rr1, Rr2, Rr3, Rr4, Rr5, the operations Qrj1, Qrj2,
G G Qrj3, Qrj4 or Qrj5 are performed:
Affirmation 1. On the set of vector pairs a , a ' ∈ A five
basic mutually negating relations R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 can be 1 G G G G G G G G G G 1

defined. Based on the affirmation 1, the following basic Qr1(a ,a' ) = (a1ri,akri,akri+1),a1ri := a1ri, akri := 0, akri+1 := 0, mak := bk , i

operations of construction of n-GN are defined. G 2 G G 1 2

mak := bk , PaG = f (mak ), PaG = f (mak );

i
0 0 i i
1 2

Let the external information coming into the receptor field 2 G G G G G G G G G G

i i
G 1

be represented by the set Wr ={rij} , i ∈Ir, j ∈Jr, and Qr1(a ,a' ) = (a1ri,akri,akri+1),a1ri := a1ri, akri := akri, akri+1:= 0, mak := bk , i

excitations coming into the effector field, by the set We ={dij}, G 2 G G 1 2

mak := bk , PaG = f (mak ), PaG = f (mak );

0 0
i∈Ie, j∈Je. i
1
i
2
i

G G G G G G G G G G G G G
i

G G G
i

For all pairs of vectors a ,a ' ∈ Wr, a ,a ' ∈ We, 3

Q (a , a ) = (a , a ,a ),a := (a ×a ×a ) ∪c ,a := (a ×a ×
r1
' 1
ri
k
ri
k +1
ri
1
ri
1
ri
k
ri
1
ri rj
k
ri
1
ri
k
ri
where Wr – is a set of vector lines of a length k of the G G G G G G G 1 k 1,k

×a ) ∪c ,a := a ×a ,ma := b , ma := b , ma := f (PG ),
k k +1 1 k i i i
0
receptor area, and We – a set of vector lines of a length l of the ri rj ri a ri ri k k k k c
k+1
i

effector area, let's introduce the mutually negating relations Rr G+1k 0 G1 G1 0 Gk Gk

PaGik+1 = f (mak i ),PaG1i = f (mak i , mcai),PaGik = f (mak i ,mac i );
0
i, Re i for the receptor and effector areas accordingly.
G G G G G G G G G G G G
aR1aG ≡∀aG ,aG ∈A:(aG ×aG =aG )∩(aG ×aG =aG ∩(aG ×aG ≠0),
4
' j j+1 j j+1 j j j+1 j+1 j j+1
Q (a , a ) = (a , a , a ), a := (a × a × a ) ∪ c , a := a
' 1
ri
k
ri
k +1
ri
1
ri
1
ri
k
ri
1
ri rj
k
ri
k
ri
,
r
G G – conjugation of vectors G and G , ∩
here a × a j
i i
j+1
i i i i i i
j
i i
j +1
– G
r1
G G G G
a a
1 k k k

a := 0,ma := b ,ma := b , ma := f (PaG ),PaG = f (ma ),

k +1 i i i
0 0 i
i i i i k k
ri k k k k c k
logical AND; i i

G G1 G1
aR1aG ≡ ∀aG ,aG ∈ A:(aG ×aG = aG )∩(aG ×aG = aG ∩(aG ×aG ≠ 0), PaG = f (ma , ma );
' j j+1 j j+1 j j j+1 j+1 j j+1 0 i i
1

G r i i i i i i i i i i k c

aRr2aG' ≠∀aGij,aGij+1∈A:(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij)∩(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij+1)∩(aGij ×aGij+1=0); G G G G G G G G G G G G

i
5
Q (a ,a ) = (a ,a ,a ),a := a , a := (a ×a ×a ) ∪c ,a := 0,
' 1 k k +1 1 1 k 1 k k k +1

G ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri rj ri

aRr3aG' ≡∀aGij ,aGij+1∈A:(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij)∩(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij+1)∪(aGij ×aGij+1≠0);

r1
G G G k G G G
1
a k 1 k k

ma := b , m := b , ma := f (PaG ),PaG = f (ma ), PaG = f (ma ,ma ).

