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Introduction:
2. Frequency Band:
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and satellite. Within the ITU these third detection, and error correction bits are added for
generation systems are called International channel coding. The data is then spread with a
Mobile Telephony 2000 (IMT-2000). In North user or channel-specific code to produce a
America, that spectrum has already been DataStream at a given chip-rate. The spread data
auctioned for operators using second-generation stream is scrambled with Gold code so that
systems, and no new spectrum is available for multipath signals can be uniquely identified and
IMT-2000. Thus, third generation services must decoded by the receiver. To transmit a signal
be implemented within the existing bands. within the specified bandwidth, the data bits are
shaped using a pulse-shaping filter. Next, the
The WCDMA concept was formed around the signal goes through carrier modulation and up-
WCDMA proposals from FRAMES/FMA2 conversion to radio frequency (RF), and is then
(Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access sent to the antenna to be transmitted over the air.
System, EU research project), Jujitsu, NEC and
Panasonic. Several European, Japanese and US A) Cyclic Redundancy Check
companies contributed to the development of the
WCDMA concept. The physical layer of the The standard specifies four different polynomials
WCDMA uplink was adopted mainly from for CRC checking:
FRAMES/FMA2, while the downlink solution
was modified following the principles of the • gCRC24(D) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1
other proposals made to the WCDMA concept • gCRC16(D) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1
group. • gCRC12(D) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D +1
• gCRC8(D) = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1
4. Modulation and Error Control Coding:
Altera provides the CRC MegaCore® function,
Baseband Transmitter Architecture which can implement these polynomials and
therefore meets the third-generation standard
This section describes the digital architecture of requirements. The CRC function is fully
a downlink transmitter that supports the W- parameterized, including:
CDMA standard. Figure 1 shows a block
diagram of the transmitter. Blue blocks can be • Variable length generator polynomial
implemented in an Altera FPGA; orange blocks • Variable data width from 1 bit to the width
can be implemented in software in the Nios II of the polynomial
embedded processor.
• Any initial value
To conform to the W-CDMA standard, cyclic A convolutional encoder uses delay elements and
redundancy check bits are added for error XORs. Altera provides building blocks
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optimized for Altera PLDs in the library of generated recursively using the following
parameterized modules (LPM). You can use equation:
these functions, such as LPM_SHIFTREG and
LPM_XOR, to implement a convolutional
encoder.
Turbo Encoder
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Baseband Receiver Architecture:
E) Modulator/Demodulator
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channel estimation filter. In this scheme, the To illustrate how to implement MUD in a PLD,
wideband signal is converted to a narrowband two IC-based schemes are discussed, wideband
signal using a binary correlator. The pilot SIC and narrowband SIC.
symbols are then demultiplexed from data
symbols. The pilot symbols are averaged over Wideband SIC
multiple slots to get a better average over the
slot. Excalibur PLDs can implement a RAKE In this scheme, the interfering signals are
receiver with the correlator portion in logic and cancelled in a wideband domain. First, the
the control portion in the embedded processor. RAKE receiver de-correlates the number of users
and their multipaths. Next, the de-correlated
Sequential Correlator signals are grouped based on their signal strength
and spreading factor. The appropriate signals are
In the sequential correlator, each incoming regenerated using their corresponding spreading
sample is multiplied by a PN sequence that code and cancelled from the incoming wideband
advances at the chip rate. In a practical signal. Finally, the residual signal from the
implementation, the data values are soft symbols cancellation process is added back to the
where a large value indicates more confidence different signals that are tracked before they are
that the symbol has been received correctly. de-correlated with their respective codes.
Results from multiplication stage are
accumulated over the symbol period. At the end All of the blocks except the combiner can be
of the period, the correlation sum is dumped. implemented in programmable logic. The
You can use the Sequential Correlator function combiner—with its complex algorithm for
from Nova Engineering, Inc., an Altera Mega weighted combining and low-speed signal
function Partners Program (AMPPSM) partner, to processing requirement (3.84 mega samples per
implement the finger of a RAKE receiver as well second)—can be implemented effectively in
as the correlator in multi-user detection (MUD) software running in an Excalibur embedded
blocks. processor PLDs.
