Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
-June, 2009
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Abstract
The development of prodrugs promises to be very effective method for treatment of diseases in future. This approach
has several advantages over conventional drug administration. Prodrugs design to maximize the amount of an active
drug reaching its target through changing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical or pharmacokinetic properties of
drugs. It also includes characteristics development and classification, effect of prodrug on solubility, permeability
and targeted challenge.
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Classification of Prodrugs advantage of fact that -gultamyl derivatives of amino
A) Carrier linked prodrug: acid and peptides selectively accumulates in kidney.
• Contain a group that can be easily removed Such a derivative of dopamine, on reaching the kidney it
enzymatically (such as ester) to reveal the true drugs. is acted upon successively by two enzymes that are
• Ideally the group removed is pharmacologically present in high concentration in renal tissue, - glutamyl
inactive and nontoxic while the connecting bond must be transpeptidase and L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
labile for efficient activation in vivo. to release the active drug dopamine locally. This
increase in dopamine levels produces a marked increase
Prodrugs are the ones where the active drug is covalently in renal blood flow.Same principle can be used to
linked to an inert carrier transport moiety. They are deliver sulfonamides selectively to kidneys, the prodrug
generally esters or amides. Such prodrugs have greatly used are M-acyl- -glutamyl Sulfonamides.13,14,15,16
modified lipophilicity due to the attached carrier and the
active drug is released by hydrolytic cleavage, either (2) For Urinary tract infection:
chemically or enzymically. It can be further subdivided Hexamine is a stable inactive compound at pH greater
into- than 5. However, in mere acidic pH, the compound
disintegrate spontaneously to form formaldehyde, which
Bipartate- Composed of one carrier (group) attached to has antibacterial properties.This is useful for treatment
the drugs. of urinary tract infections. The normal pH of blood is
slightly alkaline and so the drug circulate in the body as
Tripartat- Carrier group is attached via linker to drug. unchanged. However,once it is excreted into urinary
Mutual Prodrugs- Two drugs linked together. tract, it encounters urine, which is acidic as a result of
bacterial infection. 17
B) Bioprecursors:
Metabolized into a new compound that may itself be (3) Anticancer chemotherapeutic agent:
active or further metabolized to an active metabolite These are cytotoxic because they attack growing normal
(e.g. amine to aldehyde to carboxylic acid) 10. cells. An example of site specific prodrug is diethyl
stilbestrol diphosphate, which is designed for treatment
Site specificity: of breast cancer.
The most important feature of efficient drug is right site
of action. It is necessary to deliver the drug precisely to The site specific delivery can be obtained by tissue
the affected part of body, where it is supposed to be specific activation of the prodrug which results of
attacked. metabolism by an enzyme that is either unique for tissue
• At least three following factors should be optimized to or present at higher concentration if we compare with
obtain a prodrug acting at specific site: other tissues.
1)Prodrug must be directly transported to the site of
action, and uptake at the site must be rapid and The example of prodrug, whose design is based on site
essentially perfusion rate must be limited. specific conditions such as lack of oxygen in cells i.e
hypoxic cells,is trapazamine (TPZ) is a bioreductive
2) Once the prodrug reaches the site of its action, it must drug that exhibits greatly enhanced cytotoxicity in
be selectively cleaved yielding the active drug, relative hypoxic cells, which are frequently radiation resistant
to its conversion at other sites. and chemoresistant.
3) Once selectively generated at site of action, the active
drug must be retained by tissue.11 TPZ exhibits particularly good activity when combined
with alkylating agent such as cyclophosphamide (CPA)
Solution-
These problems can be overcome by: These findings suggests the potential benefit of
• Targeting the drug to its site of action by altering its incorporating TPZ, and perhaps, other bioreductive
disposition characteristic. drugs into a P450/P480 reductase based gene therapy
• There are several approaches to drug targeting and strategy for cancer treatment18..
prodrug design is one of them.12
Stability and Resistance
For site specificity: The drug must be resistant to degradation in different
1. Selective uptake system body parts and fluids. L-DOPA is the most important
Dopamine,a neurotransmitter, produce Vasodilation of prodrug that is used in treatment of Parkinson’s diseases.
