Linking words

Rob Novis 2013

 Contrast
• Although it is snowing, people are wearing shorts.
• Although A ( )-->B (
independant clause )
independant clause

• Is B something unexpected/surprising?
• yes
• Can you change the order of the sentences?
• Yes.
Rob Novis 2013
 though
• Is though formal or informal?
• informal.

Rob Novis 2013

 though as an adverb
• though can go at the end of a sentence
to mean “however”
• It’s a nice car. It was a bit expensive
though.

Rob Novis 2013

emphasising a contrast
• however, • + independant
nevertheless, clause (a sentence
nonetheless, still, that can stand on
yet it’s own)
• We agree to the proposal, however we
want you to give us a 10% discount.
• Are these expressions formal or informal
• formal Rob Novis 2013
contrast as an after
thought
• mind you (informal)
• I don’t like the Milan football team,
mind you they do have a good defense.
• having said that (more formal)
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 + noun
despite
+verb + ing
in spite of
(gerund)

the important issue

He refused to go to the
meeting despite knowing about the
important issue.

Rob Novis 2013

 Because because of
• Because + independent clause (to express
reasons why you do something)
• Because of + noun
• I went to the station because I had to take
the train.
• I went to the party because of the girl I
wanted to meet.
• So is for the the result
of something

• The iPhone didn’t work

so I fixed it.

• I was hungry, so I ate

something.