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Figure 1. Sample preparations: A: matrix for building the specimen; B: insertion of glass-ionomer;
C: application of ultrasonic device; D: application of load (150g); E: glass-ionomer specimen
after microhardness indentation.
Table 2. Microhardness (KHN) of glass ionomer cements, as a function of treatment and time
for Riva Self Cure (capsule and having a de-clustering effect on the
hand-mix), Ionofil Plus AC, Ionofil particles. Consequently, the
Plus, Vitro Molar and Maxxion R particles are often clogged to each
after 15 min. It is certain that the other, and the fragmentation of
differences in composition, viscosity friable solids increases the surface
and the incorporation of porosity area26. The addition of kinetic
have been proven to influence the energy from sonication to the
microhardness of glass-ionomer material could improve the rate of
cements24. reaction due to the temperature
increase. Since the temperature is
Microhardness could be high, the powder to liquid ratio
attributed to the powder to liquid could increase, due to the liquid
ratios of the respective cements. evaporation that usually results in
However, this assumption is not high strength of materials8,9.
supported by the results of this
study, as Ketac Molar with a powder Additionally, the high
to liquid ratio of 2.9:1 allows frequency vibration of the material
microhardness determinations at 15 could decrease the volume and
min, while Vitro Molar with a powder number of voids intrinsically present
to liquid ratio of 3:1 was too weak in the cements, allowing better and
to be measured for microhardness more efficient packing, resulting in a
at 15min. This observation is in more dense material8,9,11-14. The
agreement with the findings of van characteristics of glass-ionomer
Duinen et al.24. cements include the development of
voids during mixing. Porosity
The chemical effects studies report that the surface area
obtained with ultrasonic treatment of air ranges from 6 to 9%27 and the
were primarily due to acoustic volume ranges from 1.3% to 2%7.
cavitation, which causes bubble Consequently, the decrease in
collapse in liquids and results in an porosity increases the contact
enormous concentration of energy between the glass-ionomer cements
from the conversion of the kinetic and dentin. This provides another
energy of the liquid motion into explanation for the results reported
heating of the bubble contents25. in this study.
The high local temperatures and
pressures combined with In conclusion, the chemical
extraordinarily rapid cooling provide and physical effects mentioned
a unique means of driving chemical above promote benefits that could
reactions under extreme conditions. enhance the setting time of glass-
ionomer cements. A comprehensive
A diverse set of ultrasonic scientific understanding of the
applications has been explored for relationships between glass
the purpose of enhancing chemical composition, ultrasonic treatment
reactivity, with important uses in and physical properties of glass-
synthetic materials chemistry. ionomer cements is necessary. In
Ultrasonic cavitation in liquid-solid addition, the knowledge of the
systems also produces high-energy clinical effects of ultrasonic
phenomena. treatment on the glass-ionomer
cements and the surrounding tooth
The physical effects primarily structures is essential for effective
responsible for such enhancements clinical application.
include the improvement of mass
transport from turbulent mixing, the Conclusion
generation of surface shock waves
and micro jets and the generation of From this study, it can be concluded
high-velocity antiparticle collisions that ultrasonic command setting of