FIRST SEASON

PART OF SPEECH

1. NOUN
This part of speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals,
places, ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest one which is why they are the first
ones taught to students.

Examples:
- Tom Hank is very kind. (Tom Hank is a noun refers to a name of a person).
- Cats can be extremely cute. (dogs is a noun it refers to a name of animal).
- I live in Depok. ( Depok is a noun refers to a place).
- It is my birthday. (Birthday is a noun refers to an event).
- I bring pencil, books, bag, ruler, and pen. (Pencil, books, bag, ruler, and pen are
noun refers to things).

2. ADJECTIVE
This part of a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjective can specify
the quality, the size, and the number of nouns or pronouns.
Example:
- My friends are beautiful and handsome. (“Beautiful and handsome” are adjective
describe the appearance of the noun “friends”).
- I have two cats at home. (“Two” is an adjective which describes the number of the
noun “hamster”).
- I stay in a big house. (“big” is an adjective which describe the size of the noun
“house”

3. VERB
This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would not
exist. Verbs show an action or state of being of the subject in the sentence.

Examples of “state of being verbs” : am, is, are, was, and were.
Example in sentences:
- I kick the ball.

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 - She sends me a cake.
- They are always together.
- She is tall.
- My parents always give a present.
- Etc.

4. ADVERBS
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that
adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or another adverb.
Example:
- Galing can play guitar well.
- Nunu speaks slowly.
- Deden and Anton run really fast.
- We write a song beautifully.
- Etc

Exercises

Find out the correct part of speech of the following underlined words.

1. Steve can play the trumpet. (Noun)

2. Do you like dogs?
3. They listen to music every day.
4. She is an old lady.
5. He did well in the test.
6. They play basketball together.
7. I saw a big cat yesterday.
8. My friends help me a lot.
9. We are eating fish at home right now.
10. Libby hands me a white rose.

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 SECOND SESSION

Greeting
There are different ways to greet people:

Greeting means welcoming someone with particular words or a particular action.

When meeting people formally for the first time, we greet by shaking hands and saying "How
do you do?" or "Pleased to meet you."

"How do you do?" isn't really a question, it just means "Hello".

When young people meet informally they sometimes greet and say "Give me five!" and slap
their hands together (high five).

Generally we do not greet by shaking hands with people we know well. We greet by just
saying 'hi' or 'hello'

Here are some expressions you can use to greet people.

Greeting Responding to greeting

 Hi, hello.  Hi, hello.

 Good morning, good afternoon,  Good morning/Good afternoon/Good
good evening. evening.
 How are you?  I'm fine thank you (thanks)/Okey! Thank
 How are you doing? you (thanks)/Can't complain/Not bad.
 How about you?/And you?

A. Exercises

Copy and write the conversation below onto a piece of paper and using the 9 words below fill
in the blanks.

London Pleased Manchester

English teacher Goodbye Morning
Thanks Not too bad Mr Bean

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Bean: Good ________, Mrs Jones.
Jones: Good morning, _____. How are you?
Bean: I'm fine _______, and you?
__________ . Mr Bean, this is my husband Michael, Michael this is Mr
Jones:
Bean my ________.
Jones: Pleased to meet you Mr Bean.
Bean: ______ to meet you too. Are you from England, Mr Jones?
Jones: Yes, from Manchester. Do you live in Manchester?
No, I'm from ________, but I live in Manchester while am teaching at
Bean:
college.
Jones: Well, _______ Mr Bean, it was nice to see you.
Bean: Yes, it was nice talking to you goodbye.

Giving Instructions
We use the imperative form to give orders or directions in English.
“Eat your vegetables!”
“Turn left and go straight on.”

We can also use the imperative form to give a warning or advice, and (if you use “please”) to
make a request.
“Practise English for ten minutes a day!”
“Be careful!”
“Please take a seat.”

To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without ‘to’:

“Come here!”
“Sit down!”
To make a negative imperative, put “do not” or “don’t” before the verb. (Don’t is more
informal than “do not”.)

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“Don’t go!”
“Do not walk on the grass.”

