6.

Design of Steel beam(LSM):

Introduction:- Beams are members that supported and loaded transversely to the longitudinal axis of
the member. In steel structures, beams are encountered in different applications, accordingly, they are
called as girder, joists, purlins, stringers and girts. The commonly used sections as beam are I, Channel,
tube, rectangular hollow sections.
6.1. Design of stiffened(Laterally supported )beams:
only design steps:
Design procedure(Steps) of stiffened (Laterally supported) Beams
The design of laterally supported or stiffened beam consists of selecting a section on the basis of the
modulus of section or section modulus and checking if for shear capacity, high/low shear case, web
buckling, web crippling and deflection. The design is done in the following manner.
1. The working loads are multiplied with the load factor f to determine the factored loads.
2. The maximum bending moment M and maximum shear force V are calculated for the beam. These
forces are referred to as design forces.
3. A trial plastic section modulus for the beam is worked out by,
Zpz, req=Mz*m0/fy
Where, M= design moment
fy= Yield stress to the material
m0= Partial safety factor for materials=1.1
4. Choose a suitable trial section having plastic section modulus equal to or more than Zpz required is
selected as a trial section and the properties of the section.
5. The classification of section is checked as it is classified as plastic,compact or semi compact
depending upon the specified limits of b/tf and d/tw as specified in table 2(page no 18 of
IS800:2007)
6. The Trial section is checked for shear.
a. The design shear force V should be less than the design shear capacity Vd.
Vd=fy*h*tw/3*m0
Where, h= overall depth of the section
tw= Thickness of the web
b. The beam is checked for high/low shear case.
if V≤0.6Vd, the section is of low shear where as if V>0.6Vd, it is high shear case.
7. The trial section is checked for design bending strength.
a. for low shear case Md>M
Where, Md= design bending strength
M= design bending moment
The design bending strength, Md=βb*Zp*fy/m0
≤1.2 Ze* fy/m0
b. for high shear case Mdv ≥M (for plastic or compact section)
and Md≥M (for semi-compact sections)
Where, Mdv= design bending strength(for plastic or compact section)
Md= design bending strength of semi-compact section=Ze*fy/m0,
The design bending strength,
Mdv= Md-β(Md-Mfd)
≤1.2 Ze* fy/m0
Where, β=(2V/Vd-1)2
Mfd,= Plastic design strength of the area of the cross section excluding the shear area
= Zfd*fy/m0
Zfd= Zp-Aw*Yw
Where, Aw= Area of the web=h*tw
Yw= h/4 (for symmetrical sections, channel)
 8. The trial section is checked for web buckling.
9. Check for deflections.

Q.1. A roof of a hall measuring 8x12m consists of 100mm thick RC Slab supported on steel I-Section
beams spaced 3 m apart as shown in fig. The finishing load may be taken as 1.5KN/m2and live load as
1.5 KN/m2. Design the steel beam.

and others old problems of previous years must practice.

6.2. Web crippling effect and buckling of beams(Clause 8.7.1.3,8.7.1.5 and 8.7.3.1)

Web buckling of beams:-

fig:- Load dispersion length for buckling

Slenderness ratio=λ=KL/r
Where,KL= effective length
r= radius of gyration
𝐼𝑦 ((𝑏1+𝑛1)𝑡𝑤 3/12
or r= √ of web= √ =tw/2√3
𝐴 (𝑏1+𝑛1)𝑡𝑤

λ=0.7d/ (tw/2√3)=2.5d/tw
The web in a rolled steel section behave like column when placed under concentrated loads. The web is
quite then and subjected to buckling. The buckling of the column web is very much influenced by
restraints provided for the flangess.
Effective web buckling strength as support is
Fxd=(b1+n1)tw*fcd (Clause 8.7.3.1 IS 800:2007 page 67)
b1= width of stiff bearing flange
n1=h/2,where h=depth of the section
fcd= allowable or design compressive stress obtained from table 9(clause 7.1.2.2 from 42)
buckling class -C on the basis of slenderness ratio.
Slenderness ratio=λ=KL/r=2.5d/tw
Similarly,Web buckling strength at the point of application is Fxd=(b1+2n1)tw*fcd
Effective length = 0.70d of web column.

Web crippling of beams:

fig:- Load dispersion length for buckling

 The crippling occurs at the root of radius.
 The crippling strength of web is calculated using.

(clause 8.7.4 IS 800:2007)

Where,b1=stiff bearing length
n1= length obtained by dispersion
fyw= yield stress of web
at the point of application concentrated load.
Fw=(b1+2n2)twfyw/m0

Q.2. Check the section ISMB 400 for web buckling and web crippling of stiff is over a length=75mm.
6.3. Design of Unstiffened beam or laterally unsupported beams:
Design steps:
The design of laterally unsupported beams with equal flanges, eg., I-section, channel
section etc. is eccentially a matter of trial and error since the section dimensions are not
known until a trial section is selected. It is therefore, necessary to assume a trial section in
the beginning. The design procedure is as follows:
1. Steps 1 to 4 as described above for laterally supported beam are same for laterally
unsupported beams. Since a higher plastic section modulus will be required to account
for lateral-torsional buckling, the required plastic section modulus as calculated in step3
may be increased by 25% to 50% for trial section.
Zpz, req=(1.25 to 1.5)Mz*m0/fy

2. The section classification is ascertained in the same way as described in step 5 for
laterally supported beams.
3. Trial section is checked for bending.
Md>M
Where Md= design bending strength=βb*Zp*fbd
fbd= design bending compressive stress
4. The trial section is checked for web buckling, crippling and deflection as explained in
step 8 to 10 above for laterally supported beam.

6.4. Design of built-up beams:-

Design steps:
A built-up beam is designed in the following steps:
1. steps 1 and 2 as described in the design procedure for laterally supported beams are same.
2. It is ascertain that whether the beam is laterally supported or unsupported and
accordingly the required plastic section modulus Zp,req is calculated.
3. A section furnishing maximum plastic section modulus is selected and the balance
plastic section modulus to be provided by the flange cover plate is determined.
Section modulus required by plates, Za=Zp,req-Zp
Where Zp, is the plastic section modulus of the section selected.
4. Using the eqn. the width and thickness of the flange cover plates required are determined
Aa=B*tfp
Where, B=The width of flange cover plate
tfp=The thickness of flange cover plate.
5. The plastic section modulus provided is estimated which should be greater than the
plastic section modulus required.
6. The usual checks are applied as described earlier.