1.

Analytic study - A study in which a sample from a population is used to make inference to a future
population. Stability needs to be assumed.
2. Cause-and-effect diagram - A chart used to organize the various potential causes of a problem.
Also called a fishbone diagram.
3. Center Line – it is on the control chart that Is just the average of the average of the concentration
measurements for the first 20 samples when the process is stable.
4. Comparative Experiment – It involves testing two variables by designing an experiment. It
contains a testable hypothesis, at least one independent (manipulated) variable, one dependent
(responding) variable and a control group.
5. Control chart – An invaluable way to examine the variability in the time-oriented data.
6. Data Collection Procedure – This will be effective if it can greatly simplify the analysis and lead to
improved understanding of the population or process that is being studied.
7. Designed experiment - An experiment in which the tests are planned in advance and the plans
usually incorporate statistical models.
8. Dot Diagram – A very useful plot for displaying a small body of data – say, up to about 20
observations. This plot allows us to see easily two features of the data, the location, or the middle,
and the scatter of variability
9. Empirical model - A model to relate a response to one or more regressors or factors that is
developed from data obtained from the system.
10. Engineering or scientific method - Solves problems of interest to society by the efficient
application of scientific principles. Engineers accomplish this by either refining an existing product
or process or by designing a new product or process that meets customers’ needs. The
engineering, or scientific, method is the approach to formulating and solving these problems.
11. Enumerative study - A study in which a sample from a population is used to make inference to
the population.
12. Factorial experiment - A type of experimental design in which every level of one factor is tested
in combination with every level of another factor. In general, in a factorial experiment, all possible
combinations of factor levels are tested.
13. Fractional factorial experiment - Is a variation of the basic factorial arrangement in which only a
subset of the factor combinations is actually tested.

14. Hypothesis - (as in statistical hypothesis). A statement about the parameters of a probability
distribution or a model, or a statement about the form of a probability distribution.
15. Hypothesis testing - Any procedure used to test a statistical hypothesis.
16. Interaction – In factorial experiments, two factors are said to interact if the effect of one variable
is different at different levels of the other variables. In general, when variables operate
independently of each other, they do not exhibit interaction.
17. Mechanistic model - A model developed from theoretical knowledge or experience in contrast to
a model developed from data.
18. Method of Least Squares – A method for estimating the parameters in regression models that
traces its origins to work by Karl Gauss. This method chooses the parameters in the empirical
model to minimize the sum of the squared distances between each data point and the plane
represented by the model equation.
19. Models – It plays an important role in the analysis of nearly all engineering problems. Much of
the formal education of engineers involves learning about the models relevant to specific fields
and the techniques for applying these models in problem formulation and solution.
20. Observational study - A model developed from theoretical knowledge or experience in contrast
to a model developed from data.
21. Overcontrol - Unnecessary adjustments made to processes that increase the deviations from
target.
22. Outliers (Unsual Values) – Some of the relevant data may be missing, there may be transcription
or recording errors resulting in outliers, or data on other important factors may not have been
collected and archived.
23. Population - Any finite or infinite collection of individual units or objects.
24. Probability model - Help quantify the risks involved in statistical inference, that is, the risks
involved in decisions made every day.
25. Random variable - A function that assigns a real number to each outcome in the sample space of
a random experiment.
26. Randomization - Randomly assign treatments to experimental units or conditions in an
experiment. This is done to reduce the opportunity for a treatment to be favored or disfavored
(biased) by test conditions.
27. Regression model – A method from examination of this plot, we see that full strength increases
as both wire length and die height increase. Furthermore, it seems reasonable to think that a
model would be appropriate as an empirical model for this relationship.

28. Retrospective study - Would use either all or a sample of the historical process data archived over
some period of time. The study objective might be to discover the relationships among the two
temperatures and the reflux rate on the acetone concentration in the output product stream.

29. Random Variable – Say X, that represents a measurement, Is by using the model X=u(greek ito) +
E(epsilon to pre) where u(greek ito) is a constant and E(epsilon to pre) is a random disturbance.
The constant remains the same with every measurement, but small changes in the environment,
test equipment, differences in the individual parts themselves, and so forth change the value of
E(epsilon to pre).
30. Regression analysis - a statistical technique that can be used to construct this model.

31. Sample - Any subset of the elements of a population.

32. Sampling Errors – Errors resulted from reasoning based on measurements from some subjects to
measurements on all objects.
33. Stability – Some analysis require some notion of stability as an additional assumption. For
example, it might be assumed that the sources of variability in the manufacture of the prototypes
are the same as those for the connectors that will be manufactured in the future and ultimately
sold to customers.
34. Statistics - is a science that helps us make decisions and draw conclusions in the presence of
variability.
35. Statistical Inference – A reasoning from a specific set of measurements to more general cases to
answer the previous questions. This reasoning is from a sample to population.
36. Statistical Techniques – A powerful aid in designing new products and systems, improving existing
designs, and designing, developing, and improving production processes.
37. Statistical Thinking – It can give us a useful way to incorporate this variability into our decision-
making processes.
38. Tampering - Another name for overcontrol.
39. Time series - A set of ordered observations taken at points in time.
40. Variability- Statistical methods are used to help us describe and understand variability. By
variability, we mean that successive observations of a system or phenomenon do not produce
exactly the same result.
41.