Giving extra help

When you give instructions, you can help the other person with extra information and advice.

Remember: turn off the electricity before touching any cables.

Be careful not to … (touch any live wires)
Try to … (see if the lightbulb is broken or just loose)
Try not to … (touch the lightbulb with your hands)
You need to … (check the wattage of the lightbulb first)
It’s important to … (make sure the electricity is off)
It helps to … (wait for the lightbulb to cool down before you remove it)
Be sure to … (turn off the electricity before you you touch the lightbulb)
Always … (wear gloves when you touch a lightbulb)
Never … (touch a socket with wet hands)

Useful verbs for instructions

Turn on / switch on = activate power or electricity: “First, turn on the PC.”

Turn off / switch off = deactivate power or electricity: “Turn off the lights when you leave.”
Take off / remove = detach something from another thing: “Remove the plastic before you
put the meal in the microwave.”
Take out = take one thing out from another thing: “Take the television out of the box.”
Attach / connect = put two things together: “Connect the wires.”
Check / make sure = be sure about something: “Check that the light is on.”
Proceed / continue: “Continue to stir until the mixture is thick.”
Plug in = connect to the electricity: “Plug the modem in.”
Put back / replace: “Replace the cover after changing the battery.”

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 B. Exercises 6. __ your full address.

Choose the correct answer.  Be sure to write

1. __ a seat!  Be sure write
 Please to take  Sure to write
 Take

 To take 7. __ the television.

 Plug in
2. __ down.
 Take off
 Please sit
 Take out
 Please to sit

 Sitting 8. __ the light is on.

 Make sure
3. __ cry!
 Switch on
 Do not to
 Turn off
 Don't

 Don't to 9. __ the batteries when they stop

working.

 Put back
4. __ go.
 Remove
 Please don't
 Turn on
 Please not to

 Please to
10. __ the printer to the PC.

 Connect
5. __ read the question carefully.
 Switch off
 It's important
 Turn on
 It's important to

 It's too important to

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 THIRD SESSION

PRONOUN (MY FAMILY)

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in sentences. Pronouns are used to avoid
repeating the same nouns over and over again. For example, “Jeremy ran so fast, you’d think his
life was on the line”. The pronoun “his” saved us from repeating the name Jeremy again.

Type of Pronouns

Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Possessive

Adjective Pronoun
I Me My Mine
You You Your Yours
We Us Our Ours
They Them Their Theirs
She Her Her Hers
He Him His His
It It Its Its
Example:

- They went to the store. - Please sit beside me.

- I don’t want to leave. - Go talk to her.
- He runs a great shop in town. - Mary put the gift under it.
- You can’t leave, either. - Don’t look at them.

- Is that my book? - That’s mine.

- Those are his books. - Wrong. It’s ours.
- I put your pen on it. - I think those clothes are yours.
- Sheila gave me her pen.
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Exercises

A. Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns.

My name is Sue. ___I___ am English. And this is my family. My mum’s name is Angie.
______ is from Germany. Bob is my dad. ____ is a waiter. I have two brothers. ___ are Fikri and
Naufal. ____ are twins. Fikri is 15 years old and ____ is a very kind. Naufal is 18 years Old.
____ is very clever. And I have a cat. ___ name is Nunu, ___ is two years old.

B. Write about your family by using correct pronouns.

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 FOURTH SESSION

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to
describe habits, unchanging situations and general truths. The simple present tense is simple to
form. Just use the base form of the verb :

Singular Plural
Notice : the verb after she, he, it, (3rd
st
1 person I talk We talk person singular) has a final –s: talks
2nd person You talk You talk
She talks They talk
3rd person He talks
It rains

Pattern :
 I / You / They / We + Verb 1
I go to the gym with my friend

 She / He / It + Verb 1 + s/es

She goes to the school by bus

Examples
1. For habits
 He drinks tea at breakfast.
 She only eats fish.
 We sleep every night.

2. For general truths

 Water freezes at zero degrees.
 The Earth revolves around the Sun.