The capacity of a DS-CDMA system is In this scheme, the interfering signals are
interference-limited. Every user acts as an cancelled in the narrowband domain. After the
interference for every other user. The more signals are grouped and regenerated (as they
resistant the system is to interference, the more would be in a wideband SIC scheme), they are
users can be served. Multi-user detection (MUD) de-correlated by a cross-correlation matrix. The
techniques—also called joint detection and cross-correlation matrix contains the auto-
interference cancellation (IC)—reduce the correlation and cross-correlation coefficients
effects of multiple access interference and between the different spreading codes.
increase system capacity.
Canceling the signals removes the interference
The maximum likelihood sequence estimator due to correlation with other spreading codes.
(MLSE) is a well-known optimal detection Evaluating the cross-correlation matrix is a
algorithm. However, it is too complex for computationally intensive task. A new matrix
practical DS-CDMA systems. Therefore, most must be calculated and inverted every time the
research and development efforts are focused on user profile changes or multipath tap changes.
developing sub-optimal schemes. There are two Therefore, the W-CDMA specification uses a
classes of sub-optimal schemes: linear and IC. 245 chips short code (called very long Kasami
code). With short spreading code, this
Simulation has shown that group-wise implementation is more feasible.
successive IC is the most promising scheme. In
this scheme, users are grouped according to their To evaluate the cross-correlation matrix, a
spreading factor and then IC or a de-correlator is number of algorithms that exploit the special
applied within the group. Processing starts with structure of the matrix—namely the band and
the lowest SF group and processes towards the block Toeplitz structures—can be used. One
highest SF group. approach is to extend the block-Toeplitz system
matrix into a block circulant matrix that can be
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inverted using a block fast Fourier transform and integrated to give a new correlation sum.
(FFT) function. Altera provides the FFT You can use the Parallel Correlator function
MegaCore function, which is also suited for this from Nova Engineering, Inc. to implement the
application. multipath delay estimator.
There are two types of decoders that can be used In a typical WCDMA rake receiver, channel
in the receiver. The Viterbi decoder is used to estimates are used to combine different paths
decode signals encoded using convolutional using Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC). r(t) is
encoders; the turbo decoder is used with the the received signal which is split into r(t,ti),
turbo encoder. where g(t,ti) is the corresponding channel
estimate for each path is r(t-ti). The objective is
Viterbi Decoder to estimate the channel phase and amplitude for
each of the identified paths. This information is
The Viterbi algorithm is the optimal algorithm to then used for combining each path of the
decode convolutionally encoded data. The received signal.
complexity of Viterbi decoding is an exponential
function of the constraint length. W-CDMA
requires a decoder with a constraint length of 9,
which poses an implementation challenge. Altera
provides the Viterbi MegaCore® function that
meets W-CDMA requirements.
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using the corresponding channel information and
a combining scheme such as MRC.
Modulation
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1.5
Root Raised Cosine for W CDMA, FB=100, RRCF with alfa=0.22, k=9 8. Major WCDMA Users:
Conclusion:
Figure 9: Root Raised Cosine pulse
WCDMA technology is growing and expanding
7. Multi-antenna Technology: very fast, over 50 countries have merged to the
third generation of UMTS. This upgrade is what
WCDMA uses multi-antenna technology, is giving us the privilege to have video games,
however, doing so lead to several engineering check emails, send and receive images and
issues such us ISI that resulted from multi-code pictures over the phone, access the broadband
and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) network at a very efficient speed. Even though
scheme. Several research has been conducted in 3G seems very satisfying, major companies are
this area and one of the main solutions is to already pushing to upgrade to the fourth
modify the receiver to be a generate RAKE generation which will give us all these privileges
receiver which is in these days is known as plus a lot more. The question is? Will there be
GRAKE. GRAKE is used to cancel multiple enough space for more new bandwidth or we
access interference (MAI), which improved the have to use the old generations and just merge
signal to interference-plus-noise (SINR). them with the new ones as we already see
happening in the United States, which led in a
slow upgrade due to the existing old
technologies.
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References:
[6] http://www.altera.com/end-
markets/wireless/cellular/wcdma/wir-
wcdma.html
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