i 0 0 0

G G
i i i i i
1 1 k
k k k c k k c

aG Rr i a
' k i i i
1 2 3 4 5
Operations Qr1 , Qr1 , Qr1 , Qr1 or Qr1 are true, if hr ≥ n1,
aRr4aG' ≡∀aGij ,aGij+1∈A:(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij)∩(aGij ×aGij+1=aGij+1)∪(aGij ×aGij+1≠0); otherwise, if
G
a 1 G
≠ a k
, then
G ri ri
aRr5aG' ≡∀aGij ,aGij+1∈A:(aGij ×aGij+1=aGij)∩(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij+1)∩(aGij ×aGij+1≠0); G G G G G
a 1r i : = a 1r i , a rk i : = a rk i , a rk i + 1 : = 0 ,
G
aRe1aG' ≡∀aGij ,aGij+1∈A:(aGij ×aGij+1=aGij)∩(aGij ×aGij+1=aGij+1∩(aGij ×aGij+1≠0); m ak i : = b rk i ,
1 1
m ak i : = b rk i
1 1
,
G
aRe2aG' ≠∀aGij ,aGij+1∈A:(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij)∩(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij+1)∩(aGij ×aGij+1=0);
P 0a 1i = f ( m ak i ) , P 0a 1i = f ( m ak i ) ,
1 1
G
aRe3aG' ≡∀aGij ,aGij+1∈A:(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij)∩(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij+1)∪(aGij ×aGij+1≠0); G G G G
G if a 1 = a k , then a rik : = 0, a rik+1: = 0, maki : = bk
1

aRe4aG' ≡∀aGij ,aGij+1∈A:(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij)∩(aGij ×aGij+1=aGij+1)∪(aGij ×aGij+1≠0);

,
ri ri
G
aRe5aG' ≡∀aGij ,aGij+1∈A:(aGij ×aGij+1=aGij)∩(aGij ×aGij+1≠aGij+1)∩(aGij ×aGij+1≠0) . P0a1i = f (mk ) . a1i

G G'
These relations are denoted as a Rr i a
. 1, if operation Qrj1 was performed,
G G2 G3 G k= 2, if operation Qr12, Qr14, Qr15 was
A. Let be a set of vectors a 1ri , a ri , a ri ,..., a rik and
G G G G performed,
a1ei , a 2ei , a 3ei ,..., a eik for the receptor and effector areas 3, if operation Qrj3 was performed.
accordingly.
If the pair of vectors ( a 2 , a k ) are related by Rr1, Rr2,
G G
B. Let's check
G byGwhich relation Rr1, Rr2, Rr3, Rr4, Rr5 the ri ri
pair of vectors a , a ' of the set of pairs of the receptor area Rr3, Rr4, Rr5, the operations Qrj1, Qrj2, Qrj3, Qrj4 are Qrj5
are related performed.

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Furthermore, if the pair of vectors ( a 3 , a k ) are

G G travel to the sensory system. Under the influence of
ri ri unconditioned irritant, there arises a specific excitation of the
related by Rr1, Rr2, Rr3, Rr4, Rr5, operations Qrj1, Qrj2, Qrj3, corresponding receptors. So two centers of excitation emerge
Qrj4 or Qrj5 etc. are performed till the set of pairs
G1 G k G 2 G k G3 G k
( a ,a ),( a , a ),( a ,a ),...,( a
G k −1 , G k ) is exhausted. simultaneously. A temporary reflexes connection appears
ri ri ri ri a
ri ri ri ri between the two centers. At the appearance of the temporary
iG G connection, an isolated effect of the conditioned irritant
These operations are denoted as Q (a , a )
ri
'
produces an unconditioned reaction.
G G G G
Effector area. Operations are carried out similarly t a Rr i a ⇒ Qri (a , a )
' i '
1
1
receptor area. G G G G G
t a Rr i a ⇒ Qri (a , a ) ⇒ a ⇒ e
' i ' k
1
So, descriptions of concepts, objects, conditions or 2 i

situations and connections between them, indicating mutual ...