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Choose the correct word to fill in the blank.
1. My mother and my father eat breakfast at 7:00 every day. (eat / eats)
2. We to school together every morning. (walk / walks)
3. Sonya TV in the morning. (watch / watches)
4. The students always English in the classroom. (speak / speaks)

THE SIMPLE PRESENT : NEGATIVE

(a) I do not drink coffee Negative :
We do not drink coffee I
You do not drink coffee We + do not + main verb
They do not drink coffee You
(b) She does not drink coffee They
He does not drink coffee She
+ does not + main verb
It does not drink coffee He
It
Do and does are called “helping verb”
Notice in (b) : in 3rd person singular, there is no –s
on the main verb; the final –s is part of does.
Incorrect : She does not drinks coffee
(c) I don’t drink tea Contractions :
They don’t have a car Do not = don’t
(d) He doesn’t drink tea Does not = doesn’t
Mary doesn’t have a car

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 THE SIMPLE PRESENT : YES/NO QUESTION
Do/does + subject +main verb Questions forms, simple present

a) Do I like coffee? Do I
b) Do you like coffee? Do you + main verb (simple form)
c) Do we like coffee? Do we
d) Do they like coffee? Do they

Does she
+ main verb (simple form)
e) Does she like coffee? Does he
f) Does he like coffee? Does it
g) Does it taste good? Notice in (e) : the main verb in the question does
not have a final –s. The final –s is part of does.
Question Short Answer Do, don’t, does, and doesn’t are used in the short
h) Do you like tea? Yes, I do answers to ye/no questions in the simple present.
No, I don’t
i) Does Bob like tea? Yes, he does
No, he doesn’t

Forming The Simple Present Tense

Affirmative Interrogative Negative
I think Do I think? I do not think
You think Do you think? You do not think
He thinks Does he think? He does not think
She thinks Does she think? She does not think
It thinks Does it think? It does not think
We think Do we think? We do not think.
They think Do they think? They do not think.

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Question practice.
Make question and give short answers.

1. A : Do you like tea?

B : Yes, I do (I like tea)
2. A :
B: (I don’t speak Chinese)
3. A :
B: (Jim doesn’t do his
homework everyday)
4. A :
B: (It rains a lot in April)

Exercise
A. Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses. Use the simple present tense. Pay
special attention to singular and plural and to the spelling of final –s/-es.

1. The students (ask) ask questions in class.

2. Ms. Jones (teach) math.
3. A bird (fly) . It (have) wings.
4. Sam (enjoy) cooking. He (try, often)
new recipes. He (like) to have company
for dinner. He (invite) me to dinner once a month. When I
arrive, I (go) to the kitchen and (watch) him
cook. He usually (have) three or four pots on the stove. He
(watch) the pots carefully. He (make) a
big mess in the kitchen when he cooks. After dinner, he (wash)
all the dishes and (clean) the kitchen. I (cook, never)
. it (be) too much trouble. But my friend Sam
(love) to cook.

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B. Change the sentences into negative and interrogative!
1. Grandfather drinks coffee every morning.
(-).............................................................
(?).............................................................
2. The tour guide talks to the tourist.
(-).............................................................
(?).............................................................
3. Mr. Jhon speaks japanese in the meeting.
(-).............................................................
(?).............................................................
4. The boy takes a bath twice a day.
(-).............................................................
(?).............................................................
5. The technician repairs the motorcycle.
(-).............................................................
(?).............................................................
6. My parents and I have dinner in the
dining room.
(-).............................................................
(?).............................................................
7. They go to the swimming pool in the
afternoon.
(-).............................................................
(?).............................................................
8. The gardener waters the flowers in the
morning.
(-).............................................................
(?).............................................................
9. Mrs. Rani writes a letter for her friend.
(-).............................................................
(?).............................................................
10. Tiara reads a magazine every morning.
(-) ...........................................................
(?) ...........................................................
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 THE VERB TO BE (IS, AM, ARE)

Affirmative Negative Questions

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I am I’m I am not I’m not Am I?
You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are you?
He is He’s He is not He isn’t Is he?
She is She’s She is not She isn’t Is she?
It is It’s It is not It isn’t Is it?
We are We’re We are not We aren’t Are we?
They are They’re They are They aren’t Are they?

