LABAN FUTURE RMT!!

ENZYMOLOGY CLASSIFICATION OF ENYZYMES

 Study of enzymes
o Activity of enzymes
o Chemical reactions it catalyse
o Clinical use
ENZYMES
 Biologic catalysts
 Hasten chemical reactions
o Not consumed during the reactions
o Not undergoing a chemical change
after the reactions
1. Oxidoreductases
 Oxidation and reduction
 Oxidation – removal of H ion
 Reduction – accept H ion
o E.C. 1.1.1.27 : L-lactate
NAD+ Oxidoreductase
 Lactate Dehydrogenase

2. Transferases
 Transfer of functional groups other than
hydrogen from one substrate to another
o E.C. 2.6.1.1 :L-Aspartate: 2-
Oxaloglutarate aminotransferase
 Aspartate Aminotransferase

NOMENCLATURE OF ENZYMES 2. Transferases

1. Substrate + -ase  Hydrolysis of various bonds
 Lipid = lipase  Addition of water to a bond resulting in
 Ester = esterase bond breakage
 Protein = protease o E.C. 3.2.1.1 : 1,4-D-Glucan
Glucanohydrolase
2. Reaction it catalyzes  Alpha-Amylase
 Oxidation = oxidase
 Reduction = reductase
 Hydrolysis = hydrolase
 Dehydrogenase = remove hydrogen atoms,
transferring them to a coenzyme
 Decarboxylase = remove carboxyl groups

3. Enzyme Commission Nomenclature (E.C.)

 E.C. 1.1.1.21 3. Lyases
o 1st digit = class  Addition of a group to a double bond or
o 2nd digit = subclass the removal of a group to form a double
o 3rd and 4th = serial number bond
o Carbonic Anhydrase
o Citrate Lyase
 LABAN FUTURE RMT!!

4. Isomerases
 Rearrange the functional groups within a
molecule and catalyze the conversion of
one isomer into another
o Phosphoglycerate mutase

5. Ligases
 Catalyze a reaction in which C-C, C-S,
C-O, or C-N bond is made or broken
 Accompanied by an ATP-ADP
interconversion

TERMS

Substrate
 Acted upon by the enzyme
Proenyzme
 Specific
 Also known as zymogen
Isoenzyme
 Inactive form of enzyme
 Different form but with the same action
Cofactor  It is then converted, usually by
proteolysis, to the active form when it
 Non-protein molecule
has reached the site of its activity
Activator
 Inorganic cofactor
Coenzyme
ENZYME KINETICS
 Organic cofactor
Apoenzyme
 Polypeptide portion
Holoenzyme
 Apoenzyme + Coenzyme
 LABAN FUTURE RMT!!

LOCK AND KEY THEORY

Emil Fischer, 1890

INDUCED FIT THEORY

Daniel Koshland, 1958

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ENZYMATIC
REACTIONS
1. Substrate Concentration
 First-order Reaction
o Are those which proceed at a rate
exactly proportional to the
concentration of one reactant
A P
 Rate of reaction is exactly
proportional to the rate of
disappearance of A or the
appearance of P
 Second-order Reaction
o Are those in which the rate is
proportional to the product of the
concentration of two reactants
A+B P  assay temperatures:
 Rate of reaction is exactly
proportional to the rate of
disappearance of A or the
appearance of P
 Zero-order Reaction
o The reactions are zero-order with
respect to the reactants
o Rate of reaction depends on the
concentration of catalysts or on
some factor other than the
concentration of the molecular
species undergoing reaction
LABAN FUTURE RMT!!
2. Enzyme Concentration
 The higher the enzyme level, the faster the
reaction will proceed
3. pH
 pH = 7.0 – 8.0
 Changes in pH may denature the enzyme
 Protein in nature
4. Temperature
 37 degrees Celsius (normal)
 Denaturation at 40-50 degrees Celsius
o At 25, 30, or 37 degrees C
5. Cofactors
 Nonprotein entities that must bind to
particular enzymes before a reaction occurs
 Metallic or nonmetallic
 Calcium, ferrous, magnesium, manganese,
zinc, potassium ions
o Activators
 Proper substrate binding
 Linking substrate to the
enzyme or coenzyme
 Undergoing oxidation or
reduction
6. Inhibitors
 Interfere with enzyme reactions
o Competitive
o Noncompetitive
o Uncompetitive
 LABAN FUTURE RMT!!

ENZYMES OF CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

 Aminotransferases
o Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
 Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate
Transaminase (SGOT)
 Heart, Liver
o Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
 Serum Glutamate Pyruvate
Transaminase (SGPT)
 Heart, Liver

 Phosphatases
o Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
 Bone, Liver
o Acid Phosphatase (ACP)
 Prostate Gland, RBC