G
a Rr i aG G G G
dependence of their informational representations, i.e. sensory
system, modulating system, conditioned and unconditioned t n
1
'
ri
i
⇒ Q (a , a ) ⇒ ai ⇒
' k
e
G
reflexes, reflexes ring, temporary and long-term memory - all
are developed in the receptor area of the multidimensional ren- t n
2 a Rr i aG '
ri
G G
⇒ Q (a , a )
i '

GN. The effector area in its turn generates action sequences Development of the conditioned reflex
G
and produces signals, operating the executive mechanisms, i.e.
motivational system of purposeful behavior, and motor t 1
1
a R r i aG '
⇒Q
iG G
ri
'
(a , a ) ⇒
G
a
k
i
⇒ e
G
system. Parallel functioning of these systems allow an
artificial intelligent system to perceive, analyze, remember and t 1
2
a R r i aG '
ri
iG G
⇒ Q (a , a
'
)
synthesize information, learn and perform purposeful actions CR – Conditioned reflexes
[5-7]. Conditioned reflexes are a universal adaptation mechanism
allowing for flexible behavior patterns.
IV. THE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE "BRAIN" OF
THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS Primary automatisms (AU1) – unconditioned reflexes
The "brain" of the system of artificial intelligence consists UR1t1 ⇒ AU1tn .
of a set of neural-like interconnected elements. Interacting
with each other, neural-like elements establish controlling Secondary automatisms (AU2) – established conditioned
signals, which regulate the cognitive and reflective activity of reflexes CR1t1 ⇒ AU 2tn .
the whole system.
B. Modulating system
A. Sensory system Modulating system regulates the level of excitation of the
Function of Perception - information from the outside neural-like elements and performs selective modulation of a
world travels to the receptor area, activates the receptors, particular function. The initial source of activation is the
which in their turn activate the neural-like elements of priority of the inner activity of the subsystems of the main
different levels of information processing - unconditioned system. It is embedded at the creation of the system similarly
reflex levels - primary automation systems, conditioned reflex to unconditioned reflexes. Any deviation from vitally
levels - secondary automation systems, classification, important system values leads to the activation (modification
generalization and memorization levels. In formal terms, we of the excitatory threshold) of certain subsystems and
define relations and perform operation
G processes. A second source of activation is related to
a R r i aG '
⇒
G G
i
Q ri ( a , a '
)
. environmental irritants. The priority of a certain activity is
determined in the process of "life cycle", similarly to the
Unconditioned reflexes are set at creating the system. development of conditioned reflexes.
G G GG G G
⎜⎜⇒a Rr i a'
⎛
⇒Qiri(aG ,aG' ) ⎞⎟⎟ ⇒ ai ⇐⎛⎜
⎝
G k
Qei(a a ) ⇐a Rei a ⇐⎞⎟⎠
i ' ' Motivation is a mechanism, which contributes to the
satisfaction of the needs: it connects the memory of a certain
⎝ ⎠
Conditioned reflexes are acquired in the process of functioning object (for example, lack of energy) with the action for
of the system. During the functioning of the system they satisfying this need (search for energy). Here, then is
develop as a reaction to a "specific" to each of them irritant, by developed a purposeful behavior, which consists of three
this providing for orderly execution of the most important blocks: a search for a goal, interaction with the identified goal,
system functions irrespective of arbitrary, changing rest after achieving the goal.
environment. A purposeful behavior - motivational goal setting -
G
a R r i aG G G G excitation, actions, directed at the search of an algorithm for
'
ri
i
⇒ Q (a , a ) ⇒ a i ⇒
' k
e UR. the solution of the target task, achievement of the goal -
release of excitation.
Conditioned reflexes are acquired in the process of C. Motor system
functioning of the system. Started by indifferent irritant, Fusion of excitations of different intensity with significant
excitation arises in the corresponding receptors, and impulses signals and motivational influences are characteristic of motor