Example:
1. I am late.
2. You are clever.
3. He is happy.
4. She is hungry.
5. It is cold.
6. They are sleepy.
7. I am not a student.
8. He isn’t sleepy.
9. They aren’t naughty.
10. Are they from Bogor?
11. Are you late?
12. Is he here?
13. Is Dendy here?

Exercise

A. Fill in the blanks with am, is , are.

1. Tom ___ my student.
2. Jerry and Linda _____ from Jakarta.

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3. Jack ____ a famous movie star.
4. _____ Dedi and Lisa police officers?
5. Alan’s friends ____ teachers.
6. We ____ from Bandung.
7. ____ your brother at home?
8. My sister’s name ____ Sheila
9. His shoes ____ new.
10. Mr. Jefri ____ our school principle.

B. Complete the dialogues using the verb to be.

1. A: who ____ this?
B: This ____ Matt.
A: where ____ he from? Indonesia?
B: yes, he ___

2. A: How old ___ you?

B: I ___ twenty-seven. What about you?
A: I ___ twenty-five.

3. A: ___ Steve a football player?

B: No, he _____
He ___ a teacher.
A: Really? ___ he here now?
B: No, he _____

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 FIFTH SESSION
Expressing Likes and Dislikes

Things to Remember When Expressing Likes and Dislikes

1. Complete the sentence
Whenever you are stating your likes and dislikes, you will always use 'very much' and 'a
lot'. These complement the things that you like or dislike.
Example:
- I like chocolates very much.
- I like listening to music a lot.

2. Use of I don't mind

Many people use the words, 'I don't mind', to state their preference. It should be avoided,
as it is vague in its answer. It should be used sparingly and only when you neither like nor dislike
anything.
Example: I don't mind tomatoes in my curry.

3. Verb formation
When expressing likes or dislike, the verb takes the form of 'verb+ing'.
Example:

- I like driving.
- I hate skiing.

Vocabulary for Expressing Likes and Dislikes

1. Saying your likes

- I adore ...

- I like ... Example:

- I love ... - I adore Madonna’s music.

- I like chicken kebabs.
- I am keen on ... - I love your drawing.
- I am keen on martial arts.
- I am crazy/mad about ... - I am crazy about football.
- I prefer mystery movies.

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 - I prefer ...

2. Saying your dislike

- I dislike ...
Example:
- I don’t like ...
- I dislike rock music.
- I can’t stand ... - I don’t like curries.
- I can’t stand air fresheners.
- I abhor ... - I abhor carrots.
- I detest papaya.
- I detest ...
- I hate horror movies.
- I hate ...

B. Exercises

1. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in brackets:

LIKE, LOVE, HATE +ING

1. I like ______ (go) out with friends.

2. She doesn’t like ______ (play) any sport.
3. He hates _______ (cook).
4. She loves ________ (swim).
5. I like ______ (dance).
6. My mother loves ______ (sing).
7. He hates ________ (dance).
8. I like _______ (read) books.
9. They love ______ (play) games.
10. He likes ______ (run).

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 Asking for Permission and Giving Advice

1. Asking for Permission

Modal verbs can be used to give or ask for permission. These modal verbs for permission
lesson shows you how to use may, can, and could. Links to the exercises are at the bottom of the
page.
These modal verbs show permission: May, Can and Could

 May

May is a polite modal verb used to ask for permission. Here are some examples:

 May I use a calculator on the test?

 May I have another piece of cake?
The polite answers using may are as follows:

 Yes, you may.

 No, you may not.

 Could
Could is also used to ask for permission. It is less formal than using may. Here are some
examples with could:
 Could I have some more juice?
 Could I bring a friend to the party?

 Can
Can is the least formal of the modal verbs used to ask permission. Here are some examples with
can:
 Can I play Music?
 Can I wear short?

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The examples above are all with “I”. This is because it is most common to ask permission for
yourself. However, it is possible to ask permission for another person:

 May she bring a friend?