renal tissue by binding to specific receptor in kidney and It is the biological precursor of Dopamine and may be
this can be used to treat renal hypertension. However, considered, to be a prodrug. The increased oral
the therapeutic index of dopamine is small as it bioavailability of catecholamine, while retaining the
precipitates high blood pressure by interaction with - catecholamine itself as an active component, is achieved
adrenergic receptor. This can be overcome by taking by protection of hydroxyl and amino groups. The
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protecting groups are designed to be less susceptible to using palmitate ester, which is quickly hydrolyzed once
metabolism and to gradual dissociation from the swallowed.24
catecholamine molecule in-vivo. There are also other
prodrugs of Dopamine and of analogues of Mutual Prodrug- A therapeutically significant drug may
catecholamine, designed to cross the blood brain barriers have limited utilization in clinical practice because of
(BBB) and to centrally undergo slow hydrolysis to give poor organoleptic properties, poor bioavailability etc.
the active species. The hydroxyl groups on the catechol
ring are usually protected by formation of di-o-pivaloyl Mutual prodrug is a type of carrier linked prodrug,
or di-o-benzoyl esters. where carrier used in is another biologically active drug
instead of some inert molecule. A mutual prodrug
The antibacterial agent ampicillin is decomposed consist of two pharmacologically active agents coupled
because of the intermolecular attack of side chain amino together so that each act as a promoiety for the other
group on the lactam ring. The prodrugs Hetacillin lock agent and vice versa.
up the offending amino group in -ring and prevents
decomposition reaction by bacterial -lactamases. Once Mutual prodrug design is really do not differ from
the drug has been administered, the drug undergoes general drug discovery process in which a unique
hydrolysis on its own to release ampicillin and acetone.19 substance is observed to have desirable pharmacological
effects, and studies of its properties lead to the design of
Prodrug may protect a drug from first pass effects, better drugs.25
propranolol , -blocker and antihypertensive drug, which
suffers, from the first pass elimination resulting in CONCLUSION
decreased bioavalibility of oral doses compared to Site specificity is central to the prodrug development
intravenous injections. One of the major metabolites is strategy. Even though at present prodrug are not
the o-glucuronide. The hemisuccinate ester was designed prevalent in clinical use, in future there will be prodrugs
to block glucuronide formulation resulting in 8-fold for every known drug to make them effective in
increase in plasma levels of propanolol.20 treatment drug discovery and prodrug development
appear to be complementary for the generation of target
Naltrexone (NTX) ,opioid antagonist,used for treatment specific medicines of future.
of narcotic dependence and alcoholism. Transdermal
NTX delivery is desirable to help to improve patient At present the research in this area is at a nascent stage
compliance in order to increase the delivery rate of NTX due to lack of information, regarding all enzymes or
across human skin.21 receptors, most suitable for targeting purposes. As the
unrevealing of the microbiological details of affected
Toxicity targets become clear, prodrug development will surely
Derivative of salicylic acids are one of the oldest decrease side/toxic effect of drugs and also trigger
example that are characterized by lesser toxicity than development of more potent primary drugs.
their parent drugs. Salicylic acid is a good pain-killer but
causes gastric irritation and bleeding because of Prodrugs are used to overcome several undesirable
carboxyl group. It accumulates in the gastric mucosal properties in order to achieve the best clinical drug
cells. Aspirin, esters of salicylic acid,suppresses gastric application.
irritation. 22
The newest discoveries of molecular biology provide
Prodrugs can be used to afford drugs that would be too essential information about enzymes and carriers
toxic to be given directly, a feature of the slow release. proteins. It is clear from the foregoing that design of
Propanaldehyde is useful for aversion therapy in patients drug cannot be based just on chemical synthesis. Drug
addicted to alcohol. However, it is a highly irritating discovery and prodrug and soft drugs development
chemical and causes allergic reactions. As an alternative, appears to be complementary for generation of target
a closely related compound, pargyline is used. specific medicine now and in the future.
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