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system. It is distinctive of them to accomplish a complete
transformation the afferent influences into a qualitatively new
form of activity, directed toward the fastest output of efferent
excitations to the periphery, i.e. to the neuron chains at the
final stage of behavior formation.
The motor system consists fully of an ensemble (chains) of
neurons of efferent (motor) type and is exposed to constant
flow of information from the afferent (sensor) area. Unlike the
afferent area, in the launch and behavioral act control area
activation processes flow in the top-down direction, taking
start at the most elevated levels. The chains of command
neurons (motor programs) created at the highest levels, then
move to the neural chains of the lower motor levels and motor
neurons - effectors of the motor efferent impulse areas.
Function of Action - information comes out of the effector
area and through effectors and the motor area affects the
environment M1 ⇒ е .
Function of Motion – a sequence of actions (M),
discovered accidentally (a child has learned to walk by
himself) or with the help of a teacher (a child has learned to
walk with the help of his parents):
t1 t2 t3 tn
M 1
⇒ M 1
⇒ M 1
... ⇒ M 1
Psychic function or behavioral act – a sequence of
automatisms is carried out in a system, functioning according
to the reflexes principle, in which central and receptor-effector
(peripheral) areas are interrelated and whose joint activity
produces an integral reaction. The system has a
multidimensional structure, where each level from the receptor
to the effector formations makes a "specific" contribution to
the "nervous" activity of the system.
t1 t2 t3
AU 1
⇒ AU 2
⇒ AU 2
... ⇒ AU
Function of Thought is an ensemble of excited neural-like
elements at the subconscious level (intrinsic model of the
outside or abstract world, strengthened by the motivational
function at a given moment without exit to the outside world).
Function of Reflection is a sequential interaction of
ensembles of excited neural-like elements at the subconscious
level (intrinsic models), regulated by excitatory levels of
neural-like elements, strengthened or weakened by the
motivational function. Information circulates in a closed
circuit - sensory area, information processing levels (analysis,
classification, generalization, memorization, motor area,
sensory area) without exit to external environment.
G
⇒ a Rr i aG ' i G G
⇒ Q (a , a ) ⇒ ai ⇒
ri
' Gk
e ⇒.
To think, to reflect is to realize. In this sense "mental
uttering" - cycles of transferring of the internal active
information to the system's input - can be viewed as a model
of artificial consciousness of the intelligent computer, while
cycles of transferring of the internal active information to the
Science and Information Conference 2014
August 27-29, 2014 | London, UK
input of the system without turning on the "utterance" can be
regarded as a model of artificial subconscious.
Function of Consciousness is the propagation of
excitement through the active ensembles of neural-like
elements (intrinsic models of the outside world), strengthened
by the motivational function, reflecting the most important
connections in the "subject – environment" system.
Function of Subconscious is the propagation of excitement
through the active ensembles of neural-like elements (intrinsic
models of the outside world), weakened by the motivational
function. Performs preparation of the models for realization,
recognition of acquired images and execution of habitual
motions.
Function of Unconscious Reaction – external information
at the subconscious level produces a feedback to the outside
world (unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, routine
actions, secondary automatisms).
Function of Conscious Reaction – external information at
the conscious level produces a feedback to the outside world
(conscious actions at the stage of developing conditioned
reflexes and secondary automatisms).
Function of Intuition – searching for new information,
. developing hypotheses and analogies, establishing temporary
new connections, activating new ensembles of neural-like
elements and producing out of them new combinations, which
automatically appear in the subconscious, the most active of
them later coming through to the conscious area [15 - 19].
Function of Imitation – observing the actions of other
objects (such as a child watching his parents), the subject
internally by micro movements repeats their actions (arises a
subtle excitation of the ensembles of the neural-like elements
tn involved in performing these actions). Further on, by multiple
1 . repetition of this sequence in plays, one learns it (repetition
leads to the growth of the threshold rates of excitation of the
neural-like elements), which gives rise to behavioral
stereotypes.
D. Individuality of the system
Individual distinctions of the system are revealed through
its activity and behavioral functions, and conditioned by the
constructive nature of its organization, as well as its "life"
experience, gained in the process of training and functioning
[20].
V. PRACTICE
A simplified virtual artificial robotic personality was
produced in the project "VITROM".
Model has been implemented vision (Figure 3).
Implemented recognize different objects (Figure 4).
Implemented recognition route through the city streets and
traffic on a given route (Figure 5) [17]. The project was
demonstrated at the exhibition CeBIT in Hanover in 2000-
2002. A model of thinking was accomplished in the
intellectual system "Dialogue" (2005).
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Fig. 3. Model technical vision
Fig. 4. Detection in real-time
Fig. 5. Traffic on designated route
The system is implemented "Dialogue" perception,
analysis and synthesis of information. Implemented thinking
and logical deduction, etc.
The system was demonstrated at the international
conference "Knowledge-Dialog-Solution 2007" in Varna and
at the international sci-tech multi-conference "Contemporary
problems of computer information technology, mechatronics
and robotics engineering 2009" in Russia [8-22].
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