 Could he try again?
 Can they sleep here?
The examples are also all questions. These are very common. But you can also give permission.
Here are some examples:
 You may sleep on the sofa.
 You can wear my jacket.

2. Giving Advice
Modal verbs are used to give advice or suggestions. There are two modal verbs for advice:
should and would. You can see how to give advice with the lesson below. The exercises are at
the bottom of the page.

 Should
Should is used for advice in the present. The structure is as follows:

Subject + Should + Verb1

 You should eat healthy food.

 You should exercise every day.

Should is used for advice in the past. Here is the structure:

Should + Have + Past Participle

 You should have gone to the party.

 She should have studied more often.

It is common to use “should” to give negative advice. In this case, add “not”.

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  You should not smoke.
 You should not eat too much candy.

The contraction is “shouldn’t”.

 You shouldn’t drive too fast.

 Would

The modal verb “would” is used to give advice. In this situation, the speaker is giving
hypothetical advice as if he/she were the listener. Here are some examples:

 If I were you, I would return the book.

 If I were you, I would not wear that jacket.

It is not always necessary to include “If I were you”.

 I wouldn’t eat that.

 I would choose the red shoes.

Normally, would is used to talk about yourself, and should is used to talk about someone else.
Example:

 I would study tonight if I were you.

 You should study tonight.

It is also common to ask for advice using these modal verbs:

 What should I do?

 What would you do?

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 C. Exercises Which is correct?
1. Asking for Permission
 Could I to speak with Fred please?
 Could I speak with Fred please?
Which is correct?

Which is correct?
 May I go to the mall?
 May I went to the mall?
 May the children play in the garden?
 May the children plays in the garden?
Which is correct?

Which is correct?
 Can she tries again?
 Can she try again?
 You may stay here.
 You may stay here?
Which is correct?

Which is correct?
 She can have another glass.
 She can has another glass.
 May I say something.
 May I say something?
Which is correct?

 Can drive they the car?

 Can they drive the car?
2. Giving Advice

Which is correct?
You __________ eat more vegetables.

 May I borrow your bike?

 should
 May I borrowing your bike?
 would

Which is correct?
I __________ buy those shoes if I were
 Yes, she can.
you.
 Yes, she cans.

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  would  shouldn't
 should
The children __________ play soccer in
She __________ pay attention in class. the house. They may break something.

 would  shouldn't
 should  wouldn't

The students __________ arrive on time How _________ make the cake?
for class.
 I should
 should  should I
 would
You __________ change your shoes.
If I were you, I __________ take a
 would
different course.
 should
 would
My car is broken. I ________ take it to a
 should
mechanic.
I __________ wear those pants if I were
 should
her.
 would
 wouldn't

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Offering Help

There are a number of formulas used when offering help in English. Here are some of the most
common:

 May I help you?

 Can I help you?
 Are you looking for something?
 Would you like some help?
 Do you need some help?
 What can I do for you today?

Construction

Formula Verb Form

May I help you? Use 'May I' or 'Can I' the base form of the verb in a statement.
Are you looking for Use 'Are you looking for' something OR anything in particular OR
something? specific object
Would you like some Use 'Would you like' some help OR some advice OR a
help? recommendation
Do you need some help? Use 'Do you need' some help OR some advice OR a recommendation
What can I do for you Use 'What can I do for' you, her, him, etc. today OR this morning,
today? this afternoon, this evening

B. Exercises

1. You see someone with a heavy suitcase and you offer help. You say: Would you like a
__?

 carry

23
  hand

 help

2. Or you could also say: Can I __ you a hand?

 be

 give

 help

3. You're very busy and a colleague offers to make you a cup of tea. (''Would you like a cup
of tea?'') You want to accept the offer and say:

 Oh, that would be lovely, thank you!

 Yes, I would!

 You bet!

4. You're in a restaurant and the waiter takes your order and then asks if there's anything
else you need. In fact, you'd like a different glass as yours looks dirty. You say:

 Actually, if you wouldn't mind, could you get me another glass?

 Actually, I want another glass.

 Actually, I'd like another glass. This one is dirty.

5. It's lunchtime and you want to eat with your friend, but he / she is busy studying. You
offer to go and buy sandwiches and say: I'll go and get some sandwiches, __

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  if it's OK

 if it pleases you

 if you like

6. You're carrying two bags and you're nearly home, when someone offers you help. You
don't want help and say:

 Actually, I'm fine thanks!

 Actually, it's good thanks.

 Thanks but no!

7. In the same situation you could also say:

 Thanks, but I can deal with it.

 Thanks, but I can do it on my own.

 Thanks, but I can manage.

8. This week you have lots to do. A friend offers to go shopping for you, but you don't want
your friend to help. You say: Actually I'm fine thanks. Thanks __

 for helping, though.

 for offering, though.

 for saying, though.

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9. In the same situation you could also say to your friend: I'll be fine thanks. __

 It's very kind of you to offer, though.

 It's very nice for you to ask, though.

 It's a wonderful idea, though.

10. Your friend insists and says ''Please, let me do the shopping for you!'' You say: __

 No, I don't need you to.

 No, really, don't worry! I'll be fine.

 No, you shouldn't!

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 SIXTH SESSION

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

The present progressive tense indicates continuing action, something going on now. This
tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the present tense, plus the present participle of
the verb (with an -ing ending). We can also use it to talk about temporary actions, trends and
things that are happening these days.

The Present Progressive

am + -ing (a) I am sitting in class right now
is + -ing (b) Rita is sitting in class right now
are + -ing (c) You are sitting in class right now
In (a) : when I say this sentence, I am in
class. I am sitting. I am not standing. The
action (sitting) is happening right now, and I
am saying the sentences at the same time.
am, is, are = helping verbs
sitting = the main verbs
am, is, are + -ing = the present progressive
tense

The Present Progressive : Negatives

(a) I am not sleeping. I am awake. Present progressive negative :
(b) Ben isn’t listening. He’s daydreaming. am
(c) Mr. and Mrs. Brown aren’t watching TV. is + not + -ing
They’re reading. are

Forming The Present Progressive Tense

Affirmative
Subject + to be + base + -ing

she is talking
Negative
Subject + to be + not + base + -ing

She is not (isn't) talking

Interrogative
to be + subject + base + -ing

Is she talking?

Directions : write the –ing form for the following words

1. Smile smiling
2. Ride
3. Run

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4. Grow
5. hurt

EXERCISE
Directions : put the following sentences into the present progressive tense.

1. I take two breads for my breakfast.

………………………………………………………………………….. .
2. They watch Kahitna’s concert in Jakarta.
………………………………………………………………………….. .
3. Dendi does his homework at home.
………………………………………………………………………….. .
4. Laila plays computer game with her friends.
………………………………………………………………………….. .
5. Bubu sings Ariana Grande’s songs in her friend’s birthday party.
………………………………………………………………………….. .
6. Prisila reads a letter from her mother.
………………………………………………………………………….. .
7. I don’t listen to rock music.
………………………………………………………………………….. .
8. Hesi and Gege don’t go to their cottage in Cisarua.
………………………………………………………………………….. .
9. Mischa doesn’t cook fried rice.
………………………………………………………………………….. .
10. Do they drink coffee?
………………………………………………………………………….. .
11. Do you speak Indonesian?
………………………………………………………………………….. .
12. Does Clara bake cookies?
………………………………………………………………………….. .
13. Do you fix the car?
………………………………………………………………………….. .
14. Does Clara bake cookies?
………………………………………………………………………….. .
15. Do you eat banana?
………………………………………………………………………….. .

Directions : present progressive tense error correction: Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

1. The radio no is working.

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………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. I’m eat the banana so much.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. He counting the stars on the sky.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. What do you watching?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. I am not talk about your performance.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. We jogging to spend our quality time.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Sissy is take care her sister because her mother is working.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Does Rinni sweeping the floor?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Is Linda study Mathematics now?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Willy is take a bath.
………………………………………………………

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 SEVENTH SESSION

Past Simple

The simple past (also called past simple, past indefinite or preterite) is a verb tense which
is used to show that a completed action took place at a specific time in the past. The simple past
is also frequently used to talk about past habits and generalizations. Read on for detailed
descriptions, examples, and simple past exercises.

Simple Past Forms

The simple past is formed using the verb + ed. In addition, there are many verbs with irregular
past forms. Questions are made with did and negative forms are made with did not.

 Statement: You called Debbie.

 Question: Did you call Debbie?
 Negative: You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms

Simple Past Uses

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the simple past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the
past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one
specific time in mind.

Examples:

 I saw a movie yesterday.

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  I didn't see a play yesterday.
 Last year, I traveled to Japan.
 Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
 Did you have dinner last night?
 She washed her car.
 He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the simple past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st,
2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
 He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at
10:00.
 Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in the Past

The simple past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a
longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all
year, etc.

Examples:

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  I lived in Brazil for two years.
 Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
 They sat at the beach all day.
 They did not stay at the party the entire time.
 We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
 A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The simple past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the
same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add
expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

 I studied French when I was a child.

 He played the violin.
 He didn't play the piano.
 Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
 She worked at the movie theater after school.
 They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

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The simple past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer
true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the simple past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Examples:

 She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

 He didn't like tomatoes before.
 Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
 People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past

A. Exercises
Fill in the past form.
1. Mammoths __________ big animals, bigger than elephants. (be)
2. Mammoths __________ 100 years ago. (not live)
3. Mammoths __________ a long time ago. (live)
4. Mammoths __________ meat. They __________ grass. (not eat / eat)
5. They __________ two large tusks about three metres long. (have)
6. I __________ by credit card. I cash. (pay / not pay)
7. He __________ some milk. He __________ any water. (drink / not drink)
8. She only __________ a pound. She __________ 3 pounds. (spend / not spend)
9. I __________ some elephants. I __________ any lions. (see / not see)
10. They __________ in the sea, but __________ in the lake. (swim / not swim)

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 EIGHTH SESSION

Comparatives Forms

Forming regular comparatives

1. We use comparatives to compare two things or two people. (e.g She is taller than her
husband.)
2. To form comparatives you need to know the number of the syllables in the
adjective. Syllables are like "sound beats".

For instance:

 "find" contains one syllable,

 but "finding" contains two — find and ing.

The rules to form comparatives

1. One syllable adjective ending in a silent 'e' — nice

Comparative — add 'r' — nicer

2. One syllable adjective ending in one vowel and one consonant — big

 Comparative — the consonant is doubled and 'er' is added — bigger

3. One syllable adjective ending in more than one consonant or more than a vowel (or long
vowels) — high, cheap, soft.

 Comparative — 'er' is added — higher, cheaper, softer.

4. A two syllable adjective ending in 'y' — happy

 Comparative — 'y' becomes 'i' and 'er' is added — happier

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5. Tow syllable or more adjectives without 'y' at the end — exciting

 Comparative — more + the adjective + than — more exciting than

Examples:

 The Nile River is longer and more famous than the Thames.
 Egypt is much hotter than Sweden.

Exercises
Put the adjectives between brackets in the correct form

1. My brother has a (tidy) __________ room than me.

2. Australia is (big) __________ than England.
3. I'm (good) __________ now than yesterday.
4. Cats are not (intelligent) __________ as dogs.
5. Who is (talkative) __________ person, Ali or Andy?

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 NINTH SESSION

Future Simple

Simple future tense is used when talking about things that will happen at a time later
rather than the present time. Sometimes you will hear people call future simple tense will, this is
because most of the time you will use the future simple tense with the modal auxiliary will.

Examples:

Simple future tense using will.

I will see you soon.

I will open the car door.

When using future simple tense in speaking, it’s often contracted with the subject and auxiliary
verb:

I will I'll
you will you'll
he will he'll
she will she'll
it will it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll

Examples:

Wait, I’ll get a something to eat for you.

We’ll go out and have a drink tonight.

He’ll be back home later

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For negative sentences in the future simple tense, we contract like: - will not = won’t

I will not I won't

you will not you won't
he will not he won't
she will not she won't
it will not it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't

Examples:

You won’t learn English if you don’t try harder.

She won’t be back till later.

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